Leadership and Management Report: P&G, Roles, Theories, and Impact

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management, focusing on the roles and functions of leaders and managers within an organizational context, using Procter & Gamble (P&G) as a case study. It differentiates between leadership and management characteristics, exploring how leaders set direction and managers implement plans. The report delves into various leadership theories, including Action Centred Leadership, and management theories, such as Behavioral Theory. It also examines how leaders and managers address conflicts, manage product extensions, and adapt to different situational contexts, such as those described by Fiedler's contingency theory. The report also details the impact of business environmental factors on operational management and decision-making, providing a thorough understanding of the relationship between leadership, management, and operational effectiveness within a business setting.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager....3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................7
P2 Role of a leader and function of manager in different situational contexts......................7
P3 Different models and theories of leadership....................................................................8
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................10
(covered in ppt).....................................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P6 Impact of business environmental factors on operational management and decision making
of leaders and managers.......................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Management is the art of getting the people together by properly organizing and
coordinating activities in business in order to achieve goals and objectives of organisation (Boyd
and Dougherty, 2016). Operation can be defined as conversion of raw material and labours into
desired goods and services with maximum efficiency in its production process. Therefore
management and operation is both concerned with production of goods by properly managing
and efficiently using resources in order to meet customer requirement and achieve set targets or
company. In this report chosen organisation is Procter and Gamble (P&G). It is American
multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. It specialises in
providing wide range of personal care and hygiene products, its product portfolio also includes
food, snacks and beverages. This report is going to differentiate roles and functions of leaders
and managers in different organisational contexts. It also determines various leadership theories
and key approaches to operational management which help in achieving business objectives.
Along with this, it also describes relationship between leadership and management in business
environment and its impact upon operational management and decision-making process.
TASK 1
1 Define and compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager.
Leader is an individual in the organisation who as the ability to lead a group of
individuals to a common goal or an objective by communicating clear vision of the organisation
(Clinton, 2018). Manager is an individual within the organisation who is in charge of certain
groups of tasks for controlling and administering the work of the employees. They are
responsible for controlling employee’s performance in departments as well as guides them to
work effectively.
Characteristics of Leader
 Ability to take right decisions- Leaders have the quality of taking right decisions at the
right time. By properly analysing the situation leader takes appropriated decisions which
helps the organisation to perform functionally. Decisions taken by the leader within the
time frame help to avoid delay in performance of task (Ellitan, 2017).

 Ability to delegate- Leaders within the respective organisation need to delegate roles and
responsibilities to its followers according to their skills and capabilities that helps them to
perform work effectively.
Role of a Leader
 Integrates personal goals with organisational goals- Leader at Procter and Gamble
coordinates the efforts of the people towards a common purpose which helps in achieving
business objectives. With the help of leadership traits it helps the leader to integrate
personal goals of the employee with organisational goals which assist them to work
efficiently . (Eraki, 2015).
 Strategy formulation- Leaders within the respective organisation are responsible for the
formulation of strategy which needs to be updated according to the situations. Leader at
P&G should formulate strategies which help them to remain competitive.
Manager is an individual within the respective organisation who is responsible for
managing activities so that resources can be utilised efficiently (Jiang and et.al.,2019). Manager
at P&G is responsible for recruiting the talented people and providing them training so that
person can perform well in business unit (Fan and Zhang, 2015).
Characteristics of Manager
 Communication- Manager at P&G should properly communicate with all its followers
and shares all ideas and problems with them which encourages them to perform
effectively and creates a healthy work place environment.
 Problem solving- Manager at P&G should analyse and solve the employees problem by
providing them immediate solutions. This helps to avoid any delay in business operations
and assist in achieving organisational goals (Fan, Liu and Zhang, 2015).
Functions of Managers
Manager at Procter and Gamble perform five basic functions which are described below-
 Planning- Manager develops a blue print of plans and policies which helps in proper
execution of work and assist in achieving goals and objectives.
 Organising- Manages have to organise people and their work properly by allocating the
resources and by delegating authority and responsibility towards achieving targets.

 Staffing- Manager at P&G is responsible for proper hiring of employees who have
appropriate knowledge and skills and allows organisation to achieve its objectives.
 Leading- Managers leading function includes providing guidance, coaching and training
to employees which sets direction to achieve desired goals.
 Controlling- This aids in evaluating and monitoring the performance of employees and
if deviations are found corrective actions are taken to make sure plan is on track.
Difference between Leaders and managers
Basis Leader Manager
Approach A leader sets direction for its
followers to achieve desired
outcomes
Manager of an organization
plans details and provide a
blueprint which helps
employees to properly execute
its work.
Subordinates Leaders has followers as their
subordinates.
Managers have employees in a
workplace as subordinates.
Function Leader motivates and guides
its followers in organisation (
Han and Idris, 2016)
Function of managers is to
plan, organise, staff, direct,
motivate and control.
Authority and power Leaders have the authority to
take decision and implement
plans and policies.
Manager has the power to
plans regarding the policies and
delegate work according to
employee skills and authority.
Their are leadership and management approaches that specify role of different positions
such as-
Leadership theory
 Action Centred Leadership- This theory of leadership states that leaders have a proper
control on three main areas such as team, task and individuals. Here leader should
perform the role of relationship builder, individual has to build moral among employees
and have to emphases on improving quality of work. This leads to increase in
productivity as well as co-operation among the team members.

Management theory-
 Behavioural theory of management- This theory is also known as human relation
theory as manager focuses on addressing human behaviours at work such as motivation,
resolving conflicts which in turn lead to increase in the productivity of employees. This is
the best theory which focuses on achieving organisational goals by addressing human
needs at the workplace.(Ma and Sun,2012).
Similarities between leader and manager
 Both leader and manager work effectively and coordinate to achieve organisational goals.
 Both leader and manager create the foundation of organisation and works within the same
functional structure.
 Main concern of management and leadership is to effectively allocate resources to the
individuals to achieve organisational goals.
How managers and leaders work under the same managerial functions
Managerial functions along with the managers and leaders role are described below-
 Planning- Under the planning stage, leader starts planning different strategies to attain
organisation goals and therefore manager work is plan different activities in order to
implement strategies accordingly in respective organisation.
 Staffing- Under the staffing function, leader is responsible for analysing skills and
capabilities that the company needs in order to execute task. Role of manager is to hire
suitable employees with proper skills an knowledge which can execute work effectively.
Differentiation of two positions by applying range of theories
Theory Leader Manager
Situational leadership theory In this theory role of leader is
to adapt different leadership
styles in order to manage
different situations in the
organisation. leader can
provide coaching and training
as well as sometimes could be
harsh in their behaviour in
order to get the work done by
Role of manager in this theory
is properly guide the
employees and manages the
situations by a way of making
appropriate plans and policies
and help the employees to
work in different situations
within the respective

employees. organisation.
Charismatic leadership theory. With the help of charismatic
qualities such as proper
confidence, compassion and
effective communication skills
leader helps the employees in
providing motivation and
confidence to the employees in
getting the work done. It helps
in the proper development of
employeees.
Role of manager is not to
develop the individual it
manages, monitors and guides
the employees in properly
performing work. Manager by
its charismatic qualities
provide guidance to the
employees which enables he
employees to achieve
objectives.
Critically analyse and evaluate different theory of leadership-
 Trait theory of leadership- This theory is based on the traits and qualities of the leader
which leads to organisational effectiveness. This theory is best applied to respective
organisation when there is a huge demand for their products in such condition
productivity of the work force has to be strictly controlled. It helps the leader to control
and manage different complex situations in the organisation.
 Charismatic Leadership theory- It is based on the charismatic quality of the leader to
inspire team members to perform task effectively. This leadership will prove best within
respective organisation where leaders with charismatic skills will avoid conflicts as well
as motivates employees to perform innovatively (Nayak, 2015).
TASK 2
2 Role of a leader and function of manager in different situational contexts
Leaders have the responsibility to guide and influence followers to perform properly so
that organisational goal can be accomplished. On the other hand managers are responsible to
make and implement plan and policies which help Procter and Gamble to achieve desired
outcomes. Leader and manager perform their roles and functions in different situational contexts-

Conflict Management- Conflicts or problems arises in every organisation which creates
problem in performance of business operations. Problems in Procter and Gamble arise due to
inefficient training and due to misunderstanding among employees (Ellitan, 2017).P&G is a big
multinational company whereas employees work from diverse backgrounds have different
language, culture, beliefs and attitudes which creates problem for them to work in team
collaboratively. In this situations manager and leader have to perform their roles and functions in
in different manner so that such kind of issues can be resolved
 Role of a leader to manage conflicts by adopting certain strategies as well as
communicating vision and mission of the organisation which enables the followers to
perform effectively. They have to identify main cause to the problem and implements
certain strategy and actions which aid in handling conflicts (Pakistan, 2012).
 Manager’s function in handling conflicts is to investigate and ask questions to the
employee regarding the conflict. Manager has to negotiate with involved persons and has
to create a friendly work place environment that help in avoiding conflict.
Extension of product line in P&G products
When the respective company decides to launch a new product in the market to meet
customer demands, it has to analyse market situations. In such condition leader and manager
perform different functions-
 Role of leader is to take timely decision regarding the launch of the product by
considering various aspects such as availability of resources and finance. It analyses the
blue print of the plan developed by manager for successful execution of work and also
assist in designing and implementing strategies accordingly.
 Manager is responsible for making plans and organise resource's in order to make the
employees execute work properly. They are also responsible for hiring suitable
candidates who could perform effectively and provide training to exiting employees so
that their working efficiency can be improved (Parmar, 2014).

Fiedler's contingency theory
This theory states that an individual can develop their leadership style through handling
and managing the issues. Rather than teaching , experience makes individual perfect and it also
enable an individual in gaining varies of opinion, views and make them to defend the particular
situation or challenges in an organisation.
Hersey-Blanchard's situational model
This theory explains that there is no optimum level of leadership style rather it depends
upon the person's maturity level who is leading a team. A leader should be flexible, confident,
resolving the conflicts and able to make their followers to follow them by completing the task on
time.
House's path-goal theory
It is a process of identifying an employee's behaviour and environment in order to take
appropriate action which suits the individual, by not affecting the morale of employee. It
includes motivation, satisfaction, developing the hidden talents and satisfying their needs by
providing good better working condition, promotion.
These theories can be used by leaders and managers to properly to solve different problems that
arises in P&G.
3 Different models and theories of leadership
Leaders have the ability to guide and influence other employees’ behaviour towards
achievement of goals and objectives. Procter and Gamble has adopted different leadership
approaches in order to manage different situations of organisation. These are described below-
Situational Leadership- It is an adaptive leadership style which states that leader of an
organisation adopts various leadership styles according to the situation rather than following a
particular leadership style(Situational Leadership). For example, when employees have high
motivation to work but lacks in competency leader provides coaching and training to its
followers. But when followers are highly competent but lacks in confidence, in such situation
leader share the responsibility with them to take decisions and solve problems. This way leader
makes changes in their leading pattern according to necessity of situation in P&G. There are four
leadership styles under situational leadership. This theory helps leaders and managers within the
respective company to either solve conflict as well as when new product is being launched,
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leader can act according to the situation by adopting such leadership theory and adopt telling ,
selling participating approach according to situation. Leader can adopt participating approach in
order to solve problems.
 Telling- It is authoritative approach in which leader at respective company takes actions
and decisions regarding employees and communicate them to perform roles and
responsibilities accordingly (Plesser and et. al., 2014.).
 Selling- In this style leader creates roles and responsibilities for its followers but allow
other employees to give suggestions and opinions for success of company.
 Participating- In this style leader involves other employees to know their ideas and
suggestions which encourages them to perform effectively.
 Delegating- In this style leader delegates certain roles and responsibility to its followers
to perform tasks and provide minimum guidance. They are being involved in decision
making process time to time
Strengths-
 Friendly and healthy atmosphere is created by the leaders in the respective organisations
which enables employees to work in stress free environment.
 It enhances awareness of the leader as they closely monitor the situation in order to aware
of the leadership style that has to be applied.
Weaknesses-
 Sometimes it creates problem for the leader to choose appropriate leadership styles as
situations are interlinked or interconnected (Tristancho and Gutiérrez, 2012).
 Lack of proper understanding of situation by the leader develops he problem for
organisation to behave effectively.
System Leadership- It is an effective leadership style which allows respective
organisation to create conditions by adopting appropriate organisational strategy, sound
principles and system designs which assist followers at all levels to productively towards the
achievement of organisational goals. This theory helps in promoting innovation in company
which allow employees to think more effectively. This system leadership will help the respective
company to introduce new product in its portfolios so as to create specific conditions and analyse
the development of new product and allow leaders to react properly.
Strengths-
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 This helps P&G to use system designs and appropriate tools to provide good quality
products to its customer.
 It also provides a framework for the interpretation of phenomenon and realities.
Weaknesses-
 This leadership style can be complicated in nature as various activities and parameters are
interrelated (Wang, Jie and Abareshi, 2015).
 This process is lengthy and is not accepted by the leaders as it carries element of risk.
Contingency leadership- This theory of leadership states that there is no such best
leadership style which is suited in the organisation. It states that effectiveness of leader is
contingent upon his leadership style that matches according to the given situation. Leader at
respective organisation found this style the best one in which it can perform its role differently to
manage complex situations within the respective organisation. This theory helps leaders to act
according to situation and develop ideas specifically. As conflict arises naturally in organisation ,
this contingency leadership theory will assist them to properly solve the problem by identifying
cause to problem and provide immediate solution.
Strengths-
 It helps the leader to enhance their skills and capabilities to perform effectively n
different complex situations and helps in achieving organisation success.
 It allows the leader to monitor the situation effectively in the organisation thereby helps
in creating friendly environment.
Weaknesses- l
 Leader with inappropriate skills will face problems to perform their roles and handle
complex situations.
 Leader emphasis on making short term strategy as the situation is applied to the urrent
scenario.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be concluded that leaders and managers play their important role
and functions in managing different complex situations at Procter and Gamble. Operational
management plays an important role in organisation to reduce wastage and defects and achieve
efficiency in its production process. This report covers how managers and leader help to achieve
efficiency in all its production process and assist in achieving business objectives. It also
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