An In-depth Report on Leadership and Management Strategies at M&S

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management practices within Marks & Spencer (M&S). It begins with an introduction to operational management and M&S's mission, focusing on delivering quality products and services. Task 1 explores the distinct roles and characteristics of leaders and managers at M&S, highlighting their responsibilities in ensuring efficient operations and employee motivation. The report then differentiates between leader and manager roles, applying relevant leadership and management theories such as behavioral and contingency theories. Task 2 examines the application of leadership and management in various situational contexts, addressing challenges like poor working conditions and employee demotivation. The report delves into leadership approaches, including situational and systems leadership, and their impact on M&S's performance. Furthermore, the report covers theories and models of leadership, emphasizing their importance in achieving organizational objectives. The report concludes with a detailed analysis of the factors affecting operational management and decision-making, offering insights into how M&S can enhance its leadership and management strategies.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Description and comparison between roles and responsibility of leader and manger within
company......................................................................................................................................3
M1 Analyse the difference between leader and manager...........................................................4
P2 Explanation about role of leader and function of manger apply in the different situations...4
M2 Assess the strength and weakness of various approach of operation and management.......5
P3 Application of different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership,
systems leadership and contingency...........................................................................................6
P4 Explanation about the key approaches to operation management and the role of manger
and leaders plays with respect of organisation'...........................................................................7
M1 Difference between the role of leader and function of manager..........................................9
M3 Evaluation of leader and manager can improve effectiveness of operation management..11
P5 Explanation about the importance and value of the operation management in attaining the
objective of organisation...........................................................................................................11
M4 factors that affect the organisation environment................................................................12
P6 Assess the factors within the business environment that impact upon operational
management and decision-making by leaders and managers within the organisation..............12
D1 Different theories and approaches of the leadership...........................................................15
D2 Application and analysis of different factors to the operation management in reference
with the leadership....................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................16
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Operational management is a process to design and to control down the activity related to the
production of goods and services and redesigning it. Operational manager activity is to check
down the process which goes under the management and ensuring themselves that the activity
covers the input in form of man, made and capital and that helps in generating output in an
efficient and productive manner (Agarwal and et.al., 2012). This report is based on Mark and
Spencer which is listed in London stock exchange and its headquarter is located in UK.
Furthermore, their mission is to deliver the quality of products in form of clothes and luxury
items and various services to its users and mission is to ensure them various satisfaction and
meet down the requirements by delivering the product to its customers at right point of time and
produced it according to there needs(Antony, 2014.). This report covers the different roles and
made comparison between leader and manager regarding its importance and also describe
different leadership theory under M&S and its working conditions in context to external
environmental factors.
TASK-1
P1 Different roles and characteristics of a leader and manager under M&S
It is one of the famous retail business in UK which deals in variety of products in form of
clothing and luxury food item, there motive is to produce and to deliver the quality of product
and services to its customers and gaining huge satisfaction from them. It focuses on quality not
on quantity and profitability(Arnulf and et.al ,2014.). For this purpose only, M&S focusing on its
quality management and operation function team and ensuring themselves that every time that
helps to produce product better and faster. By this way both the manager and leader plays an
essential role under the M&S. A manger is person who is held responsible for the management
work under the organisation and performing its duties in an efficient manner and managing down
the entire organisational function so that work will be going in the right manner. On, the other
side leader is a person who held responsible to control the activities which goes under the

organisation and encouraging its employees and motivates them at each part and time to time
communicate and coordinate with them and satisfy themselves that each and every individual is
performing in a ethical manner. In Mark and Spencer both the manager and leaders have
different role and duties and the area of there working is also different. Some of them are as
follows:
 Manager is a person who is responsible for managerial function and carried down the
work and develop the policies, plans, strategies and conduct its work accordingly to that
and on the other side leader is been responsible for implementing down the policies and
plans which been prepared by managers.
 Manager is a person who is responsible for planning, organising, staffing, directing and
controlling the business activity to achieve the objective within a time range. On the other
side leader duty is coordinate, communicate, motivate, control and evaluate the
performance which carrying out by subordinates so the task can be achieved within a
relevant time range and organisational raising its objective.
 Manager focuses on the overall development of the firm and regarding its function in
form of policies, procedures and framework so that the business can achieving its
organisational objective(aur and Haase, 2015.). Similarly, leader who always motivate
himself and his team and carrying its function in a more enthusiastic manner.
M1 Analyse and differentiate between the role of a leader and function of manger by applying
theories and concepts
In Mark and Spencer, leader and manager perform there functions and put there strong
efforts to attained its objective. Both, there role and function is important in context to company,
in the absence of one the use of other is incomplete. There are certain theories related to that
leadership and management which helped them in understanding the concept and conventions
related to it. The theories described as follows:
 The behavioural theory of leadership tells that the leader should understand down the
behaviour of its subordinates and should assigned the work according to their staff
according to the behaviour and attitude towards work and should identify the needs and
requirement and fulfil it accordingly. On the other side manager roles to framing and

governing such policies and procedures in such a way that the requirements and needs of
the employees will be fulfilled.
 The contingency theory of leadership says that the manager should govern such policies
and plans and also bring changes time to time as per the needs and requirements of
employees so through which employee are allowed to communicated freely and on the
other hand leader role is to invite the management in the process so through which the
employees can share the ideas, opinions and disputes related matters related to working.
D1 Analysing and evaluating the different theories and approaches related
to leadership
 Situational theory of leadership:This theory focuses on giving necessary help and
delegate to the employees and staff. This helps in creating positive attitude of firm
towards different peoples and also helps in increasing its performance and building up its
goodwill. It tells that firm performance is not similar in every condition, it keeps on
changing according to the situational and environmental factors that been creating in the
market(Dong and Huang, 2013). On, the other side it is not possible to give consistent
performance in different condition because it is necessary for the leader to follow down
the rules and performed according to that only. It pays more focus towards they
demographic condition which creating in the market.
 System theory of leadership:This theory tells that leader adopt down the systematic
approaches to solve down the conflicts and disputes that may arise in the workplace and
disturbs the work culture so by applying this theory it helps down a leader to take the
decision and that also helps in increasing the value of firm and achieving its objectives
effectively and efficiently.
 Contingency theory of leadership:This theory tells that leader give more attention
towards the concept of leadership and motivation(Ghosh, 2015.). Leader encourages its
subordinate and also build there interest towards the work which is performing by its
subordinates. So ,that it directly helps down the organisation to achieve its objectives.
Whereas ,the trait leadership theory focuses on the individual's personality and says that
the leader should treat all it employees equally and should assigned work to them

according to the individual capacity and should not discriminate among employees and
motivating them at each level.
TASK-2
P2 Role of a leader and
the function of a manager apply in different situational contexts
As discussion already been made related to the Marks and Spencer leaders and manager
regarding their roles, responsibilities and characteristics. Both, of them are very important and
responsible regarding the managing, controlling , coordinating, encouraging the employees for
conducting activities and that helps in building the performance of company and a target can
achieve easily. They both are performing indifferent conditions and there area of working is also
different. In recent conditions, M&S facing some issues regarding the organisation such as poor
approaches and strategies taken by the organisation during working which affects its work
culture impact the organisation badly. Due to certain approaches such as poor working condition,
high workload, lack of motivation it de motivates the employees and create such situation where
employees have to leave the company. So in such situation Both the manager and leader
responsibility is to manage down the situation and motivate its employees in every situation so
the employees will not think for leaving and would stay for a long time. In such way employees
and leader can analyse the situation and can identify such issues by giving appropriate solution to
it and also interact with the employees and conduct team meeting time to time and that helps in
improving the organisation functions and conduct its business more effectively and efficiently.
Leader is a person who communicate with every subordinate and diagnose the major issues
among employees through which they are thinking to leave the company. So, by this way leader
communicate it with the subordinates and building up there interest to work in the same
organisation. By acknowledging the situation, leader communicate with strategical management
and discuss the matters relating to it and control the situation. In addition to that, leader
responsibility is to manage the organisational activities and creating such healthy culture by
which and every person can accomplish there tasks. Leader encourages the employees for
efficient performance.
On, the other side M&S company, manager also plays an important role and responsibility
under the organisation objective. Manager responsibility is to control and to manage down the

activities in such a way that every employees is performing for raising common goal. The
manager role is to develop the strategical, plans and implement it accordingly and motivate each
and every employee in such a way that that makes them stay and employee will not think to
leave the company. By this way manager analysing the situation and comparing the actual results
with the set standard and develop his plan and strategies accordingly.
P3 Theories and
models of approach, including situational leadership, systems leadership and contingency
Leadership is considered to be an important under the organisation through employees can
control and coordinate in an efficient manner. It is a process under which number of factors are
to be create efficiently. It also considering out certain factors such as encouragement,
coordination, control and aware themselves that the factor are applying in a well manner as per
the situation that exist. Leader efficiently complete his task and raise the objective within the
time range(Scaria,2016. ). Leader should conduct an efficient leadership process under
organisation, the leader plays a crucial part. Leader is having the responsibility to manage the
activities and coordinate it with the subordinates so work can be going in a well manner and
target can be achieved(Goodall and Pogrebna,2015.). Under the M&S organisation leader play
an effective role under this process so that right quality of product and services been delivered to
its customers and that improves the performance of company and helps in increasing
productivity(Harwiki,2013.). There are certain approaches regard to that aspect are as follows:
 Situational approaches of leadership:It is an approach through which the leader can fulfil
there roles and responsibilities towards the organisation. This theory tells that the leader
should work as per the situation which arise in the market and performing accordingly
and the four different types of behaviour that leader have to follow during performing
work and there decision should have been based according to there leadership style(Iqbal
and Sharma,2012.). The four areas where leader have to implement the process and
fulfilling down his leadership styles are as follows:Guiding, offering , participating and
delegating.
 System leadership approaches:The aim is to motivate control and coordinate there
employees in such a manner so they can raise the organisational objective with a relevant
period.

 Contingency leadership approaches:The aim is to provide communication system facility
in such a way that each and every employees can share their views, opinions, allegations
and suggestions relating to the work culture and discussing it freely(Qu, Janssen and Shi,
2015.).
M2 Assess and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of various approach of operation and
management
The core strength of behavioural theory of leadership is considers the requirement and wants
related to the employees(Park and el.at., 2014.). The major issue arising out in that due to lack of
coordination and principles the leader have very less control on its subordinates and it is one of
the major weakness under the M&S organisation.
The second main strength of this theory is that it supports the idea to the leader so that they
can develop there qualities through proper learning(Roueche and et.al., 2014). The second major
weakness under this theory is that difference in behaviour related to learning approach. The one
more weakness that been arising is its adaptability because the decision which influence by
leader its behaviour affects down the company and its efficiency will also be led down.
TASK-3
P4 kJy approaches to operations
management and the role that leaders and managers play
Operational management is responsible for managing the resources in such a way that
effective results will be come out in form of product and services. The major role is to convert
the raw material and transform it into finish products. Operational management is been
responsible to conduct the activities in a possible manner so that effective results will come out.
The M&S using different approaches to measure the quality of products and they are as follows:
 Six sigma approach:The M&S using this approach to improve the quality and increase its
potentiality by conducting down manufacture and production process through which the
waste will be drain out and which also improving its quality.
 Lean production:This approach is used by the company by eliminating down the waste
and unused material and improving the product quality and potentiality.

 Total quality management: It is a process under which every members contributing
equally to improve the quality and increase the speed of organisation.
P5 Importance and value
of operational management in achieving business objectives
Operational management is most important function under the M&S operations by which the
business can improves its quality and increase its performance. The various significance with
regard to the organisations are as follows
 Eliminate the wastage:By using down the various approaches and method in this field
such as six sigma quality management and so on, the M&S removing the wastage and
other wastage with the help of production and manufacturing process and by using this it
improves his quality by giving satisfaction to its users.
 Improving the quality of goods and services:By using different kind of approaches in the
organisation, M&S improving the quality and durability of products and services by
removing out its waste and scrap and enhance its productivity and efficiency.
 Delivering goods by providing satisfaction and making the business process faster:The
another approach use by management is to use a service in an effective manner so that it
improving scrap and additional expenses and also giving maximum satisfaction to the
users.
M3 Leaders and managers can improve the efficiencies of
operational management to successfully meet the business objectives
Leader and major plays an important role in the implementation of efficient operational and
management. Leader motivates the employees regarding the work performance and also
organise, control and coordinate with them to conduct the operations successfully. Thus, both of
them implement and framing the operation and its related activities.
The another duty of manager is to provide the direction and guidelines to carry out the task work
as per the standards and providing feedback regarding the product qualities and durability. Their
duty is to give training to the operational management team in order to raise its efficient.

D2 Application of operations management and the factors that impact on the wider business
environment
Company take down two factors by considering out the impacts under the business environment
they are as follows:
 Conventional:It includes the responsibility related to the job that what work will be
carried out and who will going to perform it.
 System operation:It includes the view of leaders.
As the responsibility been involved upon the leader they will give the direction to the others to
complete the work. Leader can controlling down the activities and evaluating the activities and
subordinate it so that proper rules and regulation to be carried under the organisation which helps
in achieving objectives within a relevant time range.
TASK-4
P6 & M4Factors within the business environment
that impact upon operational management and decision-making by leaders and managers
Business environmental includes down the internal and external factors which gives an impact
on business activities. In order to survive it, the business have to analyse down the conditions
and asses those factors related to it. In this manner, manager can take down the decision by
analysis down the stakeholders and also influencing the stakeholders decision. Following are
certain factors related to it that have to considered down the manager and leader at the time
during g decision making processes areas follows:
 Customer:Customers are the stakeholders so company have to provide the quality of good
and services to its customer in ensuring down maximum satisfaction in terms of quality,
quantity by focusing on its needs and satisfaction.
 Employees:Manager should considered down the requirement of employees and also
providing incentive, bonus, increment, compensation time to time during better
performance so, that it motivated them and that directly helps in increasing the
organisation performance.
 Supplier:M&S supplier deliver the goods to the customer in a right time and right manner
and helps in creating relationship with them by providing maximum satisfaction

regarding the product and there work is totally depend on assurance that improves the
M&S performance and it also considered down the political, social technological factors
that affects the working conditions of the company and company considered all such
factors and work accordingly.
CONCLUSIONS
It can conclude that operational management under the M&S should ensures down the goods and
services activities work and carried down in an efficient and effective manner by utilising down
adequate resources and also meet out their clients requirements. Both leader and manager are
held responsible to conduct a work in an organisation and both have there different roles where
manager constructing a plan and policies where the leader implement the activities as per the
plan and due to different work evenly, they both share the common target.
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