Leadership and Management Approaches for Business Objectives

This report delves into the critical roles of leadership and management within an organizational context, using Pharmacy2U as a case study. It meticulously compares the distinct responsibilities of leaders and managers, highlighting their impact on organizational productivity and profitability. The report examines various leadership and management approaches, including situational, systems, and contingency leadership, along with operational management strategies. It emphasizes the significance of operations management in achieving business objectives, analyzing factors that influence operational decisions within a business environment, such as employee turnover, technological changes, and conflict resolution. The analysis encompasses the roles of leaders and managers in navigating these situations, offering insights into employee retention, technological adaptation, and conflict management within the organization. The report underscores the importance of aligning leadership styles with situational demands to drive effective business outcomes.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Compare the different roles and responsibilities of the leadership and management............1
P2 Give examples and explain the role of leaders and function of a manager that applies in
situational context.......................................................................................................................3
P3 Theories and models of approach that includes situational, systems and contingency
leadership....................................................................................................................................5
P4 Explain the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and
mangers play...............................................................................................................................8
P5 Explain the importance and value of operations management in achieving business
objectives...................................................................................................................................10
P6 Various factor which affect the business operation.............................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................16

INTRODUCTION
Management and operation team for the organisation to achieve the organisational
objectives. Management team use various tactics and method to improve the organisational
productivity and profitability. The function of management team is planning, organising,
directing, staffing and controlling. Operation team direct and control the management functions
in organisation. Pharmacy2U is an online mail-order in UK. It serves the services like
prescriptions in UK and retail product in the global market. It was founded by Daniel Lee in
1999. It became the first online Pharmacy in UK. The report highlights the role of leader and
manager in the organisation and the various approaches of management and leadership in the
organisation to improve the performance. It helps to explain the difference between the
management functions and leadership and how they make impact on the organisation
productivity. It also helps to explain the various management approaches like TQM, just in time
approach in the organisation and their role in improving the management relation and
organisational productivity. This report highlights the value and importance of operation
management in achieving the organisational goal and objectives. It explains the various factor
which make an impact on the operational management and the decision making process in the
business environment.
P1 Compare the different roles and responsibilities of the leadership and management.
Management is the continuous process to achieve the organisational goals and objectives
by coordinating and integrating the resources in effectively and efficient manner. Management
performs various function such as planning, organising, directing and controlling to achieve the
goals and objective of the company. The person who perform the function of management is a
manager (Ferguson and et.al., 2017). Manager has to motivate and supervise his employees for
better business ideas and to achieve the goal and objective of the company.
The role and responsibility of the manager is-
11 The manager has to bring out the best business idea from there employees through
motivation.11 Perform directing by supervising the employee.11 Perform the work with effectiveness and efficiency.11 The manager should be proactive and goal oriented to the company.
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Leadership is the combination of research and practical knowledge. Leadership is to cope
with challenges and the changes in the organisation. Leadership develops a vision and
communicate it to the aligning people in the organisation. Through the basic fulfilment of needs
and empowerment they motivate there followers. Through leadership there is change and
uncertainty the organisation (Akalin, Huang and Willems 2016). The person who perform the
leadership is known as leader.
The role and responsibility of the leader are-
 Leader possess the three traits of a friend, a philosopher and mentor.
 Leader integrates and reconcile the organisational goal with the personal goals of the
employees.
 Leaders try to bring change and new approaches in the organisation.
The leaders and the manager are never the synonyms. Leadership is subset of
management as leadership required to perform the various function of the management. They are
the two different and separate identify with different roles and responsibilities. Leadership does
not require the managerial position to perform as the leader but the managers need the traits of
the leader to be successful. Due the virtue of his/her profile the manager has to perform the
leadership whereas the leaders have the independent followers. So managers can be a leader but
the leader cannot be the manager every time (Akalin, Huang and Willems 2016).
John kotter(1990) argued that there are dissimilarities between the function of
management and the leadership. Leadership brings constructive change and uncertain movement
in the organisation whereas the management is there to provide consistency and stability. He
believes that both management and leadership are important aspects of the organisation.
Management Leadership
Management in the organisation is to produce
order and consistency of work in the
organisation.
Leadership used to bring the constructive
change in the organisation with its focused
vision.
The main aim of the management is planning
and budgeting of the organisation. The
manager used to make plans and agenda to
Leadership plays an important role in giving
the direction to the organisation. It gives the
vision and a clarified picture for the futuristic
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accomplish the short term goal and objective of
the organisation.
approach.
Management allocates the resources at the
right time, by the right plans and to right
people.
Leadership look after the formulation of the
strategies and focus on the personal goals of
the followers.
The main function of the management is to
organise and direct the employees. The
managers have to provide the structure to the
organisation by placing the right candidate for
right job.
The leadership will go after aligning the
people by communicating them goals. They
seek commitment and build the team achieve
the objectives.
Establish the rules and procedure to direct the
control to the employees and coordinates
between the different function of the
organisation.
The leader will empower his colleagues and
develop the trust between them and satisfy
there unmeet need.
The manager will use the authority for the
decision making process. Managers will avoid
the conflict and act responsibly to manage the
situation.
The leadership will motivate and inspire its
followers. Leaders will use the conflict to
generate the new business ideas. The leader
will act decisively in a situation.
The management look after the controlling and
problem solving in the company. The manager
compares the planned performance with the
actual performance. If there is deviation in the
performance, the problem solving will be done
by the manager (Schwarz, Hall and Shibli,
2015. ).
The leaders ship is the subset of the
management. Leadership is required in each
and every function of the organisation.
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P2 Give examples and explain the role of leaders and function of a manager that applies in
situational context.
Situational context is the reason that something is being happened at the same appropriate
behaviour and the actions are associated with the situation. As in the industries there are many
situations that is being arise in the companies and in this situation the role of leaders and
managers plays an important role. Situations that is being arise in the Pharmacy2U are
Employee turnover
Employee turnover is the situation that can be arise in any company that means the
number of employees leaving an organisation and they are being replaced by the new employees.
Employee turnover is helpful for the employer of Pharmacy2U that they find out the reason for
the turnover and also do the estimation of cost – to - hire for the purpose of budget (Heizer and
et.al., 2017).
Role of leader
Leader plays an important role in the retention of employees as they always try to satisfy
the employees so that they can retain them in organisation. Leaders of Pharmacy2U needs to
motivate the employees and also take care that employees should learn something new every
day so that they will retain for longer term. In fact leaders always make sure that they find their
job interesting and enjoy their work and also work hard to achieve the organisation goals.
Role of manager
Role of manager is equally important in the retention of employees. Manager needs to
allocate the work equally in the floor and the same time they should not be partial to anyone and
treat the members as one. They must be having the control on their subordinates and make sure
that they do not fight. Managers of Pharmacy2U knows that nothing will come out from the
disputes. Managers should not be the arrogant and did no misuse of their position.
Technological changes
Technological changes is something that is inevitable and it will affect the internal and
external environments of the organisation. Change in technology offers the risks, opportunities
and threats to the business (Heizer and et.al., 2017). In some business technology change
improves the business terms of products and service by that they may expand the market as well
as profits.
Role of Leader
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Technology is changing in the rapid manner. Leaders of the company do not have other
options they have to adopt the new technology and it is very important for the Pharmacy2U to
adopt the advancement of technology to become the leader in the market. Leaders have to
motivate the employees for adopting the new technology by giving them the trainings, providing
online trainings and take the initiatives that every employee of the company will learn the new
technology in ease.
Role of Manager
Manager of the Pharmacy2U must need to understand the problems that is being faced by
the company at the time of advancement in new technology and try to resolve their problems.
They always have to coordinate with the management if the employees need the training or extra
time to learn (Uhl and Gollenia, 2016). Manager need to talk with the subordinates that what are
the problems they are facing and also facilitate all the things that will help them to learn the
things easily and also they will become the friendly from the new technology.
Conflict
Conflict can be arise in any organisation either it is big or small. In resolving the conflicts
leaders and managers plays a crucial leadership role in the company. It is the disagreement
among the employees of the company that it leads to unproductive
Role of Leader
Leader role is very crucial in any organisation as they have to focus on the attaining the
goal of the companies and also need to maintain the harmony in the company due to the conflicts
the employees cannot work efficiently. They always try to prevent the leadership in the company
and try to resolve the disagreements and must be having the potential potential to escalate the
conflicts.
Role of Manager
In resolving the conflict manager has to perform various functions in resolving the
conflicts. Manager of Pharmacy2U has played the job by communicating effectively, respect the
employees, must recognise the tension of office so that they can understand the importance of an
organisation. These are the responsibilities of the manager that help in prevent the great amount
of conflict (Hitt, M.A. and et.al., 2016).
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P3 Theories and models of approach that includes situational, systems and contingency
leadership.
Situational leadership
Situational leadership is that style in which the leader and manager of the organisation
have to adjust their style to fit in the development level of the followers what they are trying to
influence. In this the managers of the company match their behaviour from the performance
needs of an individual as they are attempting to influence.
Situational leadership is being benefited to the organisation pharmacy2u in many ways as
in this leaders creates their common language of performance. In this the leaders and managers
of an organisation will adjust their style to fit the development level of the followers as they try
to influence. In this the leaders and managers change their style according to the situation based
in the particular industry (Radnor, Z.J. 2015).
Telling and directing
in this the leader of the organisation is the making the decisions and informing the others
in the company to follow their decision. This is also called the micro management as the leaders
are involved in all the activity and closely supervise the people who are working there. This is
top down approach and the employees of the company follow the decision what they are told.
Selling and coaching
in this leadership style, leaders are involved in day to day activities. But in this the
ultimately decision will lie in the hands of leaders. Employees are supervised in the coaching
manner.
Delegating to employees
In this the leaders are involved in the least manner from the employees. The employees
are responsible for choosing the tasks and the direction they will take. Although the leaders still
involved for the direction and feedback.
This will help the Pharmacy2U in monitoring the employees closely so that they can improve
their efficiency and productivity.
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Illustration 1: Situational leadership
(Source: SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP, 2019)
System Leadership
system leadership enables the leaders in an organisation to create the condition where all
the people at all the level can work productively to their potential. System leadership often
believes that the success of the organisation is depends upon the working behind the scenes
rather to lead from the front (Ravindran, 2016).
This theory is about how to lead in the organisation and make the organisation more productive
and efficient.
Contingency leadership
It is the theory that is being adopted by the organisation that claims. There is not any best
way to organise the company, or to lead company and to make any decision regarding the
company (Haksever and Render, 2017). This actions are based on the internal and external
situation.
Types of contingency theory are :
Fielders contingency theory
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This theory is general theory that says that there is no any other best way to structure the
organisation and lead the team. In fact it told that the best way to handle the situation is
contingent (Mahadevan, 2015). As it examines best to run the team or organisation in different
situations.
Path goal theory
This theory establishes a clear path in achievement of goal and it can be achieved with
different leadership styles such as:
Achievement-oriented leadership in this they set challenging goals which increase the
performance and ability to achieve tasks.
Directive leadership in that they assign task to individuals for goal achievement.
Supportive leadership maintains good relation between employees and managers so that the
efficiency of completing tasks increases.
This theory helps the Pharmaccy2 in adopting the different theories in different situation so that
they can attain the desired goals and handle the situation..
P4 Explain the key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and mangers
play.
Operations Management involves control and design of the manufacturing process and
redesigning of the business operations to ensure that resources are utilised in an efficient and
effective manner avoiding any unnecessary wastage. In Pharmacy2U, it involves management of
complete system i.e. the process of manufacturing beginning from collection of raw materials to
the delivery of products and services ordered online.
Leaders and Managers at Pharmacy2U play an important role in ensuring that ultimately
the quality of goods and services provided to the customers is not compromised with; by
ensuring that the various operation management techniques and decisions regarding their
implementation are clearly imparted to the workers.
Total Quality Management (TQM) basically means that at every step in the production
process, quality is never compromised with, ensuring that the end product delivered is of
supreme quality enhancing the customer satisfaction.
Role of leaders and Managers:- Leaders focus on effectiveness of the process and
managers on efficiency. Similarly, at Pharmacy2U, leaders first make the TQM philosophy
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acceptable within various departments making it unambiguous; then this concept of TQM is
applied organisation wide along with the help of senior management at Pharmacy2U. This
quality control ensures that the drugs manufactured meet the GMP and GLP standards and
batches produced are not rejected (Ravinder and Kollikkathara, 2017).
Just In Time (JIT) is an inventory management technique which ensures that the orders
placed for raw materials are aligned directly as per the production schedules. JIT technique helps
in avoiding unnecessary blockage of the funds in inventory thus helping in its cost reduction and
also decreases the waste generation. Along with JIT; Kanban is a scheduling technique used with
it so that overcapacity of work in progress can be avoided.
Role of Leaders and Managers:- Managers of Pharmacy2U, with its online
pharmaceutical business, concentrate on the production cycle time, inventory of finished goods,
inventory of work-in-progress goods, on-time delivery and lead time of customer to avoid
unnecessary fund blockage and wastage of resources. This helps Pharmacy2U in optimization of
the production process and producing more batches thus bringing economies of scale.
Lean Six Sigma (Hybrid of Lean Manufacturing and Six Sigma) :- This concept has
been developed recently where the basic concept of Lean manufacturing involving waste
elimination and Six Sigma effective in defect reduction is combined together. This becomes an
accelerated process which both increases the efficiency of process and also improves it. This
Lean Six Sigma technique eliminates non value-adding components, improves process flow and
reduces variation in the desired versus actual output (Slack, 2018).
Role of Leaders and Managers:- Pharmacy2U carries out productivity driven tests during
manufacturing process in which the leaders check the quality of the drugs and the managers
focus on achieving efficiency through waste management. Together at Pharmacy2U this controls
the percentage of defective or faulty drugs production and the motivated employees credit the
leaders for the effective management i.e. timely production. This operation management
technique has improved the goodwill of Pharmacy2U in the industry despite being an online
medical store.
Capacity Management :- Capacity Management is the measure which exploits the
maximum limit upto which the production department can produce at a given time. Capacity
Management involves capacity planning which means measuring all the resources of the
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company, various production activities and the time taken and then formulating various levels
which can be produced without any compromise with the quality of the products.
Role of leaders and managers:- Pharmacy2U utilizes three methods for effective capacity
management:11 Adjustment in equipment and processes :- New machineries are brought and the present
machines are sold or leased out at Pharmacy2U whenever the managers find it suitable
i.e. they prefer to change the machines before they go obsolete. This maintains the
efficiency and quality of drugs produced.11 Product re-designing:- Many times Pharmacy2U re-design the components used in the
drug manufacturing so that the chemicals used are not outdated. Many times certain drugs
are banned legally or their sale is restricted. In such cases also, they have to manufacture
a substitute.11 Improvising Methods :- Pharmacy2U regularly improvises its methods and procedures
regularly so that all the latest techniques and technologies developed can be incorporated
in the process so that batches are produced in larger quantities (Kato and et.al 2015).
P5 Explain the importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives.
Operations Management, as described above; plays a key role in Pharmacy2U's
production and operation of any company or business. An effective operation management helps
in improving the process and achieve greater results. Operation Manager has to fulfil the duty by
ensuring that raw materials get converted into finished products efficiently and product delivery
is on time to the customers.
Operation Management is an integral part in stating Business Objectives in Pharmacy2U
i.e. the time frame required for production and the resources which are available as well as the
resources utilised.
Some key importance and values of Operation Management at Pharmacy2U can be
highlighted as follows:-
 Operation Management involves proper Resource Utilization of the resources avoiding
any unnecessary wastage. Leaders at Pharmacy2U emphasise resource utilization by
practising inventory management techniques like Just in Time which avoids the blocking
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