Report: Leadership and Management Roles, Theories, and Operations

This report delves into the critical roles of leaders and managers within organizations, emphasizing their distinct responsibilities and contributions to organizational success. It contrasts the functions of leaders, who focus on vision, strategy, and team motivation, with those of managers, who concentrate on operational efficiency, quality control, and task execution. The report analyzes leadership theories, including functional, situational, moral, and contingency models, highlighting their relevance in different organizational contexts. Furthermore, it examines key approaches to operations management, such as Lean Six Sigma and lean manufacturing, and underscores the importance of effective leadership and management in achieving operational excellence, using Marks and Spencer (M&S) as a practical example. The report concludes by emphasizing the interconnectedness of leadership and management in contemporary business environments, advocating for a balanced approach that integrates strategic vision with operational efficiency to drive organizational performance and growth.

Management and Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P.1 Different role and characteristics of leader and manger .................................................1
P.2 Role of leader and function of manger work in different situational context..................2
P3 Explanation and analyse various theories and models of leadership................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P4 Key approaches to operations management and role of the leaders and managers..........5
P5 Importance of operations management in Marks and Spencer.........................................6
P6 The relationship between leadership and management in a contemporary business........7
environment............................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
In each and every organisation id focus on improve performance in the organisation. To
improve the performance in the organisation is based on the leadership and manger of the
organisation. Leader plays a very important role in team work in the organisation. M&S
company will focus on the each and every team players in the organisation. This company
basically located in United kingdom and provide different kind of services in market (Niinomi,
and et.al 2014). In organisation to control overall team members in the organisation. In
organisation manger control all team leader in the organisation. In each organisation both team
leader and manger both are important to there respective field in the organisation to help in
achieve profit and loss in the organisation (Gwon and et.al 2015). In this report is organisation
role of leader and function of manger is most important to maintain the quality of work in
organisation.
TASK 1
P.1 Different role and characteristics of leader and manger
M&S company is focus on the different role of leader and manger. Role of leader in organisation
and manger is totally different in organisation work. Leader is a person who lead the
organisation. Manger is a person who mange overall organisation.
Role of leader Role of manger `
Leader is focus on business environment and
help to interpreted it.
Manger is focus on deal in organisation.
Leader is set a new strategy in every new task. Manger is focus on maintain the quality of
work in organisation.
Leader try to executed every strategies to
expand the business environment.
Manger is mange internal activity in
organisation. (Derakhshan, and et.al 2013)
Leader is help to every step of any task and
monitor all the activity in there team. (Jia and
2016)
Manger is maintained the quality of work in
organisation.
Leader is control the whole team member and Manger is focus on all the team members in the
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focus on every member work in the
organisation.
organisation about the performance in the
organisation.
Leader is focus on the build organisation
capability and increase awareness about the
growth in the organisation
Manger is control and check each department
time. All the leaders in organisation is
appointed to manger and focus on production
goal.
Leader is focus on every team member in
organisation. Leader checks every team
member work. (Chang and et.al 2013)
Manger is focus on all the leader activity in
organisation. Mange all leader work in
organisation.
Leader is maintained working habit every team
member in organisation.
Manger is focus on financial performance in
organisation.
Leader is focus on communication of each
employees in team member.
Manger is motivate employees about there
work in organisation.
There is all about the role of leader and manger in organisation. It is help to achieve growth in
organisation performance. Role of leader is to be focus on different aspect of work environment.
Manger is maintained the quality of work in overall organisation. Leader is to be focus on each
and every team member in organisation (Kato and Corporation, 2014). This is all about the role
and responsibility of the organisation and all such things is very important to achieve growth in
the organisation.
P.2 Role of leader and function of manger work in different situational context
In M&S company is maintain the quality of work in organisation. This company is basically
working in retail sector. In this sector increase customer traffic is most important, it is help to
achieve growth in organisation. In organisation role of leader and function of manger is most
important to maintain the quality of work in organisation (Jia and 2016). In organisation
different situational context is happened when manger function is not working well in the
organisation. In each organisation is very important to use manger function to achieve profit in
the organisation (Derakhshan, and et.al 2013). In this context manger function is change the
situation in organisation. There are different function of manger are as follows :-
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 Planing :- In organisation every work start with planing. Planing is help to do work in
proper manner. Planing is most important to each level in organisation. Manger of the
organisation is use planing is each new task in organisation (Bealkowski, R and et.al
2015). Proper planing is help to maintain growth rate in future market.
 Organising :- After completion of planning, organise team, martial and other equipments
in arrange properly in organisation. The company is to be used on every single step in
organisation. In organisation is focus on assign work and getting authority to employees
in the organisation (Handani and et.al 2013). All such things is important to each and
every activity of the organisation. With the help of all such activity is help to increase
profit in organisation.
 Staffing :- In organisation staffing function in most important in organisation. In this
function human resource department doing requirement and selection of candidate in
organisation. In this function candidate is select as per the qualification (Gwon and et.al
2015). Select candidate and provide training to each candidate. Training is help to aware
about the work in organisation.
 Leading :- In this function is to be focus on the motivation of employees in organisation.
In this function motivation communication and guiding of employee in organisation
performance (Hatziargyriou, and et.al 2014.). Motivation is help to encourage
employees in organisation about the working condition in organisation. Communication
is help to improve internal as well as external working condition in organisation.
There is all about the function of manger in organisation. All such function is most important to
increase performance in organisation (Derakhshan, and et.al 2013). With the help of this function
it will achieve growth and increase profit in retail sector. Planing is help to do work in proper
manner. Planing is most important to each level in organisation.
P3 Explanation and analyse various theories and models of leadership
1. Functional leadership theories
Functional leadership theories are based on very different assumptions. According to this
theory, they focus on leader, that what they actually do. They focus on their actions and
functions. It is the most important theories for the leadership in the organisation. This theories of
leadership are developed by studying successful leader and determining the attitude, action, and
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behaviours they show. It is based on best leaders and their quality. Along with this, this entire
theories are according to leader's way of communicating and their skills (Arends, 2014).
2. Situational leadership theories -
Functional leadership is best, but from it changes are not possible in different
circumstances. Situational leadership theories were developed to search best ways of adapting
leadership attitude and action to meet the requirement of different situation and circumstances.
Through this theory, they can changes their action, attitude and behaviour according to situation
in the organisation (Dinh, and Hu, 2014). This changes are very valuable for the leader and
company. Leader's attitude and style of leadership is often based on their own faith, personality,
working environment, experience and situation at the time. There are some leader work
according one style of leadership, but others are very flexible and can able to adapt their style of
leadership to meet the requirement of different circumstances.
3. Moral leadership theories -
Moral leadership is based on the role of the entire leader in different moralistic position.
According to this theories they have some moralistic position as they can able to making the
world a best place, they caring for the working environment in the organisation, they treating
people very well, they beliefs in religious and being true to, and acting consistently with, one's
vision.
4. Contingency leadership theories -
This leadership theory argues that there is no one way of leading and that each leadership
style should be based on certain circumstances, which shows that there are some people who
perform at the high level in certain places. According to this theory, leader are more likely to
express their leadership when they realize that their followers will be responsive. This types of
leadership work according to followers need, so they are the best leader for the organisation.
When their followers will be responsive, then leader will try to give their best at work place and
its beneficial for the M&S company (Hogg, 2016).
This entire theories plays vital role in the organisation. In today's work place, these all
theories are important, but situation theories are more important then others. It is the vauable
theory on today's work place, because through it, leader can change their attitude, behaviours,
and action according to situation. It is the very important thing, that in the organisation, there are
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lot of employees are working together, and they accomplish different task on daily basis. Some
time they need to leader who can take an action according situation. If that leader can not be able
to change their action then problem can not be solved at work place. So situational leadership
theory is most important and it is applicable on today's work place.
TASK 2
P4 Key approaches to operations management and role of the leaders and managers
1. Lean six sigma approach -
Six sigma is an approach that focus on the quality. It is main and most important
approach to operation management. It is based on quality of operation management. Through six
sigma approach entire operation work execution in appropriate way. The word six references the
control limits, which are placed at six standard deviations from the normal distribution mean.
This six sigma approach defined a step with financial targets, such as increasing profits and
reducing the costs ( Riggio, and Carsten, 2014).
2. Lean manufacturing -
It is the systematic method of eliminating waste within the ,manufacturing process. The
lean theory accounts for waste that is created through overburdening workloads. This theory is
based on the eliminating of waste resources and expenses. When company produce the goods,
they start the Marketing and sale that goods, but according to this approach, they should to know
that how much goods will use by the customers, they should collect the entire information and
knowledge about it. So they can able to produce the goods according to need. Further, through it,
goods will not be waste in the organisation. It is the valuable approach for the business and
organisation (Parkay, and Hass, 2014).
Roles that leader and managers play :-
 Leader's main role is creating a vision, and they are clear the vision of their customers so
it vision can change into reality. Manager's main role is creating the goals, so they can
make a strategies for it.
 Leader meet to stakeholder and motivate them for buy the goods or services of the
organisation. Manager manage the entire team and give them a different task for
accomplish.
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 Leader are change agents according to target, goals, and situation, so they can easily get
the target. Managers maintain the status of the organisation, so people can attract to the
company and products.
 Managers lead the entire team and employees who are working in the organisation.
Leaders handle the team and they also work with them for achieving the goals and target.
 Managers making a plan for achieving the target. Leader meet to stakeholders and people
, further they get the faith and loyalty of them. So they can easily sale their products and
services to the customers.
 Managers provide clear performance expectations, performance improvements strategies,
improving employee performance etc. Leaser build relationship with stakeholders and
people or customers.
 Leaders role is a creating a fan and managers role is hiring employees for organisation.
 Leaders represent of the organisation and explore the business in different areas.
Managers handle the entire task within departments.
 When leader play their role in the organisation, then they can take risk for execution of
work. Managers role is control that risk at work place for the organisation.
 Leaser grow personally. Managers motivate to others and their team for work hard. So
they can able to get their target and goals which set by the company.
P5 Importance of operations management in Marks and Spencer.
The ultimate aims of the retail organisation is to serve consumer satisfaction and to
maximize profitability. In order to full fill the services of the company are focused on quality and
affordable pricing strategy. Further, to accomplish determined aim the enterprise focus on
increasing effectiveness of its business operations(Stoppato, 2012). The management of
operation assist the firm in establishing effectiveness in cost functions and making optimum
utilisation of resources. In this the company his focused on making employees determined about
the goals and objectives of business. According to analysis and operation it has been determined
that the use of total quality management approach is the best strategy which assist the firm in
attaining long terms goals (Operational management, 2016). Moreover, it is the most effective
approach to manage business operation because it combines the efforts of management and
employees to enhance policies and strategies in order to serve quality products and services to
customers. Operations management in Marks and Spencer plays an important because:
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 It is the best strategy which helps Retailer in minimizing cost functions.
 The operation management of Marks and Spencer helps the management in maximizing
profits and generating adequate returns.
 It is technique of making innovation in products and services of the company according
to consumer requirement.(Martín, Zarzalejo and Cony, 2010).
 It is the best way which assist the firm in maintaining the quality of products and
minimizing waste functions.
Total quality management approach in Retail organisation is important because:
 It focuses on consumer needs and wants, by analysing consumers requirement M&S
make changes in its products which assist the firm in delivering satisfactory services at all
levels like, apparels, food, edibles, etc.
 The model assists the firm in making continuous improvement in its services according to
market challenges, competition, trends and changing requirement.
 It helps M&S in determining loopholes and improving quality of its products according
to buyers needs and wants.
 TQM helps in evaluating accurate changes and requirement which assists the retailer in
making optimum utilisation of resources, managing cost and reducing waste.
 The approach focuses on involvement of all the employees in business operations which
assist the enterprise in boosting morale of workers and improving effectiveness and
efficiency in working process.
P6 The relationship between leadership and management in a contemporary business
environment
The manager and leaders are related to business an environment by differently, but the
functions of both are interlinked to each other according to changes in environment.
Internal factors
 The value system of Marks and Spencer is focused on rules and regulation enhanced by
manager in order to conduct smooth functioning of business operations whereas the
leader is responsible for making employees work under the value system enhanced by
management which assist the reducing the change of confusion when working together.
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 Manager ensures the effective relation of employees which helps in maintain healthy
work environment for all the staff members whereas the leaders is responsible to
coordinating and cooperating the efforts of employees.
External Factors
 In this the leader and manager of Marks and Spencer are responsible for delivering
satisfactory and quality good to consumers in order stabilise their market operations
(Chen, Wu and Fu, 2012).
 In this the management is responsible for making decisions like compliance with
Corporate social responsibility, sustainable development and many the mandatory
regulations.
Thus, it is important for management and leaders of retailer to make effective decisions for
organisation according to contemporary issue which arise in internal business environment. The
External business environment factors of Marks and Spencer are analysed with the helps of
Pestle analysis which is as follows:
 Political: Increasing tax rates, foreign direct investment, tax rates, changing government
policies are the major factor which impacts the manager and leadership decisions of
Marks and Spencer. The manager of retail is focused on complying with all the
mandatory regulation in order to avoid the chance future uncertainties and threats.
 Economic: Fluctuation in labour rates is leading to unemployment due to which the
management of the company is facing problems in managing employees. According to
changing economic condition, the leader of the organisation is focused in increasing
working efficiency in boosting employee morale.
 Social: The manager and leader decision making process is based on analysing of
consumers needs and wants which keeps on changing according to changing market
trends. Therefore, analysis of social factors plays vital in decisions making process of
managers and leaders in Marks and Spencer with regard to making innovation (Wang,
2010).
 Technological: Up gradation in technology plays a vital role and is based on decision of
manager of Marks and Spencer which is supported by leaders. In this process the
management make decision regarding implementation of technology keeping in mind the
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working efficiency and patterns of employees. The ultimate focus of manager and leader
while making decision is to reduce the manual work of workers.
 Environmental: The decision making process of management and leaders of M&S Is
focused on making use of less harmful products and more use of renewable resources.
 Legal: The decision making process management in external business environment is
based on compliance with legal framework of country with regard to retail sector as it
assist the firm in constructing smooth flow of organisational functions.
CONCLUSION
The report summarized, the function's management and operation where leader enhances
the employed pattern of workers in order to make innovation while the management formulates
organisational structures and process in order to make functioning easier and organized for all
the units of Marks and Spencer. Further, it analysed that the management of operation assist the
firm in establishing effectiveness in cost functions and making optimum utilisation of resources.
In this the company his focused on making employees determined about the goals and objectives
of business. According to report, it can be recommended that the Marks and Spencer can make
use of six sigma operational management model in order to establish effectiveness in business
operations.
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