Leadership and Management: A Comprehensive Unit 4 Report

This report examines the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers, comparing their functions and responsibilities within an organizational context, specifically using Booker Group Limited as a case study. It explores how leadership and management apply in various situations, such as conflict resolution and improving sales, and delves into different leadership theories like situational, system, and contingency approaches. The report also analyzes key approaches to operation management, emphasizing the roles of leaders and managers in this domain, and assesses factors in the business environment impacting operational management and decision-making. The analysis highlights the importance of operations management in achieving business objectives and provides a comprehensive understanding of leadership and management in the contemporary business environment.

Unit 4 – Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Define and compare the role and characteristics of leader and manager ..............................3
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Examples of how the roles of leader and functions of managers apply in different situations
......................................................................................................................................................5
P3 Different theories and models of approach including situational leadership, system and
contingency..................................................................................................................................6
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................7
P4 Key approaches to operation management and the roles that leaders and managers play.....7
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives .............9
Task 4 ............................................................................................................................................10
P6 Assessment of factors in business environment that impacts on operational management
and decisions .............................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
The organization is running with the support of management and leader that analysis the
needs and wants of business and make efforts to increase the productivity and profitability.
Leadership is the process that uses by executives for directing, guiding and influencing the
behaviour of others for the purpose of accomplishing the goals. This person is playing important
role as whenever there is any problem arises and employees are feeling dissatisfied in that
situation leader find out the problem and make efforts to solve them (Moghaddas-Tafreshi, and
et. al., 2019). Leaders are required to develop the future visions and motivate the organisational
members for achieving them. To understand about leadership and management Booker Group
Limited has been selected that is private organization in UK selling the food products, groceries
etc at retail prices. In this, role of leader is very crucial who understand the problems of
employees and provide them right suggesstion that can help to maintain a effective business.
This report covers differece between role of leader and the function of manager, application of
role of leader in organizatinal context, appreciation of role of leaders in operation function,
understanding of the relationship between leadership and management in contemporary business
environment.
Task 1
P1 Define and compare the role and characteristics of leader and manager
Manager – This means a person who is responsible for managing and controlling the
task of organization by identifying, planning, organizing, directing and controlling the functions
which can help to manage all functions and activities. Management is in charge of whole
business where it is responsible for operating and running the business effectively. In Booker
Group, managers are playing managerial and operational functions for the purpose of managing
all activities and actions accurately (Oh, 2019) .
Leader – This meaning a person who play an act of leading by providing right directions
and guidance to employees. This is working by offering variety of solutions of their problems
and managing the task appropriately. This person have ability to solve the problems and improve
the organizational productivity. This person is in charge of leading the employees and solving
their problems. In Booker Group, leader is playing main role who analysis the need of people

who are working and providing them guidance that can help to increase the organisational
produc tivity as well as profitability.
Difference between leader and manager
Definition
Leader - A person who focusing on planning, organising, directing and controlling the
activities and function of organization that can help to operate the business effectively
(Pulkownik, 2019).
Manager - This mean a person who find out the problems and issues in relation to a
business and adopting new techniques is considered as a manager.
Traits
Leader - The leaders of Booker Group having traits such as understanding, providing
training and development, building healthy workplace, communicating, coordinating and sharing
the information that make feel comfortable and increases the morale of workers and improve the
performance.
Manager - The manager of Booker Group having the traits such as resilience, self
motivation, innovation, bearing risk, managing all task, operating business, passionate and
controlling the functions which helps to increase the production and completing working in
changing environment (Sun and Gao, 2019).
Roles and responsibilities
Leader - In Booker Group the role of leader are reconciler, motivator, integrators,
trainer, problem solving and using the available resources that are important to do and delivering
better quality of products and services.
Manager - The manager of chosen organization is responsible for communicator, risk
handling, formulating rules and regulations, completing task and attaining the business goals in
certain period of time effectively.
Authority and power
Leader - The leader of company is having authority and power to handling all risk,
implementing changes and inspiring the employees so they can manage the work and increase
the organisational performance.

Manager - To analysing the performance of employees, hiring the right candidates, firing
the unproductive staff, setting vision, mission and goals that can help to improve the business
performance.
Task 2
P2 Examples of how the roles of leader and functions of managers apply in different situations
Booker Group is defined as retailing organization that offering different type so products
and services in different location. In this, number of people are working in different department
so manager and leader are performing their function and roles separately. It become necessary
for company to focus on organisational performance and productivity that can help to manage
the working and improve the performance effectively. The role of leader and function of
manager in different situation are as defined:
Situation 1. Arises conflicts in organization – Booker Group is a company that is
operating in UK by providing retailing products and services. Herein, huge number of employees
are working in different department where conflicts arises. In this organization, employees are
feeling dissatisfied from their jobs and make decision to leave.
Role of leader in resolving conflicts: If any conflicts arises in organization that means
operational and financial activities get hamper and reduced that company production. This is
important for leader to find out the root of problem and get optimum solution. In the above
situation, leader of Booker Group is get the reason of problem, providing training and session
programme that increases their learnings and provide them satisfaction which can help to
improve the organizational productivity by overcoming the conflicts (Sun and Gao, 2019).
Functions of manager in overcoming: For overcoming the conflicts in enterprise
manager is performing functions such as making plans, strategies and regulations where
employees will be treated equally and behaving in good manner that make feel good and part of
organization. This helps to increase the working by solving conflicts and increasing the
performance in changing environment (Locke, Low and Forsgren, 2019).
Situation 2. Reducing organizational activities continuously – This means if
organization is facing low productivity and sales problem then it is consider as serious situation
which is required to be solve and maintain for the purpose of maintaining profits. It has been

seen that from the past year the production and profitability of Booker Group is being reducing
due to reducing in marketing and sales (Setiawan, Firdaus and Putra, 2019).
Role of leader in improving sales and marketing: The role of leader in improving
marketing activities and sales is using new technology and other sources of marketing that can
help to provide the information to people and share with their queries that encourages customers
to make the buying decisions. This also helps to sale the products and services in retail prices by
updating information on website and using social media.
Functions of manager in increasing profitability: For improvement and incremental of
sale of Booker Group, managers are formulating new strategies such as use social media, print
media and giving discount offer on special occasions that can help to compete with others and
managing the organisational activities. Such efforts which is done by managers will give the
good results and help to improve the business performance in changing environment (Raman,
2019) .
P3 Different theories and models of approach including situational leadership, system and
contingency
Business organization is bases on different strategies and model that are formulated by
scholars and applied by companies in order to improve their workings and profitability. As
superiors are having good talent and experience they are responsible to formulate all activities
and functions which bring changes and deliver better quality of products. In context to Booker
Group, models and theories are uses by management for getting the sustainable growth and
managing the organizational performance that are as determined:
Situational leadership: This leadership theory is related to effective leadership style
which is adopted by leaders according to situation and seek towards cues like as task, nature of
group and other factors that might contribute to getting jobs done. In other words, this avoids the
single style approach by recognising and dealing with problems. For example, the sales of
Booker Group is being reduced suddenly due to establishment of another retailing company
which is offering low cost products than selected organisation which is creating higher level of
competition. In this situation High maturity leadership style is adopting by leaders and managers
of organization that can help to increase the sales. In this, managers formulate new strategies that
can help to complete with rivals and leaders provide training to employees so they can provide

better quality of products and services in order to control situation as well as managing task
(Setiawan, Firdaus and Putra, 2019).
System leadership: This leadership theory of system enables the leaders in organization
to create the condition where at all level people can work productively and potentially. This
creates models of organizational strategy, good leadership, system design and social process
which can help maintain the good behaviour and increase organizational performance. For
example, the managers and leaders of Booker Group has find out the systematic issues like
improper implementation of policies, measuring employee's performance incorrectly way etc.
which are needed to solve. The system leaders apply apply combination of skills and attributes
that can be mobilize large scale action for changing system. The managers of such enterprise
mainly focuses on policies and regulations that should be follow strictly that can help to improve
the organizational performance and capabilities. Moreover, manager and leader build good
relations with customers and employees so they can work properly systematically (Woods,
2019).
Contingency leadership - This is appropriate approach which is related to success of
leaders not their abilities. In working environment many factors are exists such as culture and
employees which impacts on manager's success and controlling the organizational performance.
Leaders uses this approach in prevailing the situation and accepting the challenges effectively.
For instance, leaders of Booker Group uses contingency approach by matching their style with
situation that arises in organization and contributing the organizational performance (Pavlov and
et. al., 2019).
Therefore, system, contingency and situational leadership approaches are uses by leaders
and managers in relating to maintaining good performance and increase the organizational
productivity. This also help increases business capabilities and performance by arranging the
activity and managing organizational activities.
Task 3
P4 Key approaches to operation management and the roles that leaders and managers play
The meaning of operation management is an area of management which is concerned
with designing, organizing and controlling the production and redesigning process that can help
to operate the business and increase profitability. In other words, an administration of business

practices that uses to create high level of efficiency by converting raw material in to finished
goods. This can help to maximize the organizational productivity by changing the goods. In
business environment, problems which arises in organization that is required to solve and
improving the performance. In context to Booker Group, management and leader are mainly
focusing on operation management for improving organizational performance and delivering
better quality of products. For increasing performance and profitability customers are consider as
main required who analysis their needs, visit market and think about selecting best location and
place to provide products and services.
Total quality management – This described as management approach that uses to get
the long term success by providing customer satisfaction. The meaning of this approach is, to
maintain the best quality of products and services in changing environment. The demand of
customers is to get qualitative products which can provide them satisfaction. This is systematic
approach to planning and maintaining the constant organizational improvement process. In
context to Booker Group, management are using total quality management approach for the
purpose of improving quality and increasing number of customers. This can help to increase the
business performance and selling activities by delivering best quality of products and services
(Ladewski and Al-Bayati, 2019).
Six Sigma - This is measurement based strategy which uses for continuous
improvement. The aim of six sigma approach is improving process and increasing customer
satisfaction. This is beast approach for improving the operation management and maintaining
good performance in changing environment. To reduce the variation in processes and improving
the quality by detecting problems are main aspects behind using it. This approach is using by
Booker Group by identifying errors and problems that arises while operation and making efforts
for continuous improvement. This can also help to develop the better quality of products and
services that can make happy to customers and increases the organizational sales (Abdallah,
Dahiyat and Matsui, 2019).
Lean Management – This is defined as management based philosophy that involves
values, methods and activities that are striving for contributing to the sustainable development of
society. This approach is sues for reducing the wastages and maximising the activities. In
operation management, lean management is considered as effective approach which can be uses
to minimise the wastes in production and delivering process. This can help to develop and

sustain in competitive environment by managing all performance effectively. The Booker Group
is using the lean management approach for reducing the wastages and improving the
organizational productivity. In this, leaders and managers are providing high quality and
innovative products which can help attracts the number of customers and increase productivity
(Wu and et. al., 2019).
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
Operation management is uses in organization for the purpose of managing and running
the business by creating value and behaviour in environment. In organization goals are set by
management for which they allocate the roles and responsibilities between employees so they
can work effectively and improve the business performance. In Booker Group, manager are
playing effective role by managing the operation management and delivering best quality of
products. The importance of operation management in context to chosen company are as defined:
Product efficiency – Production is the defined area of cost minimisation for every
organization. Operation management is helping companies to increase the production and selling
activities by creating values and delivering best quality of products. In Booker Group, operation
management is valuable as it can help to avoid the high costing and ensuring product efficiency
for their products. This increases business performance and activities effectively.
Profit maximization – The main object of organization is profit maximization which can
be filled by increasing sales and making efficient operation management. This is important for
company to focuses on sales and activities which are related to business organization and
complete on fixed period of time. In Booker Group, manager and leader are working in
responsible role where they uses effective marketing strategies that can help to attract the
customers and encourages customers to buy the products. This can help to improve the
profitability of enterprises (Jin and et. al., 2019).
Customer satisfaction – This is considered as key in sales and production department of
organization that is important for organization to focuses on them and maintain high
performance. Operation management is important that uses to maintaining the quality by taking
care of product's quality. Booker Group is using operation management by managing quality and
taking care of products that helps attain the business goals and objectives effectively.
Management of inventory – The operation management also uses to making sure that
company is using best use of inventory that can help to reduce the cost and maximize the

production. For instance, Booker Group is using TQM approach for managing the inventory by
saving resources and delivering best quality of products which attracts customers and increases
sales (Tucki and et. al., 2019) .
Improvement of working conditions – For employees, customers, share holders and
others working condition is very important that can motivate employees to work more hard and
maintaining good performance. This can help to increase the sales and working capabilities of
employees in context to organization. On operation management workplace safety and comforts
depends that help to introduce from better performance. This can also help to manage and control
the working place problems by using effective operation management.
Supply chain management – A business mainly depends on suppliers who supplies the
raw material to manufacturer then products are delivered to whole seller and retailers for the
purpose of selling and increasing business performance. In Booker Group, operation
management ensures good relationships with suppliers and customers that can help to increase
the selling activities and business performance. The management and leader of such company is
having good relations with suppliers who sales products and services at different and retailing
prices that can help to increase the organisational sales and productivity (Wang and et. al., 2019).
Motivating employees – The another importance of operation management is motivating
the employees by treating fairly, eliminating discrimination and providing the training to
employees which can help to manage the work and increase the organizational productivity. In
Booker Group, manager are applying operation management approach, performance appraisal
and other approach that can motivate the employees and retaining the employees in organization
effectively.
Therefore, from the above discussion it has been defined that operation management is
important for Booker Group that can help to increase the motivation, satisfaction level,
production process and reducing the wastages for improving organizational performance and
profitability effectively.

Task 4
P6 Assessment of factors in business environment that impacts on operational management and
decisions
The factors are considered in business environment are internal and external which are
important to consider and management. In enterprises operation management is uses to
converting the raw material in to finished good so all workings can be managed and control
effectively. All activities and functions of business are important that can be perform by
formulating the strategies and policies. The description of various factors in business
environment that affect operation management and also influence decision making process are as
as explained:
Organization Culture – Culture is defined as most relevant factors that states every
person is belongings to different culture and values that should be respect by organization. In
organization many employees are working who have different working methods and culture that
uses to maximise the organization productivity in case of properly managed. In Booker Group,
management is responsible to understand the culture of employees and provide them roles and
responsibilities accordingly which can help to motivate employees and getting work done. For
improving efficiency and motivation level leaders are creating good working environment where
culture of different people are accepted and maintaining good performance (Zhen and et. al.,
2019).
Corporate Social Responsibility – The brand image and organizational productivity of a
business industry can be improved by participating in CSR activities. This defined as process and
activities which should be uses by companies to increase value in the eyesight of others. CSR
affects the operation management and decision making in Booker Group by cotributing in CSR
activitie that increases the value of organisation and build customer trust towards products. This
also helps to increase the sale and profitability in changing environment and maintaining high
performance. By using this leaders and manager make decision to increase sales and profitability
through increasing sales (Chams and García-Blandón, 2019) .
Organizational ethics – This is defined as organizational ethics by involving code of
conduct, behaviour and managing the activities effectively. This is important for organization to
focuses on ethics and values that can be help to improve the business performance. In Booker
Group, leaders and managers are making decision to follow all ethics and business standards that