Leadership, Management Roles, Theories, and Operational Management

This report provides a detailed analysis of the distinct roles and characteristics of leaders and managers, comparing their functions within an organizational context. It explores various leadership theories, including situational, system, and contingency theories, and examines how these theories apply in real-world scenarios, using Marks & Spencer as a case study. The report delves into operational management, highlighting its significance in achieving business objectives and considering environmental factors that influence decision-making. The analysis covers topics such as employee engagement, new product launches, and conflict resolution, offering insights into effective leadership and management strategies. This report aims to enhance the understanding of leadership, management, and operational management principles within a business environment.

unit 4

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................4
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................4
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager.........4
P2 Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in
different situational contexts.......................................................................................................6
P3 Theories and models of approach..........................................................................................7
P3 The key approaches to operations management with there roles that leaders and managers
play..............................................................................................................................................9
P5 Explain the Significance & value of operations management in context of business
objectives...................................................................................................................................10
P6 Elaborate the Business Environmental Factors which affect the operational Management
& decision making of the Leader & Managers ........................................................................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Management is an administration which makes the organisation to manage and make its
various strategies to develop the growth of the organisation in order to accomplish the targets
and the goals that are being important for the company. In this report their will be given a
detailed analysis of various roles and characteristic of leaders and managers along with various
theories of leaderships and with that all the approaches that are being needed for the growth of
organisation. It will also cover various operational management and the external and internal
factors of the organisation in context of Marks and Spencer.

INTRODUCTION
Management is the key element of all the business and the organisation. Their has been
seen that all the operational functions of the companies are being led by the organisation. The
main aim of the management is ton make the planning(Bavik, 2020). Staffing, organising and
also controlling all the areas of the organisation. As for the development of the company the
leaders and the managers plays a major role. They tries to develop certain skills and working of
the company and make them to develop all the various operations. The organisation taken for
this report is Marks & Spencer is a leading brand which is being founded in 1884, and they use
to serve globally. Its headquarter is in London, UK and it deals with clothing, food products and
various home products etc. In this report we will analyse various theories of leadership with the
general roles of managers and leaders and their operational management.
MAIN BODY
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager.
Their has been seen that all the companies have leaders and managers who use to deal
with growth of the company. Marks and Spencer is a well known leading brand and they use to
give certain qualities for their leaders and managers:
Roles of Leaders: Learner- Leaders play an important roles in making their team learn about various
aspects. It has been seen that the leaders use to guide their teams and the employees
working under them about their goals and the targets. Communicator- All the leaders have the role that they have to communicate to their
employees about the work and all the things that are being important for the organisation.
They use to listen to their all the employees and make them to work in a proper manner. Motivate their team- It is usually the main element that the team leader use to motivate
their employee about their jobs and the projects been assigned to them in a proper
manner(Cheng, and et. al., 2017). Their has been made various areas of working in which

they tries to give all the organisation a proper motivation by making them aware about
their role in the company.
Characteristics of Leaders: Self awareness- It is the area where the leaders use to improve themselves in according
to the need of the organisation(Chou, and Ramser, 2019). Their has been applies that all
the companies should focus on the working and the leaders should improve their own self
with time. Encourage Strategic thinking- The leaders should always encourage their employees for
the strategic thinking and should them,self also tries to think in a productive manner. Focus on Development- The leaders should focus on the development of the company
and should try to give certain goals that can help the employees to motivate themself in
general ways.
Roles of Managers: To monitor- Then managers use to monitor all the teams and there employees by
assigning them all the task that is important for the organisation and its working. Set Objectives- All the mangers use to set a particular objective that is important for the
organisation and make there employees to work according to that sets and goals. Resolve Conflicts- The managers tries to maintain the companies peace by creating a
friendly environment and with that they tries to resolve the disputes that can arose
between the employees and try to make them comfortable with each other (Gallagher,
2020). Examine Alternatives- The managers tries to take all the measure that can help in the
growth of the company and with that they also make certain alternatives as in order to
make the work more easy and comforting in all the sense.
Characteristics of Managers: Handle pressure- The mangers should have to handle all the immense pressure in the
organisation with ease and should mai9nmtain their employees to work with due care and
effectiveness.

 Appreciation- They should time to time appreciate there employees by their good work
in order to make themselves motivated and perform better.
 Build work culture- The employees should get a proper work culture as the managers can
make them to grow in proper way by giving them goals and targets and also treating them
in better way.
Thus, M&S leaders and managers should focus on certain qualities and roles to improve
their growth band organisation.
P2 Examine examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in
different situational contexts.
The role and the function of the mangers is very crucial in the organisation. As leaders
are usually the single person who use to deal with their team and on the other hand managers
tries to make there employees motivated in order to make their performance better. Marks and
Spencer is a leading brand and they significantly deals with the various roles and the function of
managers which are mentioned below:
Introducing new products- As for all the organisation it is important that they should create a
new product time to time as in order to make the company more advance and
updated(Grubaugh, and Flynn, 2018). Marks and Spencer plays an important role as they tries
top frame certain new products time to time in order to make the company advance with the
rapid organisational growth. Their use to have certain roles of the leaders and the mangers for
that immense launching they are as follows:
Roles of leaders- The leaders use to make their team motivated in order to make the new
product and they from time to time communicate their employees about the changes and the
strategies that needed to be followed.
Functions of Managers- Managers use to implement various plans that are being
important for achieving the goal and the target of the company. They covers several departments
and analyse there working and their managerial activities. Managers of M&S keep check on their
employees and their working by motivating and analysing them.
Engagement of Employees- Usually the employee engagement is an important term as most of
the organisation has to make their employee to work efficiently M&S there are certain role of the
leaders examples of how the role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different
situational contexts. and mangers for employee engagement.

Roles of Leaders- the leaders tries to make their employee feel comfortable and motivate
them in order to work in certain direction. They tries to guide there team towards their goals and
explain there targets and roles.
Function of managers- The managers tries to make effective policies and strategies in
order to make their organisation to work in better way(Huber, 2017).They tries to implement
new strategy and train their employees about that working so as that will help them to achieve
there targets and goals by the time. Managers plays a key role as there function is to guide there
employees in a proper standard.
P3 Theories and models of approach.
The organisation and the companies tries to develop various approach and areas through
which they tend to make various approaches in the organisation. Marks and Spencer use to
obtain certain theories in order to develop their organisation they are as follows:
Situational Theory of Leadership
It is also being called as Hersey Paul Blanchard situational leadership theory. As this
theory is given by Paul Hersey. In this theory there are 4 kinds of leadership style that is being
opted by the Marks & Spencer and they are discussed below: Telling- In this the leaders of the teams and the organisation use to tell their employees
about the working in the organisation(Madsen, and Scribner, 2017). And also about the
assigned task that is being performed in the company. They tries to giver the detailed
knowledge about the organisation to their employees in order to maintain the work
conditions. In Marks & Spencer the leaders use to make their employees clear about their
work and the task that is needed to be performed. Selling- Through this the leaders use to make their employees variably more clear about
the organisation and their has also been seen that leaders tries to specify the objective to
the company and also sells the products in order to retain the growth of the organisation.
In Marks & Spencer the leaders use to specify and persuade there employees and also
their work for organisation.

 Participating- In this leadership style the leaders use to make thei5r employees to work
in a proper manner as they make their employees or the team members to participate in
the decision making and also in the working that is being important for the
organisation(McKimm, and et. al., 2019). The leaders use to give certain details about
their projects assigned. Here, Marks & Spencer leaders takes the views of their
employees about their ideas to develop the organisation.
 Delegating- This is a method in which the leaders use to maintain and try to make the
other employees to do the task and enhance their thinking ability, in this approach their
has been seen that all the various areas and fields are considered and employees can give
their timely opinion about their working.
System Theory of Leadership
This theory use to focus on the Innovation, collaborative leadership and also with that on
the building of coalition for the organisation. Through this theory the leaders tries to make their
employees more reluctant towards their work and also for the various areas that are needed to be
grown. Their employee’s are properly trained and they will be guided about their work patterns
and the areas on which they have to increase their thinking and skills. The organisation as need
new changes to be implemented for the growth and through this the leaders train their employees
to give some new ideas and techniques that can be implemented.(Moon, and et. al., 2018).In
Marks & Spencer the employees use to be trained and are allowed to give new ideas as they tries
to launch some new products all the time and for that they make their employees ready for all the
new strategy and ideas.
Contingency theory of leadership
It is being given by Fiedldr's, this theory governs that any organisation cannot use one
specific area that is being seen for the growth of the company, but they have to be prepared for
the challenges and the roles that can come in sphere of organisation. Their has been seen that
through this leadership style the team leaders tries to make their employees ready for all the
upcoming problems that can affect the environment and also in the growth of the organisation
this has also been seen that in Marks & Spencer the leaders use to make their employees ready
for all the different approaches that can company their path.

P3 The key approaches to operations management with there roles that leaders and managers
play.
The organisation tries to maintain certain areas and skills with various approaches that
are needed to be made and in order of that their ahas to be made all the organisational context
which is being required by the company.(Örtenblad, 2018). The managers and the leaders play
various roles in according to the various approaches that are mentioned below: Operational management- In this method the organisation tries to maintain various
records of all the work and tries to make that work to be done with a specific areas. This
is mainly being used in order to generate the effective strategy that is being needed by the
company and the people. The operational management helps in the transit of all the
products in their definite areas with their proper areas and make their team members to
mange certain goods with diligence . The Marks & Spencer makes effective strategy and
make there employee well aware about it they explain their employees about the product
that is being launched and also maintain all the further records of the organisation. Lean Production- Through this lean production method all the systematic and structured
process of production is being made which helps to maintain the structure of the
organisation and also to decline the waste of all the resources that are being made. It is
the most important and useful method as through this the organisation us to get certain
areas and the ways to increase the production of the company(Sales, and et. al., 2017).
Marks & Spencer makes their employees to coordinates with the team leaders and
theories ton maintain all the resources that are being important for the growth of the
company and leaders helps them to plan, analyse all the strategies that are important for
the organisation.
 Just-in-Time- This is also being called as JIT, and it is a inventory method which helps
in management. It contains all the area of raw materials, labour, manufacturing of
products that use to come on the organisation. This basically covers that all the material
that is being useful for the company is very efficiently and is being used for the
production should be properly used. Marks & Spencer use this approach as to make use
of all the resources on time, by making there leaders to train their employee’s about the
usage of the resources and also with that maintaining then records which are being

important for the benefit of the company so that their may not be any wastage and
companies can enhance their working.
Total Quality Management
In this approach the organisation tries to analyse the quality of their products and also of
their working ability that is being important for the companies and its variants(Sander, 2018).
The employees usually can participate in such approach as that helps to maintain the quality and
standard of their business. Marks & Spencer makes certain tasks that helps them ton analyse their
quality of products and their approach in the market. The employees usually get involved in
certain activity and that helps them to make various changes and methods of working by
motivating employees.
P5 Explain the Significance & value of operations management in context of business objectives
Operational management helps to maintain the business objective of all the company and
in order to analyse various areas and support in the business transaction this guides the
companies in order to raise there standards. This maintains the time and the budghet that is
important for the organisational system. Marks & Spencer maintain their business and objectives
with certain ways they are as follows: Customer Satisfaction- Through this the managers of the organisation tries to maintain
the quality of the product in such a way that it helps to gain the customers
satisfaction(Thakur, and et. al., 2019). Through this operational management the
organization makes such products that helps them to reach out the interest of the
customers so that they may attain highest growth in the market. Managers tries to develop
certain ways through which they can raise the standard of their product and attract more
customers towards them. Utilization of resources- The managers and also the leaders of Marks & Spencer tries to
maintain the qualities of their products as by making it variable and properly setted out.
As they tries to use the raw material and avoid the wastage of certain resources and raw
material in order to accomplish the growth of the organisation. And its varies areas which
can embarks them to deal with it. Quality of Products- The managers and the leaders focuses on ton maintain the quality
of the products. As it is most important that the things that are being presented to the
customers covers there satisfaction level and should have the highest quality in all the

means so the leaders and the managers regularly checks the quality of the products in
order to keep satisfied with the working of the organisation. Inventory- Marks & Spencer tries to maintain the inventions of the products that are
being raised by them in order to keep them self updated(van Assen, 2020). The leaders
and the managers usually opts various techniques through which the company focuses on
the growth and the production and for that it focuses on the invention that can be raised in
order to increase the production and image of the organisation.
 Capacity management- Through this operational management the companies tries to
enhance the capabilities and also the performance of their employees in the organisation.
The leaders and the managers tries to maintain the strategies for the company and for that
they make their employee’s to learn and to gain certain skills that are being needed for
the development of the company.
P6 Elaborate the Business Environmental Factors which affect the operational Management &
decision making of the Leader & Managers
There are certain factors which use to cover the operational management that are
basically all the internal and the external factors. These mainly covers the growth of the
companies for their various benefits and areas in context of Marks & Spencer these factors have
certain impacts like:
Internal factors
 Finance- It covers that are organisation use to maintain all the business strategies that
helps in implementing the roles of the company. The managers use to tend all the areas in
which the assets and the funds are being raised they tries to maintain all the records of the
funds that bis being needed in the working of the organisation.
 Marketing- The managers tries to focus on all the roles and the working of the company
and also makes certain teams which helps in the promotion of the products and also in the
marketing of the organisation in variable ways. As to attract the customers it is important
to maintain the market image of the company.
 Stakeholders- The decisions for the organisation were being also taken with the help of
stakeholders as Marks & Spencer has various stakeholder which helps them to develop
the growth so organisation tries to maintain the relation within the stakeholders.

External Factor
PESTLE analysis usually covers all the macro environment factors which helps in the
growth of the company. It mainly covers all the political, economic, social,technological, Legal
and environmental factors. And as in the context of Marks & Spencer here it is discussed two
important factors they are mentioned below: Technological factors- The organisation usually grow with the help of all the external
factors that are being important for the company as their the market is being rapidly
increasing it has been attempted with the help of technologies that are being raised in the
environment. Marks & Spencer is using various technologies and medium that helps in
the growth of the company(Wang, and Cruz, 2018). As various digital marketing
channels and all the paid promotions, direct marketing is being covered under it. The
companies use to appoint certain teams which use to ensure that all the working is being
done in a proper way and the companies tries to incorporate in certain area. Through
these marketing strategies they gain their growth in customers.
 Social Factors- In the social factors their can be seen as the companies has various areas
in which they tries to make the products in accordance with the age, culture and
preferences of the customers. With the3 change ion the environment the companies are
these days making certain products which make their customer to get more attracted. In
the situation raised by the COVID the organisation made various strategies which
incorporates in the working and the development of the company. Marks & Spencer as
being the leading brand always tries to maintain certain products that can help in the
making the customers easily satisfied. So they use various strategies like their online
stores and all the use of certain specific resources in order to make various products.
Thus, all these factors helps in the growth of the organisation and also leads to make the
major impact in market. The managers tries to maintain their products image and also leaders
and the managers tends to make certain areas through which they can motivate their employees
in order to make certain products that can affectively checks the market conditions. It can also be
analysed that all Marks & Spencer use various strategies in order to grow in certain areas.