Evaluating Leadership and Management in the Context of Business

This academic essay delves into the crucial concepts of leadership and management within organizations, specifically using Marks and Spencer as a case study. The introduction establishes the significance of leadership and management in driving business success. The main body discusses and evaluates different leadership and management theories, including trait theory and transformational leadership, and their impact on organizational performance. The essay also analyzes the similarities and differences between these theories. Furthermore, the essay evaluates leadership development programs, emphasizing their importance for both organizations and individuals. The essay concludes by summarizing the key findings and implications of the analysis.

Academic essay

Contents
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY........................................................................................................................................3
Discuss leadership and management literature/theories.....................................................................3
Evaluate the leadership development programme..............................................................................8
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management is very crucial part of organisation and it support in
conducting business activities and task in better and effective manner. It has been determined
that leadership is a capability of an individual to influence other as well as motivate them to
perform task in required manner (Renz, 2016). Where as management refer as the ability of a
person to manage organisation resources as well as individual so that business operation are
preformed in required manner. Both leadership and management will lead to have significant
impact on growth and development of business. It is essential for organisation to enhance
leadership and management activities with in organisation so that desired goals and objective
could be timely accomplished. It has been analysed that management and leadership are very
different form each other as in leadership, leader take more risk in order to attain goal. While
in management, manager focus in resolving different types of risk that could affect
organisation. This report is based on Marks and Spencer company. This is one of the leading
company that is conducting business activities in retail market area. This organisation is
creating and developing different types of products and services which is as per the need and
requirement of customers. Major products of Marks and Spencer company is ready to wear
fashionable cloths, footwear, shoes or other accessories. Marks and Spencer company
headquarter is established in London, United Kingdom and it was created by Michal Marks
and Thomas Spencer in 1884. This report will includes concept about leadership and
management and along with this different theories of leadership are determined. In this report
different similarities and difference between leadership theories are analysed. Apart from this
leadership program is evaluated includes its importance. In this report different benefits of
leadership program are determined for organisation and individuals.
MAIN BODY
Discuss leadership and management literature/theories.
Leadership and management both are important concept of business and it is
important for organisation to enhance leadership as well as management activities in business
(Antonakis and Robert, 2013). This will support in performing different business task in new
and creative manner. Leadership practices of Mark and Spencer company will lead to drive
people in direct path. So that employees can use their capability for the accomplishment of
business task. Management activities will lead to managing all organisation resources as well

as employees. So that they will perform business task in required manner. Leadership and
management are both very different from each other but both of this aim at enhancing the
performance and productivity of business . There are different theories of leadership that is
very effective for providing guidance and support to leaders of organisation. It is important to
analyse and evaluate different theories of leadership as well as its impact on performance of
leaders. Concept of leadership and management is mention below along with the different
theories of leadership.
Define and discuss the concepts of leadership and management
It is very important to understand the concept of leadership and management as this will help
in identifying their impact in business growth and development (Dumdum, Lowe and Avolio,
2013). Leadership can be describe as the capability of an individual through which they
influence other as well as motive them to attain set goals of action.
As per the view of Warren Bennis, leadership is a process of understanding and
knowing oneself that has vision that needs to be communicated. This is a quality of a person
that helps in building trust with other person as well as take correct and effective actions in
order to realise potential of leadership.
Management can be describe as a process of doing work as well as managing different
resources of organisation. It is very important for respective company to have effective
management within business process as this support in timely completion of organisation
goals and objective.
As per the views of Karl Marx, management is define as the activity of business
which is responsible for using all resources in effective and efficient manner. The aim of
management activity is that the end products or services that is developed by company has
more value and worth as compare to the initial resources of business.
There are different types of leadership theories which are very important for leaders.
In this trait theory and transformation leadership theory is analysed properly in order to
understand their concept as well as motive of development (Bush, Bell and Middlewood,
2019). Trait theory and transformation theory is mention below.
Trait theory of leadership

Trait theory of leadership is developed on the assumption that leaders are born and thy
has certain in build qualities that make them effective leadership. This theory is based in early
assumption as this is one of the first academic theories of leadership. Trait theory of
leadership attempt to answer the question which is why some people has leadership skill
where as other do not have this capability. According to the view of Thoms Carlyle it has
been understand that leaders are born with leadership skills, qualities as well as
characteristics (Hallinger, 2013). All of these will lead to sum up of a great leader that is able
to influence other people. Trait theory of leadership state that the individual has some specific
characteristics that will lead to successful or unsuccessful leaders. As per this theory of
leadership there are some characteristics or trait of individual that is used to predict the
effectiveness of leadership. It has been determined that effective or successful leaders have
definite interest, abilities or personality traits that is used for determine the leaders
effectiveness. Some of the common traits of successful leaders are consider to be
information about business, initiative, energy, creativity, charisma, confidence, motivation,
honesty and so on. It is important that leaders are born with this traits and capabilities as this
will help in conduction leadership task and activities in better and effective manner. It has
been determined that it is crucial that leader is achievement drive and motivation capability in
order to successfully perform leadership task and activities.
Strength of trait theory
 This theory is considered to be valid as lots of researcher has done research of this
topic in order to find its effectiveness.
 Trait theory of leadership is naturally pleasing theory.
 This is a useful theory as it provide complete detail and information about leadership
as well as its different elements.
Transformational leadership:
Transformational leadership is the one of most important kind of leadership style that
helps to encourage, motivate and inspire to bring changes for grow and shape the future in
successful manner. To accomplish it leaders setting an example at the executive tier by
building strong corporate culture, providing ownership to employees and liberty in decision
making process. By building trust on trained employees take potential decisions as per their
roles and responsibilities (Manzoor and et.al., 2019). It known as one of best managed style

that assist in providing more space and time to bring creativity, look towards future for
finding out solutions in order to improve the life of people. Employees who wants to become
the transformational leaders take help of mentorship and training to develop qualities of
respective leadership style in oneself. The concept of transformational leadership style
originated with the James V Downton in the year 1973 and enlarged by James Burns in year
1978.
Here are the characteristics of transformational leader:
 Encourage employees and put efforts for development of employees by providing
attributes for their career growth (Galli, 2019).
 Develop the ethical work environment that is clear in their values, priorities and
standards to remain competitive in the business environment.
 Provide scheduled training and development opportunities to people within the
organisation by allowing to make decisions and take ownership of tasks and
responsibilities in potential manner.
To build the skills and capabilities of transformational leader need to develop the soft
skills as transformational leadership come under soft skills (Cho and et.al., 2019). There
are number of resources, certifications and training programs that directly contributes in
developing skills in an individual to contribute one of their best efforts for organisational
development and enhancement. It has been observed that various institutions provide the
training to develop the leadership capabilities and way to motivate others as it is one of
important attribute of organisational success. The main attributes required in respective
leader is communication, ability to motivate others, good in balancing the short term and
long term goals and many more (Zuraik and Kelly, 2019).
Here are the examples of transformational leaders that contributes a lot in development of the
economy by providing employment opportunities to people and by raising living standards of
people. The business of tycoons known for their model of new products, services with
organisational model to enlarge business opportunities in potential manner. the examples are:
Jeff Bezos, Amazon: In the view of Harvard business review that rewarded Bezos as Insider,
outsider status for their amazing transformational leadership (Buil, Martínez and Matute,
2019). He commence in the finance world with the new perspective of e commerce from their
years of experience in varied industry.

Satya Nadella, Microsoft: Nadella started working in Microsoft in the year 1992 and work
in own way to go beyond the corporate ladder. He eventually commencing business in cloud
computing efforts that landed him in the position of executive.
Identify similarities and differences between leadership theories.
It has been identified that there are various similarity and difference between trait
leadership or transformational leadership (Hallinger and Bryant, 2013). It is crucial for
organisation to understand and analyse the difference and similarities between these theories
as this will support in taking better decision.
Similarities between trait and transformation leadership theory.
Both trait and transformational leadership theory is developed in order to provide
guidance and support to leaders. Trait theory of leadership provide framework to leaders
which include different characteristic and trait that is necessary for an individual to become
an effective leader. It has been determine that transformation leadership also focus on
develop specific skills and traits of a person that will help in conducting leadership activities
in successful manner. In this theory different characteristics are analysed that is important to
be as successfully leader and in transformational leadership theory different characteristics
are identified that is crucial in order to become a great leaders. Trait and transformational
leadership theory both emphasis on capabilities of individual as well as focus on their
development.
Difference between trait and transformation leadership theory.
There are several difference between trait leadership and transformation leadership.
In trait leadership its has been assumed that leadership traits and characteristics are develop
with born on an individual. Where as transformation leadership is completely opposite of trait
leadership as in this theory it is state the leaders are develop not born. In trait leadership
theory different characteristics are explain that is essential to be a successful leader. While in
transformation leadership theory different ways that are supportive in becoming effective
leader are explain (Birasnav, 2014). Trait theory of leadership is develop at very early where
as transformation leadership theory is developed latter. In trait leadership theory only
characteristics are example where as in transformational leadership theory different roles of
leaders are explain in order to enhance other skills. Transformational leadership more
emphasize on the demand of individual as well as focus in motivating them in order to inspire

their work. Transformational leadership is considered to be great theory as it includes human
factor while developing leadership theory. Where as in trait theory only in skills and
characteristics of individual are considered.
Evaluate the leadership development programme.
Leader’s are crucial part of organisation and it is very important for company to
develop and create effective leadership development programme. This is essential for
enhancing skills and capabilities of organisational leaders. So that they can conduct business
task and activities in better and effective manner. Leader’s development refer as the
improvement in abilities or confidence of leaders so that that can perform their task in
required manner. Leadership development programme is a plan which will includes different
activities and set of action that is needed in order to enhance leaders as well as their
capabilities. There are different types of leadership development programme that is
supportive in accomplishing goals.
Discuss the importance of leadership training and development for organisations.
It is essential for organisation to develop and enhance capabilities of leaders as this is
benefits for business. There are different advantages that could be attain by business by
developing leaders (Hechanova and Cementina-Olpoc, 2013). Significance of leadership
develop or training for Marks and Spencer company is mention below in detail.
Company success – It is very important for organisation to conduct an effective leadership
development programme as this supports in overall success of organisation. Marks and
Spencer company will be able to attain its set of goals and objective when its leaders are
performing its task in correct manner. Training and development of leadership will lead to
increase in skill and capability of leaders. This is significant for increase profits as well as
productivity of respective business. Marks and Spencer company will be able to get better
financial performance when its leaders are have ability to take correct decision on correct
time.
Skilled and empowered leaders – Leadership training and development will lead to enhance
the skills and other competencies of leaders. It is very important for Marks and Spencer
organisation that its leaders are performing their job role in accurate manner as this will lead
to have significant impact on growth of business. There are different types of training and

development method are supportive in empowering leaders and along with this their skills are
also improved.
Innovation and creativity – Leaders training and development program will lead to
increase creativity in performance of leaders. Innovation is useful for Marks and Spencer
company as this will lead to enhance the productivity and performance of business in order to
attain set goals of action. Innovation and creativity will lead to increase the way business is
conducting its activities as well as support leaders to take innovative decision to business
problems.
Attract and retain talent – It has been determined that employees retention will be increase
with the development in employees as well as their capabilities. It is very important for
organisation attract and retain talented workforce of business as this will support in
strengthen it business process as well as increase productivity of business. Marks and Spencer
company will be able to hire and selection highly capable employee for performing business
activities.
Increase ability to adapt changes – Training and development to leadership will lead to
have significant impact on adaptability of changes. It has been identified Marks and Spencer
company have to do many changes in its business process as it is crucial for organisation to
attain set objectives. Most of the employee resist to business changes and this have negative
impact on business goals. So training and development of leadership is very important as this
will support in increasing the ability of employees to adopt changes.
Selection of a leadership development programme
There are different types of leadership development programme and each and every
programme has its importance. It is crucial for Marks and Spencer company to select an
effective and most appropriate leadership development programme as this will help in
attaining set goals action. For Marks and Spencer company, Coaching for inclusion
programme will be very effective. This will be the most suitable programme for respective
company as well as its leadership. So that they can develop their required skills and capability
to conduct task. This is one of the most powerful leadership development intervention that an
organisation can deploy. This leadership program will support in attaining goals and
objective of business as well as enhance capability of its leaders to take correct decision.
Analyse the programme

Coaching for inclusion programme is very useful and effective leadership training and
development program that will support respective organisation to develop and enhance its
business activities. It is very crucial for Marks and Spencer organisation to consider this
leadership program as this will support in creating meaningful difference to diversity and
inclusion. NHS is recruiting 300 committed as well as ambitious coaches to develop leaders
as a coach who has specialised in inclusion. Through this leadership development and
training program, Marks and Spencer leaders will be able to become an inclusion coach as
well as they will be able to create significant impact in employees of respective company in
order to attain set goals of action. There are different components of this leadership
development program which are mention below in detail.
Learning about goal setting – Through this leadership development program Marks and
Spencer leaders will be able to enhance their goal setting capabilities. It is very important for
organisation to set an appropriate goals of business as this is the guideline on which
respective business in conducting its activities. This leadership development program will
lead to support leaders in learning about goal setting.
Improvement is soft skills – It is crucial for organisation to develop and enhance its
leadership skills as this will skill will support in influencing other employees. Leaders role in
Marks and Spencer company is to motive its employees as well as supporting them to attain
business goals.
Time management training - Marks and Spencer company leaders will be able to manage
its time in correct and effective manner with the support of this training. Selected training
program is very effective for increase the capability of employees to manage time as this will
lead to attaining set goals of business in set time frame.
In this leadership training programme all leaders of Marks and Spencer company has
eligible as this is need to enhance the performance of all leaders of respective company
(Willis, Clarke and O'Connor, 2017). Coaching training method will be more suitable for
leaders of this company as in coaching method coach will provide support to trainee in
decision making as well as performance of business task. Coaching method of training will
be more effective and in this method coach will have more information about strength and
weakness of trainee as well as take decision accordingly. Outcome of selected training
program is that leaders of Marks and Spencer company is able increase their capability to
take decision as well as influence employees to perform task in required manner. Coaching

for inclusion programme will lead to increase diversity and inclusion activities with in
organisation. Marks and Spencer company leaders will be able to develop strong and
impactful relationship with employees in order to direct and guide them for benefit for
respective organisation.
Identify and evaluate the benefits of this leadership programme.
There are different benefits for organisation as well as individual for company by this
leadership programme. It is very important for Marks and Spencer company to analyse and
evaluate different benefits or advantages that could be accomplish by company . Different
benefits of coaching for inclusion programme for individual and organisation is mention
below in detail.
Benefit for individual
Employees of Marks and Spencer company will be benefits by the selection leadership
program of the company. it is very important for organisation to consider benefits of
employees through its business activities as this will lead to have direct impact on
profitability of business.
 Motivate employees – Coaching leadership program will lead to motivate the
employees of organisation as this will support in better decision making. It has been
determined that motivated employees is able to conduct business activities in better
and effective manner. Through this leadership program leader will learn about
different needs and wants that needs to be accomplish in order to motivate employees.
Motivation is individual employees will lead to have significant impact on
performance and productivity of employees.
 Enhance their capabilities – It has been determined that this leadership training
program will improve the skills and other competency of employees. Through this
leadership program (Bush, and Glover, 2016). Leaders of Marks and Spencer
company will be able to analyse how to increase capabilities of employees so that
they can conduct given task in more effective manner. Enhancement in capabilities of
employees is beneficial in gaining growth and development in individual professional
or career growth. It is important for individual employee to timely enhance their
capabilities as this support in upgrading skills as per the requirement of organisational
environment.

Benefit for organisation
It is essential for Marks and Spencer company to determine the benefits from
leadership training program. This will lead to have affect on further decision making and
benefits in context of Marks and Spencer organisation are -
 Improve financial condition – It is very important for company to increase in
financial condition as well as earn more profits. Marks and Spencer company is
offering its products and services in different part of the world with the motive of
earning more and more revenues (Fernández-Muñiz, Montes-Peón, and Vázquez-
Ordás, 2014). Through the support of leadership training programme Marks and
Spencer company will be able to increase its financial condition and this lead to
attaining desired goals of business. Improvement in financial condition of respective
company help in gaining competitive advantage over other rival companies.
 Shaping organisation culture – Leadership training program is very supportive in
shaping the culture of organisation as well as improving the overall process of
organisation. Through coaching leadership program, leaders of respective company is
focusing on developing and creating diverse and inclusion organisation. Mark and
Spencer company will be able to develop positive and friendly organisational culture
with the support of this leadership training and development program. This is very
beneficial in enhance the relationship of with organisation as well as reduce
organisational conflicts.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that both leadership and management is
very important for organisation as this will help in conducting business task and activities in
better and effective manner. Leaders of organisation are conducting different activities in
order to influence employees as well as guide them towards the goals and objective of
organisation. While the managers of company is responsible for managing different set of
activates of business process. So that organisation can flow its operation in effective and
efficient manner. It has been analysed the leadership and management activities are very
different from each other but the motive of these activities is benefit of business a well as its
employees. There are different types of leadership theory that is effective in providing
framework to leaders. Theories such as trait leadership and transformational leadership are

supportive in managing the performance of leaders. There are different similarities and
difference between both the these leadership theory. These theory are very effective in
determine how leader should conduct its activities so that they will be able to influence more
and more followers. There are different components of leadership theory that is very effective
in supporting and directing leaders of company to understand employees as well as their
needs that should be full filled in order to motivate them. Apart from this it has been analysed
that it is crucial for organisation to take necessary steps in order to develop and train its
employees. There are different types of leadership training programme which are develop in
order to meet with different needs of a leaders. It is crucial for organisation to analyse and
evaluate different types of leadership development program in order to direct leader as well
as enhance their potential to conduct business task. Development is skills and capabilities of
leaders will be beneficial for organisation as well as its individuals.
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