Leadership and Management: Functions, Theories, and Approaches

This report delves into the core differences and similarities between leaders and managers within the context of Clancy Consulting Ltd. It meticulously compares the characteristics and roles of both leaders and managers, highlighting their distinct functions in various situational contexts. The report further explores different leadership theories and approaches, providing a comprehensive analysis of their application. Key aspects of operational management are examined, including the importance and value of operational management in achieving business objectives. Additionally, the report considers the factors within the business environment that impact operational management, offering a well-rounded perspective on the subject. The report provides a detailed understanding of leadership and management practices within the business environment.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
P1 Define and compare the characteristic and roles of a leaders and manager..........................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P2 Define the role of a leader and function of a manager in different situational contexts........7
P3 Different theories and models of approaches.........................................................................9
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
P4 Key approaches to Operation management.........................................................................11
P5 Importance and values of operation management in achieving objectives..........................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
P6 Factors of business environment that impacts upon operational management....................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is administration of business exercises to make higher level of
efficiency in the firm. This management process is concern with converting material, labour and
resources in to finish goods and services sufficiently and tries to enhance profit of the firm.
Management and operation helps in order to balance costs with revenue to attain strong operating
profit. This process involves using of resources form staff, technology, tools and material along
with it determine as the process in which they involves different activities such as organising,
planning, controlling and directing in order to creating effective and efficient services and goods.
It is also concern with inventory, production, quality control, logistic, proper management and
evaluation process or so on. This report project is based on Clancy Consulting Ltd. It is located
in the Holborn, London, UK. They design more new opportunity and innovative frameworks
for their clients. They roles as advisory authority to the customers in private sectors across the
world. This report project showcase comparison of roles of manager and leaders along with their
function in context of situations. It also shows theories of leadership styles or approaches of the
same.
TASK 1
P1 Define and compare the characteristic and roles of a leaders and manager
In the context of Clancy Consulting Ltd, Manager and leaders are prominent persons in
an organisation cause they both are rolling a vital role in order to manage whole operation of
business and attain pre- determine objectives. They facilitates different services to have firm's
success as they are able to creates effective strategies and also took some suitable actions for
having their determine targets. Generally, manager and leaders are playing some of different
functyions and roles in order to manage employees and also encourage them for their business
objectives. There are various characteristic and role of a leader and manager. They are detailed
as:
Manager:
They are those individuals who works for framing and determine objectives in an
organisation in respect to attain best result. Hence they perform their responsibility to arrange
and control entire activities for creating positive working environment for workers. They are
mostly task oriented and concentrate on different functions in effective manner.
Role of manager:

Manager play different kinds of role with in an organisation as they has responsibility for
analysing entire task or performance among employees and arrange their work in appropriate
manner. Manager are always concentrate on creating strong and effective relations among staff
members. They also facilitates informations to the staffs in regards of business activities and
decision taken by the higher authority management. Some main roles of managers are follows as:
Build objective: it is core task of manager to determine objectives and creative effective
strategy in an organisation. As a personal assistant I feels that manager facilitates different
consultative services to their customers. They have determine the path for the firm and provide
instructions to employees for that certain objective and goals. All the targets and objectives
should be framed in effective and sufficient manner hence manager needs to have research of
market, consumers and competitors so that efficient product and services can be created in order
to satisfy buyers and attain targets.
Manage activities: after determining the objectives and goals the other task is to
manager whole procedure and activities in various departments. It is based on individual's skills
and abilities in order to work harder for attaining objectives and some certain goals in effective
manner. It involves using of available resources by dividing them among some different
activities for the purpose of having best result in the future.
Monitoring and controlling: it is a another prominent task that needs to be perform by
the manager of the firm. In this, they over look and control the whole process for reducing
unnecessary activities that may harm skills and abilities for working any certain work to have
success.
Characteristic of manager:
managers having responsibility for arranging their operations of business and offers
better outline in order to attain their pre determine objectives and goals in effective manner.
There are different kinds of characteristic of manager, they are explained as:
Creativity: a manager needs to have this quality cause it is important for creating
effective working environment through it manager will be able to make creative things a and
brings innovation in the production of quality product or services hence it will help them to
capture more customers also provide support in order to frame suitable decisions in regards of
any issues of the firm.

Discipline: Manager needs to be disciplined at work place for their job as they tries to
bring efficiency in the style of working therefore employees will attract to follow their
directions and guideline in order to perform effectively
Commitment: they should have passions for working hard and shows dedications for
firm's job (Chen, 2011). Manager needs to be committed and passionate for having determine
goals or objectives in suitable manner
Leaders:
they are those individuals who are able to take responsibility for encouraging workers in
order to have objectives. Leaders are having different types of qualities which influence different
personality and inspire to them for attaining objectives in effective way. They facilitates suitable
and sufficient direction and out line to followers for firm's target that should be attained. There
are certain roles and characteristic of a leaders with in an organisation such as:
Roles of leaders:
leaders are playing an essential role in respect to manage their team members and whole
of numbers of employees. They also have responsibility for creating effective relations among
people and encourage them so that they can be able to work in effective manner for attaining
objective and goal also helps in boosting up their productivity of the firm.
Communicate: leaders always make communication with each and every person in
regards of firm's decisions, laws, policies and procedures so that hurdles and conflicts can be
removed in suitable manner. It is important for making effective and healthy relations among
persons.
Monitoring: It is very essential for creating successful and effective firm as leader and
manager over looks person's skills and their capabilities in order to perform any certain job. They
also encourage and motivate them to face any types of challenges in effective manner.
Characteristic of leaders:
Motivation: it is essential job for leaders in order to encourage their followers for
having and accepting the changes as well as hurdles with in the company (Cruz, 2011). they also
provide path way for attaining objectives of business in pre determine time period.
Confident: leaders needs to be very confidante for providing direction to leading person
and inspire their behave that supports in order to get the task done. This quality is important for
arranging whole of operations and employees in appropriate manner.

There are some critical difference in between manager and leaders. They are explained
as:
Managers Leaders
Manager determine directions and objectives
for the firm.
Leaders performs for perusing that objectives
which are framed by the manager (Ming and
et. al., 2013).
They facilitates informations in regards to
company's law and policies or procedure to
leaders.
Leaders makes communications for generating
data and informations to workforce for work.
Manager facilitates path way and guidelines to
employees and leaders.
They provide direction to workforce towards
firm's objective and goals.
TASK 2
P2 Define the role of a leader and function of a manager in different situational contexts
Leaders and manager are prominent assets of the company. They both personal are
different and playing various types of roles but somehow their goals are bit similar that to attain
determine objectives for having success (Marques, 2011). in the Clancy Consulting Ltd, leaders
and manager are playing signifying role as they are facilitating effective services to their
customers in accordance to their demands and needs in effective manner. Hence, manager needs
to have best qualities and effective for facing different types of problem or issues. In this
involves various characteristics such as abilities, skills, knowledge and capability to arrange
entire numbers of employees along with operations in suitable manner. leaders and manager
needs to be concentrated on creating favourable decision for opting suitable strategies so that
firm will get ability to attain set objective and goal in suitable way.
There are different types of roles and responsibilities that played by the manager and
leaders in accordance to the situations or conditions of the company in the Clancy Consulting
Ltd. Such as:

Roles of Leaders:
Necessary at all different level of department: leadership undertakes as an essential
functions that needs to be required at various level of the company for effective management.
There needs to be suitable and appropriate coordination among higher and middle level in the
purpose of creating a certain plans and policies (Expósito, 2016). lower and middle level needs
to work on all those framed policies and plans for better execution and interpretation.
Representative of the organisation: in any business firm, leaders and manager are
considered as the representative of the firm in front of others. As they provide programs and
functions that are on the behalf of the company (Fayol, 2016). here in it involves seminars,
general meeting and conference and so on. They complete their roles which is communicated
with the outsiders that are related to the business.
Integrating organisational goals with personal goals: leaders needs to have that quality
through which they inspire other persons and motivates them for performing effectively so that
form can grab their objective. They always try to incorporate with personal objectives with
organisational goals through utilising different types of skills and traits in effective manners.
Problem solving activities: in this, leaders and manager both have participation in the
process of decision making where they are focusing on the resolving problems as well as provide
solution on issues in regards of the company. It is should be needed for the leaders to have some
corrective actions in the critical condition through the help of effective leadership skills and trait.
Functions of managers within an organisation:
Planning: manager has core responsibility for planning as he is the person who performs
different types of functions in the organisation. The critical work of manager is to framing out
the certain objectives that should be grab in pre determine time durations. They basically
determine the objectives and targets along with creates plans for the firm in order to complete
that targets and goals in effective manner. This can be understood by shaving an example as if
the firm needs to boost their sales volume, hence manager has to determine the important actions
in order to attain set objectives in this includes different components such as inventory,
advertising and sales employees.
Organising: After the process of planning, manager needs to have a initiative in order to
arrange different types of activities and use existing resources with the help of proper division
among various functions (Handschin, 2012). manager determines effective group and employees

planing so that firm can be able to garb their set objective and goals. Manager also perform their
entire job among team of persons for attaining target.
Staffing: it is one more important function which are performed by the manager with in
the company. As a personal assistant at the sited consulting firm, it is found that manager is
concentrating on creating effective or talented persons with in the firm. They follows some
certain procedures in order to appointing best individual such as recruitment, selection, training
and development, performance appraisal of people. Manager's core objective is to arrange all
employees and their performance to attain goals.
Leading: here, in this function, manager will lead to individuals and arrange their
performance level in suitable manner so that the objective and target can be achieved (Petroianu,
2012). hence it determine different types of activities such as communicating, motivating,
directing, guiding and encouraging other individual so that firm can have their target in
appropriate manner.
Controlling: it is very essential function that needs to be preformed in better way as in it,
manager regularly look after their entire operations of business along with it their activities and
ensures for the outcomes for creating effective decision and took corrective action.
Some major situations for both authorities-
Decision making: all the leaders of various divisions and manager of entire firm are
playing an important role in the process of decision making as they are also having the power to
show their views and opinions and also create effective judgement through undertaking signify
facts and figures needed by a company in order to have smooth operation in the business unit.
Risk taking: Both of the management persons needs to have an capability to hedge
present risk of business in a effective manner through resolving main hurdle and issues. It is
prominent to learn the way in order to minimise challenges faced by the Clancy Consulting Ltd
during operating their business.
Problem solver: they both are responsible to provide solution for different kind of
obstacles of the firm in order to maintain healthy and strong relation in between employees.
P3 Different theories and models of approaches
Clancy Consulting Ltd, this is leading consulting firm with customers form private
organisation and serves services in across the globe. Therefore, leaders are selected on the bases

of quality of leading different other staff utilising their physical, personal, intellectual and social
personality. They help in building major opportunity of business through framing policies and
procedures which aims for the growth of business. Some of the different theories of leadership
that are explained as:
Situational leadership- the same leadership approach is about being self opted rather
then concentrating on other to have change. Hence, the manager and leader is more adjustable in
accordance to the situation so that their employee get encouragement and development. This
makes influence of followers in a positive way. Change in performing manner will be frequent
that are in accordance with the needs to firm. This leadership involves some functions such as
directing, telling, coaching, and delegating staffs.
System leadership- in this, manager makes divisions of entire system that becomes
several multiple sub system. With the help of dividing complexity into many divisions helps in
having solutions in specific time (Lindström, 2012). every sub system is inter related and
interactive process that makes it a responsive system. Hence, utilizing system leadership is
working in segmenting into some of teams or group to entire numbers of employees for effective
and efficient outcomes.
Contingency theory- is is related to performing on uncertainty hence, utilizing this
approach refers to an uncertain conditions in the grounds of economy , marketing, human
resource, sales services and finance or so on are cared more effectively. In it, there are no defined
solution that are predicted before the problem hence leader needs to have capability to face off
all the critical conditions and exercise dynamism in the firm. For instance, like the firm Clancy
consultancy Ltd is facing higher financial issues hence their operation capacity goes down.
Hence, the leaders of the firm are seeking out those solution that helps in facing the financial
issues. They provide saved finance for business operation and also facilitates sponsors for the
company.
Behavioural theory- In it, behaviour of a leader is being studied as well as evaluated
effectively. It resulted in the three kinds of leaders that are discussed such as:
 Autocratic leaders-this kind of leaders are having nature of self judging. They creates
decisions without communicating with their team members. But some time these types
of leaders are beneficial as they are spontaneous which is needed for solution that
resulted in success.

 Democratic leaders- these kind of leaders are having nature of versatility. They will
have their input of group rather then performing alone (Lisi, 2010). this leadership can
be followed in the condition where agreement of group is required but a bit problematic.
Cause it rise different types of ideas and thought on same time.
 Laissez-Faire leaders- this types of leadership is exercised where team members are
majorly qualified and encouraged for their job. Leaders drops important decisions on
their team that is the main reason for failure of this approach. For example; Clancy
consultancy Ltd has some leaders who general provide his decision right to their
employees and trust on them cause his employees are more qualified but this is the
prominent reason of failure of same approach.
Hard management skills- business is determine as the success when leaders and
manager cooperate with their employees and handle issues in effective manner. Hence, leaders
needs to dominate some hard skills in order to grab regular growth in quality of performance.
Some of hard skills are:
 Customer knowledge- manager and leader needs to act in accordance to the thoughts of
buyers. They are required to look after the wants which are asked and ensures to
complete them with sufficiently. In enhance loyalty along trust in buyers.
 Uncertainty management- change is an uncertain thing in the business. Hence, it is
important for the manager to have trait to be dynamic and opt the needs to change
(Ming, 2013).
Soft leadership skills- This is required traits of personality like as communications,
motivation, flexibility, team work and so on. Manager should use these skills in accordance to
the responsibility which happens in the work location. Successful leaders are having both of
skills.
TASK 3
P4 Key approaches to Operation management
Operation management in Clancy Consulting Ltd. is the function which provide the
reason of converting resource in to some valuable output. During acting operations input like as
material, labour, capital and they are processed in to the output in the manner of finish goods and

services. The core aim of operation management is to match with the demands of the market.
Some of the key approaches are:
Total quality management- this the main and basic element that depict operational
process in the firm that is known as the total quality management. In this structure, it is belief
that long term objective can be attained if all the employees from different types of division are
concentrating on the quality work. TQM is framed for manufacturing and maintain quality or
work.
Just in time- the theory is works on the forecasting the wants, core concentration of JIT
strategy is to reduce wastage through having suitable inventory according to the demand for the
production process.
Lean manufacturing- it is a approach to minimise wastage in the machine line. It helps
in reducing of inventory, customer satisfaction, partnership with suppliers and boost up the flow
of production, employee empowerment along with production in regards to the wants of the firm
(Smith, 2010).
Roles of manager:
 Manager creates all strategies which helps in effective operations.
 They provide guidelines and direction to staff for firm's objectives.
 Manager determine targets for the firm.
Role of Leaders:
 leaders creates vision for an organisation.
 They helps in making relation healthy with other employee and enhance the productivity.
 They helps in encouragement and motivation of employees.
P5 Importance and values of operation management in achieving objectives
Operation manager is essential as it provide helps in managing whole of business
exercise in effective way so that they will be able to have their desired objective in sufficient
manner. Operation manager is concentrating with different types of roles that associate with
business. The core objective of it is to manager firm and increase productivity.
Coordination: it is important for having success as making different coordination among
different exercise and function of management that are necessary. Coordination helps in
enhancing productivity and boost moral of employees along creates harmony among them.

Reducing costs: this basically concentrating on cost reduction through producing
sufficient and effective product and services. Clancy Consulting is required to opt advance
technology and suitable strategies for minimising expenses as much as possible in the
department of production.
Waste minimisation: each and every firm needs to consider this element in order to
maintain the society and environment cause firms are also have responsibility to protect climate
form the hazards. Manager should opt some of the techniques of controlling so that more of
wastage can be minimise such as electricity, extra labour, water and so on.
Cost of Quality(COQ):
This is an appropriate technique as well as process that provide support in business firm
in order to determining different types of levels that utilizes of the firm's resource for the purpose
of minimising quality product in suitable manner.
Prevention Costs: the name suggest that the costing is attached with different activities
and function like designing, creating, and arranging some aspects (Winget, 2010). it is important
for having determine goal through reducing extra cost.
Appraisal costs: these kind of costing is calculated for analysis of the quality of product
and services and along with cost inspection. Manager of firm needs to overlook the cost and
measured the quality of making suitable decision in regards of product.
Internal failure costs: the cost is calculated for offering any product to end user.
External failure costs: this type of price garb when different material are delivered to
end user.
TASK 4
P6 Factors of business environment that impacts upon operational management
Operational management is focused with different activities of business that are
surrounded by the environmental factors. Manager creates decision for opting different strategies
and methods as that sited firm can survive in major condition. Factors can be advised as internal
and external that have major impact on the operations of business such as:
Internal factors:
These are related with the firm and controlled through various strategies that are
profitable for the company. Internal elements involved: