Report on Leadership, Management, and Operations at M&S

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management practices within Mark & Spencer (M&S). It begins by differentiating the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers, highlighting their distinct responsibilities in guiding employees and achieving business objectives. The report then explores the functions of leaders and managers in introducing new products, expanding market reach, and implementing changes within the organization, including the application of Mintzberg's roles. Various leadership theories and models, such as situational leadership, systematic leadership, and contingency theory, are examined for their applicability to M&S's operational environment, along with time management and inventory strategies. The report further investigates different management approaches, emphasizing the roles of leaders and managers in guiding employees and making decisions. Finally, it analyzes factors impacting M&S's operational management and business environment, including the use of guiding employees and other strategies to improve outcomes. This report is a valuable resource for understanding leadership and management principles in a real-world business context, with a focus on practical applications and strategic insights.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Demonstrate and differentiate roles and characteristics of manager and leader in the
organisation..................................................................................................................................1
P2 Leader role and manager functions in business......................................................................2
P3 Theories and model which can be used for different situation...............................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P4 Approaches in the management with roles of leaders and management................................6
P5 Importance and value of operation management to take decisions at workplace...................8
P6 Factors which create impact on operation management of M&S...........................................8
M1 Analysis differentiate role of manager and leader with theory of management.................10
M2 Strength and weaknesses of different approaches of business environment.......................10
M3 How leaders and manager can improve their efficiency.....................................................10
M4 Factor which create impact on the business performances.................................................11
D1 Critically analysis different theories and approaches to management.................................11
D2 Factors which create impact on business environment........................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management and operations are very important activities of each business in which manager
perform various activities and actions. It define as areas which is related to design and operations
of the company. In this aspect, it determine essential areas to perform business functions and
outcomes (Haimes, 2015). Present report is based on Mark & Spencer which provide various
types of retail products in different areas of the world. They are offering products and services in
online and offline both stores so that customer can access it according to their convenience. In
respect to ascertain focus on the enterprise, report covers roles and responsibility of leader and
manager to perform functions and operations at workplace. Furthermore, it includes factors
which create impact on the business environment of the cited firm.
TASK 1
P1 Demonstrate and differentiate roles and characteristics of manager and leader in the
organisation
Leader are perceive their functions and operations to encourage to employee so that they
are take part to achieve business goals and objectives. In this aspect, they are giving direction to
workers to perform functions and operations. In addition to this, manager are demonstrate their
functions such as planning, organising, directing and controlling (Nong, Sun and Li, 2013). They
both are play very important role within the company to take advantages to achieve goals and
objectives. Following are differences can be taken in leader and manager:
Basis Leader Manager
Meaning Leader is a person who
perform functions and
operations in systematic way
through lead to various people
at workplace. They are taking
responsibility to direct
employee to encourage them
for achieve goals and
objectives.
Manager determines various
functions through they can
manage functions and
operations. It includes element
such as planning, organising,
directing, staffing and
controlling (Bhattacharjee,
Roy and Bandyopadhyay,
2015). Thus, the chosen
business will make smooth
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functioning at workplace.
Focus Leaders of the cited firm focus
on employee performances
which can be ascertain for
achieve the positive results
and performances. In addition
to this, it is also make strategy
which determine leading to
people at workplace (Lee, Son
and Park, 2013).
Manager of M&S determining
focus on goals and objectives
only. They have only make
functions of management.
Thus, they are not concentrate
on employee participation and
outcomes. They determine role
through they can manage
organisation results and
outcomes.
Roles Leader of the chosen
enterprise perform functions
and operation to make role for
each activity in business unit.
Within these regards, the
company need to perform their
functions and operations
which create role to each
leader to leading employee at
workplace.
Manager of the chosen
enterprise has role to
demonstrate outcomes in
which they can determines
objectives and goals in
systematic way. It will develop
market and operations in
which the company can serve
their results and performances.
P2 Leader role and manager functions in business
Leader and manager of M & S perform their effective functions and operations. They both
are taking part within business goals and objectives. Their roles and functions assist to make
strategies within the cited firm so that they can accomplish desire outcomes at workplace.
Introducing of new products
When company want to introduce their new product, leader has role to encourage each
employee at workplace so that objectives can be achieve easily. In this way, at each level
leadership is requires that perform effective functions and operations (Peng, Chu and Zhou,
2015). They are influence to people at each level to take part to introduce product within the
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market. Thus, M&S can easily determine profitability at workplace. In addition to this, manager
make plan in which strategy is frame for make effective results and assign duty and
responsibilities to each people at workplace. In respect to produce new product, the manager of
cited firm make plan with different activities so that they can achieve the best results and
performances.
Enhance market in new areas
In addition to this, at middle level plan and programs are implement which requires make
effective business results at workplace. Subordinates perform according to their leader of top and
middle level to work on strategies. At lower level of M&S, leader determines strategy with give
them proper guidance to work on plan and operations. On the other hand, manager set plans to
get the best results at workplace (Choudhary, Mohanty and Singh, 2016). In this aspect, they
frame blue print for particular market and motivate employee to achieve goals and objectives.
When manager make plan to attain business objectives and goals, they frame strategy through
they can deal with different activities and actions.
Make changes at each level of the firm:
Manager of the chosen enterprise lead their subordinates towards goals and objectives.
Without ability, they cannot working effectively at the workplace so it is essential to influence
subordinates through motivation. In this way, productivity can be increased for achieving
positive results at the workplace (Yeh, Yang and Sun, 2015). In addition to this, leader of M&S
demonstrate their part to make strategy for each and every person so that duty and responsibility
can assign.
Roles of Mitzberg's
These roles can be categories in following three categories:
Interpersonal category
In this category, there are three types of roles can be carried such as figurehead, leader
and liaison. As the manager of M&S, figurehead role can be determines to take legal, ceremonial
responsibilities that expected to be source of inspiration. Further, leader need to be require lead
whole team to accomplish business objectives. In addition to this, liaison role of manager need
to communicate internal and external contacts that assists to make network effectively.
Informational category
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In this category, there are three types of roles can be carried such as monitor,
disseminator and spokesperson. When manager perform role as monitor, they have to regularly
seek out the information that is related to organisation the retail industry. Furthermore, in M&S
disseminator communicate potentially the useful information with colleagues and team members
as well. As spokesperson, manager represent and speak for the business goals and objectives.
Decisional category
In this category, another four roles can be determines that play by manager such as
allocator of resources, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, negotiator. AS entrepreneur, manager
create control changes within the organisation to solve problems and generate ideas to implement
it. Further, disturbance need to take actions to make certain changes in disputes. Resource
allocator determines organisational resources that can be applied in the best manner. As
negotiator, important negotiation make in team.
P3 Theories and model which can be used for different situation
In order to make effective functions and operations, M&S determines various theories
that assist to gain competitive advantages and profit at workplace. In this way, there are various
element which can work for enhance profit and positive results. Leaders and manage work
together so that they are taking different types of theories to deal with different situation. Below
are such theories which can be used at workplace:
Situational leadership style
In this theory, the business is focus on sharing ideas and opinion with various people at
workplace. It is the best method to make decisions at workplace (Witt, Brooke and Buckley,
2013). This is because, specific instruction and guidance are assist to supervise each activity of
the business through objectives and goals are achieved. It also demonstrates opportunities which
create positive results on the business performances. There are different elements which
determines ways that take in leadership actions. It will make profitability and positive outcomes
for implement changes at workplace. According to M&S situations, manager and leaders are
working so that experience can be enhance at workplace.
Systematic leadership style
Systematic leadership style working on different activities which support to business and
their values in positive manner. This determines process through M&S create steps as a process
at workplace. Valuable information and outcomes are assist to make positive results and
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performances at workplace (Shigenobu, Noorzad and Senjyu, 2016). It will encourage to various
people through objectives and goals are achieves. This is because, it defines duty to each person
at workplace so that the company can achieve their targets and goals at workplace easily.
Contingency theory
Contingency theory assist to deal with different element that assist to make positive
impact on the business operations. It demonstrates effectiveness of various people at workplace.
In this aspect, leader of M&S integrate various people together so that objectives and can be
taken at workplace easily. In addition to this, it is also considers through Fiedler model which
emphasizes to assign duty and responsibilities according to workers ability and performances
(van Beek, Goff and Rex, 2016). It is three steps model that includes following element:
 Identification of leadership styles: In this step, leader identify their potential capabilities
through objectives and goals can be achieve at workplace.
 Demonstrate situation of the company: Within M&S situation, it is demonstrates for
achieve goals and objectives of the company in systematic way.
 Match situation with leader performances: Situation of the company is delivers effective
results and performances can be match with leader to perform functions and operations.
As results, business can develop results and performance at workplace.
 Time management: Time management is the effective strategy, that used to make
productivity especially in the work. With the help of this strategy, M&S can set time to
accomplish each activity within the operations and management.
 Just in time inventory: This strategy, used by company to employ and enhancing
products through reducing waste material from the business. This assists to make
effective production process which need to reduce inventory costs to forecast demand
accurately at M&S.
 Concept of continuous improvement: In order to determines continuous improvement,
Kaizen concept develops for long term approach to work systematically and seeks to
accomplish incremental changes in the process to enhance efficiencies and qualities of
the chosen business goods.
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TASK 2
P4 Approaches in the management with roles of leaders and management
Within the M&S, manager and leaders perform functions and operations through they can
assist to achieve goals and objectives. They are taking duty and responsibility to achieve targets
of the business which can be manage at workplace (Nakamura and Abe, 2014). In this way,
different types of strategies taken by manager and leader. In addition to this, they are also
perform functions through operating such functions with effective role so that smooth
functioning take place. Following are different roles take place which perform by manager and
leader:
Role of leader
 Guiding employees: Another role of leader is to guiding employee at workplace. In this
aspect, it is very important to demonstrate roles in work process to provide effective
working environment to each employee (Talari, Yazdaninejad and Haghifam, 2015). In
addition to this, leaders are also performs functions and operations according to workers
needs within M&S so that they are participates effectively at workplace.
 Motivating to employee: It is another role of leader which determines for doing effective
and proper functions at workplace. In this way, leader of M&S encourages to employee
to attain positive and effective results at workplace. It will assist to develop positive and
effective results at workplace through proper working within the business environment.
Leaders demonstrate direction to each employee to give their proper participation at
workplace (Espa, Brignoli and Quadroni, 2016).
 Building morality: Building morality involves pulling everyone together for working
towards same goals and objectives. In this aspect, leader facing conflicts among M&S
people so that they are trying to encourage them for achieve common goals and
objectives. Good leader requires performs effectively through setting strategies. Conflicts
situations is very stressful which demonstrate due to focus on strategies.
Role of manager
 Figurehead: Manager of the organisation also perform their functions to satisfy manager
demand in term of creating and reinforce delivery of mission and vision. Employee are
stand towards ultimate goals and objectives in which they can perform functions and
operations in effective way (Talari, Yazdaninejad and Haghifam, 2015). In addition to
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this manager perform functions and operations to achieve ultimate goals and objectives.
They are build positive working environment of M&S through association can work
within the large firm that demonstrate positive working at workplace which create
positive association.
 Liaison and communicator: When manager of the company communicate with their
people in effective way, they can create vision and mission easily. In this aspect,
employee are likely to take part in objectives and goals of company. This is because,
communication is core that manage functions and operations of the company. It makes
effective changes at workplace to organise things and operations in effective way.
Transparency and empathy are very important element which integral to make employee
awareness with changes at workplace (Nakamura and Abe, 2014). Manager involves
organisation to stay constant and contact with reports that ensure smooth functioning and
outcomes of stakeholder.
 Negotiator: Whenever changes are take place, manager need to perform functions to
make themselves negotiator. In this aspect, they are analysis competitor of M&S and
perform operations which create adverse impact on their company. It will assist to
determine positive working environment at workplace.
Six sigma: Six sigma is the disciplined and data driven approach that assists to eliminating
defects and make standards deviations between mean and nearest specifications in the process of
M&S. In this way, manufacturing to transactional and from product to service can be develops.
Lean production: Lean production simply defines as the systematic approaches to reduce wastage
and minimize system without sacrificing productivity. It is also taken into the account of waste
that created through overburden.
Queuing theory: This theory is mathematical approach that assists to conduct study of waiting
lines and queues. This model, constructed to make queue length and prediction of waiting time.
Therefore, it assists to make effective results in M&S.
Principles of total quality management: There are several principles exists in total quality
management such as produce quality work the first time, focus on the customer, make strategic
approach for improvement and improves continuously. Therefore, the chosen organisation need
to includes all these elements to make productive results at workplace.
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Just in time inventory: Just in time inventory strategy assists to enhance efficiencies and reducing
wastage from the business environment in effective manner. In this way, production process
includes reducing cost of the inventory which create negative impact on M&S.
P5 Importance and value of operation management to take decisions at workplace
With the help of operation management, M&S can create effective design of their
products and services at workplace through business objectives and goals can be achieve. This is
because, effective elements of the products and services assist to attract potential customer which
encompasses on different functions and operations of the enterprise. It creates positive value on
brand image of the business through organisation can make their strategy at workplace. Value of
operation management add elements through quality of products and services can be enhance
(Choudhary, Mohanty and Singh, 2016). It determines effective production system which
demonstrate efficiencies of manager at workplace to produce product and services in effective
manner. Along with this, operation management has also responsibilities within M&S to control
efficiencies and effective production of goods to make products and services in effective manner.
Long term planning of the business are assist to make effective working environment.
In addition to this, operation management also encompasses to make long term planning
within the business environment. This is because, system and process put various elements to
meet with target market needs. Long term planning contribute sustainability of financial element
at workplace. It makes new product development which involves recognizing and planning of
innovation at workplace. Operation manager of the chosen firm is dealing with production,
distribution and support to various activities at workplace. Thus, it is important to identify impact
of cost and quality of products and services (Espa, Brignoli and Quadroni, 2016).
Operation management process: operation management consist very important role in success of
the business outcomes and results. In this context, it consists transformation of input that
includes capital, land, building and many other elements to produce final goods within the
business environment. M&S use it to satisfy their customers and demand in successful manner to
ascertain objectives and goals of the enterprise.
P6 Factors which create impact on operation management of M&S
There are various element which create impact on the business operation of M&S. In this
aspect, factors includes which determine effective results on the organisation performances.
They are as follows:
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 Brand impact: When impact of company is high, the organisation easily achieve their
positive outcomes and operations at workplace. In this aspect, M&S need to set their
targets and goals which achieve at workplace easily. In addition to this, smooth
functioning also take place at the business which create positive results within the
organisation. In this way, more profits and revenue occur at workplace (Talari,
Yazdaninejad and Haghifam, 2015). To produce products and services, the cited firm can
gain profitability at workplace easily. It will create major opportunities to the company to
focus on potential customer. As results, reputation of the company assist to make
effective functions and operations. In addition to this, better value can be made at
workplace easily.
 Employee training: When the company giving training to their employee, they have to
assess impact on the business performances. In this way, M&S can take positive results
and performances. There are various element which need to perform functions and
operations at workplace (Nakamura and Abe, 2014). Thus, they are take responsibility to
create positive working environment. In addition to this, employee training enhance their
skills and performances to achieve goals and objectives so that the business can achieve
their targets and outcomes in easy way.
 Corporate social responsibilities: It is the important element which create impact on the
firm operations management. In this aspect, the selected enterprise need to take initiatives
to assess and take responsibility to focus on the effects on environment and social well-
being of people in business unit. In term of applying efforts, the organisation need to take
that they regulate functions and operations through keep general people in mind.
 Ethics and values: In respect to make effective results, ethics need to be followed by
M&S to defined and describes right and wrong things within the enterprise. Further,
values also describes personal standards that is most important function for the business.
 Sustainability: Another factor create impact due to sustainability. The chosen
organisation has responsibilities to maintain sustainable outcomes in business through
focus on the future outcomes. Further, they have to make balance in all relevant things in
successful aspect.
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M1 Analysis differentiate role of manager and leader with theory of management
In accordance to delivering effective results and performances, it is essential to determine
effective outcomes and performances. In this aspect, M&S can take Maslow’s theory which is
based on needs of different employee at workplace. In this way, the cited firm take roles and
responsibility that can take for achieve common objectives and goals. With the help of needs, the
company can demonstrate each individual need and fulfil it for sustainability of them at
workplace. In order to demonstrate positive advantages, the chosen enterprise make each level of
employee and their need to perform activities at workplace (Espa, Brignoli and Quadroni, 2016).
Leaders and managers both determines different role in the chosen business unit. As per
the Maslow's theory of management, M&S need to assess needs of each customer and provide
them effective services according to requirement.
M2 Strength and weaknesses of different approaches of business environment
In order to make effective results and performances, there are various element in which
M&S need to perform their operations. With the help of employee participation, the cited firm
easily take effective results which create impact on their performances. It will make effective
results and performances. In addition to this, it assist to create different ideas and opinion to
ascertain positive results and performances. Thus, the cited firm will easily enhance their
productivity. On the other hand, it also make problems because of conflicts among various
employee (Talari, Yazdaninejad and Haghifam, 2015).
With the help of lean management approach, M&S has strength to reduce their cost and
enhance quality of products and services. It also creates effective participation of different
employees to ascertain more profits and revenue. However, it causes of implementing more
money in the business enterprise.
M3 How leaders and manager can improve their efficiency
There are various elements through manager and leader can easily improve their
efficiency. In this aspect, they have to make time for each activity at workplace so that objectives
and goals can be achieve. In this aspect, their role is to make high profits and positive results.
With the help of ability, they both are take responsibility to make high profits and results at
workplace of M&S. Thus, both have to make effective results through assessing roles and
responsibility of each employee (Nakamura and Abe, 2014).
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