Leadership and Management: Literature Review and Analysis Report

This report delves into the concepts of leadership and management, highlighting the distinctions between the two. It emphasizes the leader's role in motivating teams towards organizational goals, contrasting it with management's focus on directing individuals. The report provides a literature review of various leadership theories, including behavioral and transformational leadership, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. Behavioral leadership theory is examined for its emphasis on adaptable leadership styles and collaborative partnerships, while transformational leadership is assessed for its focus on inspiring change and enhancing organizational growth. The report discusses the practical implications of these theories and offers insights into their application within organizational contexts, providing a comprehensive overview of leadership and management principles.

Organisation Leadership
and Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY........................................................................................................................................3
Literature review on leadership theories............................................................................................3
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is defined as a process to motivate group of individuals in order to achieve
organisation goals. As the debate surrounding over the differences between leadership and
management it can be stated that there is much distinction noticed between leadership and
management. Leadership is more like motivating the bunch of people in order to achieve
objectives but on the other hand management is keener towards directing individuals to
achieve the objectives. Leaders play huge role in solving issues but management go by the set
process to solve any issue. Leaders are also consisted as the change manager because they not
just introduce change but also take part in implementing such change. Management do not
make any changes as long as it is mandatory for the respective organisation. As per many
debates it is directed that leaders get personally involve in each activity surrounded with the
organisation but management get only involve based the professional capacity in all
operations. Academic theories have influenced every aspects of the leadership development
program. Theories states that leadership development programs must focus over both
improving skills related to leadership and also the mental ability needed to lead the
organisation or a team. Academic theories also indicates that leadership development
program must framed systematically so that precise knowledge can be catered to learners
about the leadership skills and abilities. Henceforth, report will discuss the concept of
leadership and management. Literature review will also summarise over leadership theories.
Different aspects of leadership theories will be analysed with the support of literature review.
Furthermore, report will also frame precise leadership development program based on the
crux of literature review over leadership theories.
MAIN BODY
leadership theories
As per the views of Weidner, (2018) leadership is a process to lead a team or an
organisation in order to achieve the set objectives. Leaders involve in individual operations to
achieve the highest level of operational efficiency. Leaders acquire different skills such as
leadership, communication, motivation, analytical and other associated skills which drive
leaders to meet the objectives. Concept of leadership indicates that leaders must be open with
any one which drives leaders to built both professional and personal relationship. Leaders
also carry good understanding of human behaviour which leads them to deal with all human
resources associated with the organisation. Author has also indicated that situation analysis

play huge role in leading the team or an organisation. All decisions leaders take are based on
the situation analysis.
Opinions of Ratiu, David and Baban, (2016) management is a process which involves
getting operations done with the support of activities like planning, organising, monitoring
and control. Concepts of management also emphasis on taking regular feedbacks about the
operations. Managers involve in decision making, communicating and maintaining
interpersonal relationship in order to achieve the objectives of organisation. Managers should
possess different skills such as decision making, communication, and analytical, inter
personal and other associated skills which allows them to meet all responsibilities of being a
manager. Management is a process that converts input into the expected output by following
the set process which is planning, organising, directing and controlling.
Mattaini and Holtschneider, (2017) illustrated that managements and leadership both
involved in meeting the goals and objectives of organisation. Management and leadership
possess similar skills to operate functional roles and also both carry the responsibilities to
meet objectives associated with organisation. Author states that management and leadership
have significant differentiation also. Leaders carry the ability of taking risk more than
management. Leaders plan strategies and policies to expand the growth potential of
organisation apart from the set objectives but management are more keen towards achieving
the set objectives with operations. Leaders also guide changes in organisation to improve the
growth potential of organisation but on the other hand management only guide changes if it is
demanded by situation.
Opinions of Masood and Afsar,(2017) over behavioural leadership theory is among
the key leadership theories leaders use as a part of the professional duties. This theory works
on a situation that how leaders should react in the given practical situation. Leadership theory
beliefs that leaders are not born rather they made. It assumes that leadership is not inborn
activity but it needs to develop by improving and acquiring different skills require to lead the
individual team or an organisation. Author has stated that based on the behavioural theory of
leadership all skills required to lead the organisation or a team can be acquired or adopted by
putting quality efforts in right direction with the support of proper guidance. It also indicates
that all actions of human are based on the individual behaviour which guides leaders to take
actions in a particular situation. Behavioural theory guides different aspects of leadership
such as collaborative partnerships to operate functional activities of organisation.

Collaborative partnership is among the effective partnership suggested under behavioural
theory as this improves the work culture of an organisation. This practice also causes to
improved interpersonal relationship at work place. Collaborations also resulted into improved
knowledge in employees as employees get chances to acquire knowledge from other people
involved in collaborations which also involve knowledge and experience sharing activities
between employees.
As illustrated by Lee and Lee, (2018) behavioural leadership theory is an effective
leadership style utilises in organisations by leaders to meet the professional duties.
Behavioural leadership style promotes many practices which also involves participative
decision making. This is an effective approach to conduct operations under behavioural
leadership. Participative decision making involves all employees and individuals associated
with organisation to make operational decisions. Participation of all employees improves the
efficiency of decision as all individual and employees get chances to give opinions and
thoughts based on the knowledge and experience over the decisions to be making.
Behavioural leadership theory also promotes team development activities. Team development
is an effective approach use to achieve the highest level of operational efficiency. Author has
guided that also segregates team development into multiple stages such as forming, storming,
norming, performing and adjourning. All such stages guides organisation and leaders to form
an effective team based on the needs and requirements of the operation. As per the opinions
of Flores and Ekstedt, (2016) behavioural theory of leadership style also support leaders to
guide all individuals associated with the organisation to improve the individual behaviour at
work place. It states that individual behaviour at work place directly affect over the
interpersonal relationship at work place with other people associated with the organisation.
The leadership theory also guides managers to evaluate the behavioural at work place and
how the behaviour is affecting the interpersonal relationship of manager at work place.
Leadership promote individual employees at work place to analysis the individual behaviour
and it also guide to make suitable changes in the behaviour in order to improve the inter
personal relationship at work place.
Views of Colton and Tucker, (2019) on behavioural leadership style is an effective
approach support leaders to meet all professional duties but apart from that author has
criticised the application of this theory. Author has stated that leadership do not follow the set
pattern which also causes to several confusion at work place about the leadership approaches
follow by leaders. It is more like a learning process of leaders to manage operations which

also causes to take more time in operating functional activities under this theory.
Transformation leadership gives more emphasis over individual employees of organisation
rather than focuses more over operations that needs to be executed. Many times leaders also
carry other considerations which might be unethical many times that directly influences the
essence of behavioural theory. It focuses more building effective work culture and inter
personal relationship at work place with the support of behaviour analysis and team building
activities many times it also casus to negative impact over operations and its productivity.
Leaders stay more focus in behavioural theory on analysing the individual behaviour rather
than focusing more over operational efficiency and productivity which also resulted into
negative outcomes of operations.
Illustrations provided by Elrehail and et.al., (2018) on transformation leadership is
also an effective leadership style implemented by leaders in order to fulfil professional duties.
Transformation leadership inspire employees, management and stakeholders associated with
the organisation to implement change in the organisation in order to achieve more effective
operational efficiency. Change is a crucial part of the organisation behaviour as it improves
the growth potential of an organisation. Leaders use the approach of transformation
leadership to drive change in the organisation. Author has stated that transformation
leadership approach guides leaders to analysis the future requirements and needs of the sector
and also to assess the future expectations of the potential consumers and users of organisation
services. Based on the analytical reviews of the situation leaders drive changes in
organisation. Transformation leadership not just guides leaders to introduce change based on
the future needs and requirement of the sector but it also drives leaders to take part in
implementing the change.
Opinions given by Clinton, (2018) over transformation leadership is a strong
leadership style follow by leaders. This leadership approach motivates leaders of organisation
to guide suitable changes in the organisation structure to expand the growth potential of
organisation and also to improve the operational efficiency. This leadership style also guides
leaders to motivate employees and management about the change introduced based on the
transformation leadership. As the change seek complete support from other individuals
associated with the organisation in order to improve the efficiency of change. Transformation
leadership encourages leaders to inspire other employees in organisation to improve ethical
values in work practices. It also foster work environment with the support of ethical values

and work practices. Leaders also motivate employees of organisation to take ownership of the
operational functions conducted by individual employees.
As per the views of Boyd and et.al., (2017) transformation leadership supports
organisation in improving the growth potential of organisation. Author has stated that
transformation leadership is all about introducing suitable changes in organisation which can
leads to more effective growth opportunities in respect to organisation. In order to meet the
future needs and requirements of the operational functions of organisation leaders introduce
changes under transformation leadership style. Author has also indicated that transformation
leadership drives leaders to take ownership of all changes recommended by leaders in order
to improve the growth potential of organisation.
Bottomley and et.al., (2016) has illustrated about the transformation leadership is a
healthy leadership style utilises in organisation. Author has criticised the approach of
transformation leadership style as the changes introduced by leaders under transformation
leadership are based on the predictions and expectations associated with future. Predictions
associated with future can also leads to wrong decisions in respect to change introduced in
organisation. Risk factor in this leadership style is also high in nature. Most of the times
organisations do not get support from employees and stakeholders associated with the
organisation in respect to introduced change in organisation. This also causes to resistance
from employees of organisation in respect to implementing change. Many times
transformation leadership introduces such changes which require heavy investment of
organisation financial resources. Heavy investment in change process also leads to huge risk
in change management process. As per the views of Bolman and Deal, (2018) transformation
leadership are more keen towards meeting the future needs and requirements of an
organisation in such a process many times leadership and management do not give much
emphasis to current needs and requirements. Limited amount of resources of organisation
also become huge challenge in implementing concepts of transformation leadership. This
leadership do not indicate on what proportion organisation must invest in implementing
change based on the future needs. Stakeholders who have invested in the organisation also
become a huge challenge in transformation leadership. Many times leaders are not able to
convince the stakeholders about the introduced change and its needs. Transformation
leadership do not assure the competitive advantage out of the changes implemented in the
organisation based on the transformation leadership style.

LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Importance of leadership development and training
Having the right leader is a very essential factor for the organizations in the market to
have so that they can have a better functioning and effective working in the business. Leaders
have to make sure that the employees of the organization are not pressured so that the
organization can benefit from it (Thorpe and Gold, 2016). There has to be a healthy
environment for the employees to work in and that can be created by the leaders of the
organization so that the standards and productivity of the organization can be maintained so
that there is a better functioning. There are skills and knowledge which is required in leaders
so that the organization can maintain their functioning and the right decisions are taken for
the long run of the organization.
Leaders must motivate their employees so that the changes according to the trends in
the market can keep coming in the organization from time to time. There has to be a fair
treatment of all the employees in the organization so that the company can have a healthy
environment to work in. For motivation the leaders can provide the employees with
incentives, appreciation letters, rewards, etc so that they continue to give their best for the
organization which is going to good for both personal and professional level. Leaders have to
use the right measures and techniques so that there is a team work in the business so that the
organization can achieve their objectives on time which is a very important factor. There is
training and development which has to be provided to the employees by the leaders of the
business so that the standards of the organization can be met and the products which are
reaching the customers are not being compromised upon. Employees of the organization have
to be trained especially in a health care environment so that the patients do not have to face
any negative impact.
NHS leadership programme
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson is a programme which is available at the NHS leadership
training and development which is going to be discussed in the further report. This is a
programme of 24 months for the seniors or individuals who are associated with the health
care services and are focused to become the leaders in this industry (Chetiya and Sharma,
2016). There is a lot of stress emotionally and mentally which is present in this industry as a

leader which is controlled and improved upon in this programme so that the leaders can take
the right decisions for a long run of the organization. There are a lot of situations which can
come in front of the candidates which the leader has to know how to get out of them and the
functioning should not be affected from their decision. The environment of the working place
has to improve so that there is a better functioning which is going to make the patients get the
best of services which is the aim of the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson to graduate such students.
There are a lot of conflicts which can rise in the organization which have to be solved
by the leaders of the company so that there is a better functioning of the organization. There
has to be a personal and professional relationship between the employees so that they can
understand each other and help which will create a great team work for the future which is
going to be very good (Obholzer, 2018). The programme has been designed by a professional
who helps individuals to grow in this industry and achieve their objectives in life. Programme
trains them in such a manner which is going to be very helpful for the growth of the
organization and the complications in the working of the people.
Effectiveness of leadership programme
Elizabeth Garret Anderson programme is very effective healthcare leadership which
helps to increase the technical and interpersonal skills to connect diverse culture together and
increase the potential of HealthCare organisation effectively. There are different types of
factors which help to increase the effective workforce and increase their experience and
motivate them to increase their performance. The main effectiveness of this programme is
using the diversity of human resource in the healthcare organisation to increase the efficiency
of the organisation and achieve their objectives effectively (Socha, 2019). This increases the
team spirit in the individual and improves the efficiency of motivate all the team members in
the organization by developing effective organisational culture which helps to integrate with
vision of the organization effectively. This leadership programmes helps people to become
more confident in making their decision and expanding their knowledge base and skills. It is
very effective for their leadership programmes to improve the efficiency of the employees in
the organisation by influencing them with effective leadership styles. This also helps the
organisation to increase their employee retention power effectively. To enrol in their
leadership programme, person needs to have good grades in their academics which ensure
their sincerity and intellect to handle patient’s health in the organisation. As becoming leader

is very difficult for that person who does not have proper grades in UK honours and apply for
this programme (Bolden, 2016). Due to lack of proper education and better grades in the
exams also provides inefficacy of candidate to become leader. As knowledge is the most
important aspect of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson programme as it Is very essential for
candidate to have personal experience of all the skills and also effective characteristics which
helps them to increase the potential and become leader.
This leadership programmes are also very effective in increasing the efficiency of
person to communicate in the organisation and provide clear message which can motivate
their employees in the organisation to achieve objectives effectively. It helps the person to
open up and explore themselves with various methods and activities which also helps them to
develop strong leadership personality which can be helpful in the future effectively. There
are different types of techniques and methods which are adopted in Elizabeth Garret
Anderson programme to increase the efficiency of healthcare organisation generate healthy
working environment to achieve the objectives. Effective leadership styles also improve the
brand value of the organisation and to increase the profit margins and helps to compete in
market. This also helps to attain core competency. The programme provides seven different
study materials in the 24 months’ time period for the person who helps to increase the
internal skills, behavioural patterns, and attitude. As this all the factors are very essential in
the health care industry to increase the quality of services for patients and increase their
health and experience. This helps to improve brand value of the company effectively and gain
higher profit margins to expand the organisation in new market to reduce threats of
competition (Weintraub, 2017). This programme also provides online tutorials which helps
the candidate to gain better information about all the skills effectively and use them in
practical life to gain better personality. After all the process the candidate is ready to become
leaders in the health sector. This programme provides an effective outcome for the candidates
in to achieve their operations with positive attitude and improves their efficiency to become
more effective in nature. Programme also improves the efficiency of candidates by increase
workforce efficiency to increase patients experience and also train them with effective
technology.

Individual and organizational benefits of the NHS leadership programme
There are a lot of benefits which are provided by Elizabeth Garrett Anderson for the
individuals and organization which are as follows.
Individual benefits
 There is a lot of experience which is given to the individuals and that can make a
better understanding of the individuals of the health care industry and its operations
which is a very important factor for the business. The pressure on the individuals reduce when there is a skill and knowledge of this
field which is which a very important factor. The individuals stress, emotional and
psychological resilient will be less which is a very good factor for the working and a
positive environment will be provided in the organization. There is a right guidance to the individuals by Elizabeth Garrett Anderson so that
individuals can have a better growth in this field. The overall performance of the
individuals improves and helps the organization to function effectively which results
in higher profit margins. The frameworks taught in Elizabeth Garrett Anderson are very appropriate and can be
used in organizations so that there is a better functioning and a well maintained
environment for everyone to work in. It is very important in a health care to have a
better functioning and reputation in market. There have to be innovative and new methods which have to be used so that the
leaders do their work right and the organization can have a better functioning and
name in the market which is a very important factor.
Organizational benefits
 The obstacles in the business have to be removed by the leaders so that the patients
get the best of services and have a better functioning for themselves which is a very
important factor for them.
 The culture has to be maintained by the leaders so that the organization can function
better and improve when and where required (Blokland and Reniers, 2017).
 There will be better planning for the organization and the organization will be able to
have a better functioning for them in the market for a long run and the operations will
be positive.

 There are limited resources which have to be planned and used by the leaders for the
employees so that there is a better functioning. This is going to help the organization
to have a long run in market and get a lot of revenue generation.
 The conflicts will be reduced and there will be more of team work in the organization
which is a great advantage for the business since they will be able to achieve their
objectives from time to time.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that there is a need of having a well
planned and trained leaders and managers in the organization so that there is a better
functioning of the business in the market. There are a lot of theories and techniques which
have to be learnt by them so that they can make the productivity and environment internally
of the organization stable and match the expectations of the organization. There are a lot of
situations and conflicts which rise in the organization and those have to be solved so that
there is a better functioning and the company will be able to give the best to the customers.
The leaders and managers help the organization to give the best to the customers and improve
the satisfaction level of the customers. Leaders and managers functioning are very different
from one another but the roles of both are very important in the organization so that the
organization can have a good operation in the market.
There are a lot of programme which are present in the world so that the individuals
can train and develop themselves for the industry which they want to enter (Gopee and
Galloway, 2017). There is a lot of pressure and work load on the leaders and managers but if
they understand the employees under them then the work can become better and the
functioning of the organization is going to be better. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson programme
for leadership training and development is a very successful organization which is developing
the individuals well for the better functioning of the health care industry. There are supposed
to be no mistakes in a health care centre which is why this initiative has been taken. The
leaders have to make sure that the changes are coming in the organization but the
productivity or the quality of the product is not being compromised upon so that the
customers can get the best from the company.

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