Leadership and Management for the Service Sector: Report and Analysis

This report provides an in-depth analysis of leadership and management within the service sector. It explores the core concepts of leadership and its relationship with management, discussing different leadership styles such as autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire, and examining the roles leaders play as motivators, mentors, communicators, and navigators. The report delves into internal and external factors influencing leadership styles, including organizational structure and external community influences. It also examines classical management theories, including scientific management, and applies these concepts to a case study involving Imam Khomeini. The analysis considers leadership traits, characteristics, and personality, offering a comprehensive overview of effective leadership strategies and their application in the service sector, drawing insights from the political context of Iran.

Leadership and management for
the service sector

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN ANALYSIS .........................................................................................................................3
Concept of Leadership and its relationship with management...............................................3
Role of the leader and different leadership style....................................................................4
Internal & external factors which is having influences on the leadership style.....................6
Different classical theories of management:..........................................................................7
Leadership traits, characteristic and personality....................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Leadership & management are two virtual and inter-related concepts. Also, it is one of
the vital concept, which is mainly centralised towards leading & managing people belongs to any
specific groups with some common purpose or intention. In an every field whether business,
political or human welfare, role of leadership is oriented towards leading people, so that
organisational goals or aims can be achieved onto the effective stage of working or processes
(Thirkell and Ashman, 2014). With help of leadership, teams are become capable and able to do
its own work and brings harmony to the business. In current era, core intention of leadership is to
develop action plan or strategies to brings out sustainability of this universe. This report will be
carry out on Imam Khomeini who is a supreme religious leader of Islamic republic of the Iran in
1979. Moreover, this detailed essay will try to be focus on extensive research on topic of
effective leadership strategies as a part of critical assessment.
MAIN ANALYSIS
Concept of Leadership and its relationship with management
Leadership is currently having diverse definition. According to the Peter Drucker, (2012),
leader is someone who has followers or path cyclic person along with also one provides eye view
influences to the other to act or react.
According to the James Cribbin, 2018, Leadership is a process of influence on a group in
a particular situation at a given point of time, and in a specific set of circumstances that
stimulates people to strive willingly to attain social or other objectives and satisfaction with the
type of leadership provided (Farrell and Gallagher, 2015).
In such definition of the leadership, emphasis is mainly put down on ability of individual
person with an aim to influences and direct groups efforts towards an achievement of a all
political/social/organisational goals. Originally, leadership is the practice of an influences that is
stimulates subordinates or follower to perform its best for achievement of desired goals. In
comparison with management, manager is completely different from leader's, as manager is to
manage organisation, but leader's are meant to lead that manpower of the firm. In the present
business world, there are enormous leaders, out of which one is Imam Khomeini, a great
supreme leader of the Islamic republic of the Iran whose roles and contribution is pivotal for the
social or political development along with inspiring people to act positively. His quality confined

him as both leader & manager at the same time. Also, Imam has redefined the wealth and status
of being as the leaders. As a leader, he takes strategies to lead people or enables key resources of
the world to act positively, whereas while acting as manager, he uses political skills such as
patience, focus etc. to give its contribution to the Iran (Rubens and et.al., 2018). While going for
performing leadership, Imam Khomeini has described himself as brother and servant of the
Iranian nation. Moreover, Imam has tried his best to link people with leadership, where freedom
to express, speak or sharing idea is given positive response.
In order to have supported leadership or structures, its necessary to have comparison in
between of leadership and management to judges both perspective as follows:
Firstly, management has short level perspective, whereas the leadership is having long
perspectives. Secondly, management is helpful to imitates other peoples, but leadership is
helpful to originates. Thirdly, management is applicable with the status of quo, but leadership
challenges status of quo. Lastly, management is based on position or authorities, while
leadership is based on power of the personal influences. Imam as a political leader raised others
voice or express who have spirit to work for the society (Veríssimo and Lacerda, 2015). In
leadership, leaders are comprises with certain believed points, characteristics or factors which
makes them to think apart of their brain and characteristics of the Imam Khomeini is defined
using trait theory of leadership containing 6 different traits:
Exceptional personal integrity: Imam is very honest and are qualified consistent based
adherence to strong moral and ethical principles or values. This characteristics is mainly derived
of Latin word Whole or complete.
Iron-will: Imam is the strongest person in terms of making commitment and inspires
people to creates a strong will as like piece of the Iron not broken up.
Incredible courage: As, Imam is one of the courageous people who had taken certain
effective initiatives for making people to inspire to go on path of faith, truth and dedication for
working and following religion.
Role of the leader and different leadership style
Leader is an essential person and individual who takes initiative to guide and lead people
and brings out community under one umbrella to attain a common goal. In context of Imam
Khomeini, leader is meant for motivation of an employees and people, so that they would be

capable for own purpose and guides others in perspective of spreading leadership. for this the
person play different roles, some of them are motioned as below:
Motivator: It is the major role of a leader which is played by them in effective manner. In
context of Imam Khomeini, he is the real motivator who meant to working in a group or
representing community to accomplishes common goal. Moreover, he is capable of motivating
any person at any condition to encourage empower personnel to complete their work and attain
their gaols effectively in set period of time.
Mentor: Its one of the essential role of any leader, whether by business or common
human being. When people have no clear information about vision and mission regarding the
work assigned, in that condition, role of a leader play an essential role as mentor. In context of
Imam Khomeini, in political scenario of Iran he act as mentor to provide clear and right
information about mission or vision on what level politics must be reached so as to ensure human
and social development of the Islamic republic of the Iran.
Communicator: It is one of the necessary role of the leader to act as bridge between two
entities. In context of the Imam Khomeini, in an era of the Iranian politics, he has made
interaction with people of the Iran to understand their problem or issues and providing solution
to them. As a communicator, Imam has share information regarding problems or issues of their
country people and help in offering necessary solution to them.
Navigator: Within this role, leader is mainly act as roadmap to its people as part of
personal or professional life. Mainly, leader designs aims to lead people for their right direction
as well as creates vision to accomplish their business or personal goal. In context of the Imam
Khomeini, he is a leader with giving and setting right roadmap for its people in guiding to act in
the direction or path of achieving of the goals or targets.
Different leadership styles
There are different types of leadership styles and leadership styles which are motioned
below according to Lewin’s:
Autocratic leadership style- This leadership style is also known as authoritarian leadership
which offers clear expectations for requires to be done when it should be done. This style of
leadership is strongly make concentration on both command by leader and followers. Within this
style, leader is responsible to take decision or no little input from the rest of group.

Democratic leadership style: It is another type of leadership style which is also known as
participative leadership style. In this, it allowed to make participation in decision making process
and it encourage them to share their issues and ideas. If ideas of them are effective then they are
considered by management which feel them motivated as well as foster commitment to the goals.
Laissez –Faire leadership style: This leadership style is known as delegation leadership style.
This leadership tended to outcome in teams that lacked direction where members blamed each
other for mistakes, refused to adopt personal responsibility and produced a lack of progress and
work
Out of an above leadership style, Imam Khomeini is well known for using democratic
style of leadership and he is representing of politics of an Islamic republic of the Iran. When he
was in politics of the Iran, he used to guides its own subordinates and invites opinion or review
from its people for their development or act path for any pre-planned action.
Internal & external factors which is having influences on the leadership style
In every societal response, factors such as internal & external factors have its influences
in context of the leadership to sometimes divert working on the wrong manner or way (Tang and
et. al. 2015). Its essential task for Imam Khomeini to identify both internal or external to
estimates negative forces which is having impact on the firm. In context of the Solo House or
Co, internal and external influences on the leadership style is as follows:
Internal factors which influences the leadership style are as follows
Organisational structure is the composition of administration which is accountable for
pursuing several organisational action in order to attain business goals and objectives. In the Solo
House & Co, structure is having positive or negative role in giving motivation or co-ordination to
its supportive employees. There are various levels of the structure and each level is connected to
the digital technology. The action performed by any one level will automatically be notified to
the other level of the business.
Engaged and committed peoples are happy, satisfied along with motivated with the
transaction and inspiring the political influences and people. Under such circumstances, Imam
uses democratic leadership style, because people will be involved in nation development work
or contribution for longer term (Shin and et. al. 2015).
External factor is mainly consists of the technology and diverse workforce as follows:

External community influences: In the past time, Imam has condemned the American-
British corporation who were purposed to broke Arab world and also have an intention to rule
over the Iran and its territory. Due to his leadership, this corporation won't happen and Imam has
succeeded to his mission. As because of the higher influences, Imam is comes with committed
person along with purpose to positive ideology. Moreover, his ideology is being appreciated as a
leader to soul in the Iranian modernisation.
Diverse workforce relates to transferral together the variety of people to one workplace.
While going for diversification of the workforce Imam Khomeini uses autocratic leadership
style, because decision is an entirely taken by the leader which remove issue of discrimination
among workforce and helpful in maintaining good working atmosphere. Its truth that workforce
can be managed using autocratic style of the leadership.
Solo House & Co is mainly deals with hospitality services or business of service to their
customer (Shamim and et. al. 2016). Imam Khomeini should start giving importance or
influences to the democratic leadership style to led co-employee to share their idea, opinion and
views for organisational structure and development of the Solo House & Co.
Different classical theories of management:
Classical management theories are focused on view and belief that people only have
financial and physical requirements. It doesn't bring personal-requirements or job-satisfaction
into consideration, but instead it promotes labour specialization, concentrated leadership and
judgement-making, and maximizing welfare or achievement. Managers are solely responsible for
planning, organizing, hiring, guiding and organizing etc. within entity. The classical theory of
leadership can assist standardize production activities where elevated productivity is a must.
However, after the increase of the motion of relationships between people, which attempted to
obtain a clearer knowledge of the natural motive for, it dropped out of favour.
Scientific management theory is given by the Frederick Winslow Taylor develops this
concept to effectively control an organization's operations and operations. The author thought
that if the business's manager monitors the job in a technical and scientific manner then the
individual identifies and finds out how to conduct the job properly. If manager of a corporation
uses this concept within corporation then helps them maximize the business profits and
productiveness (Sadgrove, 2016). As management team, provides adequate guidance that
encourages staff to make a contribution towards apply their best possible efforts, which enhances

the overall company's performance. The scientific management theory focuses on rising and
increasing the skilfulness and behaviour of every people in the firm. Imam always as a leader
promoted message of healthy and social thinking as a skill to contributes to the Iranian nation.
Moreover, scientific management theory also reality of the leadership along with inspiring
people to become the leader (Roblek and et. al., 2016). Same in business context, these activities
are continuous in nature and each worker playing their daily roles are separated into a ample
number of cyclic periodic event of closely related or same activities.
Bureaucratic management theory was recognised by the Max Weber created this
concept and he considered that bureaucracy is indeed a business's most effective form. The
author also developed the content that an establishment must contain a defined hierarchical
structure and easy understanding guidelines, rules and regulations of authority which regulate it.
The Bureaucracy of Max Weber has followed some characteristics which are A well designed set
of rules and regulations, Specialization of labour, Impersonality in the application of rules and
Well-defined hierarchy within the organization. This theory can be discussed from two different
point of views which are structural and behavioural (Psomas and Jaca, 2016). A wide and sound
knowledge of this theory from both the view points can help the managers to operate the
activities in a easy going way. According to Weber, behavioural structure defines the hierarchy
of position and authority given to a personnel within the organization while structural view aids
the manager to understand the human relationship and bureaucracy among the employees. This
theory set the rules for everyone and everything. All the employees are restricted to follow these
rules and orders delivered by the upper management. This is the only way to control over the
employees and improve the effectiveness of entire firm.
Administrative management theory is part of the Classical or administrative
management theory believes that employees can only be motivated by their economic and
physical needs. Social requirements or job safety & satisfaction does not taken into consideration
in this theory but instead of them, it considers a centralized leadership, specialization of labour,
profit maximization and decision-making. This theory is consider as less attractive among the
organizations due to predict and control human nature. In this theory, employees are considered
as a machine and it ignores the importance of human creativity and relationship. However the
managers of the Soho House & Company can consider to applying this management theory
within the organization as a strict and clear framework of management and its operations can be

created with the help of this classic theory. It clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of the
employees which helps in better communication and quick decision making process. The
administrative management theory may help contour manufacturing and production activities
where broad productivity is an essential. However, it fell out of favour after the rise of the human
relations movement, which sought to gain a better understanding of the human motivation for
productivity.
System theory is an outsider standard that measures potential and effectiveness depends
on long-term development or sustainability. A system can be defined as any set of well-defined
parts that interrelate to form a complex integral (Popli and Rizvi, 2015). An establishment is
known as a system with various components such as assets, employees, products, informations
and resources that design a complex system. The system approach can be two types which are
open system and closed system. An open system is a system that can be affected by the external
environment and its elements. An open system includes three components which helps to run the
business process. First component is the inputs which an organization receives from the external
environment such as labour, natural resources, equipments, etc. which go through the process
known as throughputs and is the second component as well. This process results as products and
services which are known as the third component, output which released to the external
environment again. A closed system is which does not get affected with its external factors. All
the organizations are practically an open system, although the degree of openness varies.
Leader Imam Khomeini may adopt bureaucratic management approach to manage the
organization as it concentrate on designing businesses in a hierarchical manner with easy defined
rules (Noe and et. al. 2017). Weber's principles for developing an idealistic bureaucratic system
consider a clear classification of labour and workers, a class-conscious chain of guidelines and
commands, separation between the organisational and personal assets of the proprietor,
meticulous record keeping and documentation, strict and consistent regulations and rules and the
selection and promotion of employees based on qualifications and not personal relationships or
personalities.
Leadership traits, characteristic and personality
Leadership traits, characteristic and personality that is followed by one leader is always
differ from others. In this there are members who engage in different persons leads to political

change to engages them to manage their development or inspiration. Some of essential leadership
traits that are relevant for effective leadership is as follow:
Understanding of different cultures are tangible as well as intangible it represent that
leaders has a charm through which they attract large of vision and commitment for influencing
large stakeholders of the place in order to fulfil their roles and responsibilities. Aspects such as
attention, motivation aids leaders to communicate with individuals from different cultures
(Segarra-Ciprés, 2015). Imam was belongs to the religion of Islam, as a human he had
understanding of all religion, caste & culture and spread it rightly to the people. It helps to
understand difference between backgrounds, culture and values. Henceforth, Imam Khomeini
has also promoted leadership ethics and defined path of realistic courage and good doing for the
people. Due to the ritual understanding of the cultures, he is perfectly tried to link cultures to
brings positive path in an organisation or workplace as inspiration can also be taken place.
Understanding of difference between cultural value are large number of culture is
established in the culture or differences of the culture values in the mind of people. Moreover
this culture are developed through a long time period. Like class based society in UK refers to a
culture in which residents of particular society will build their houses in short distance. In order
to understand more about this some dimension of culture such as power distance, long term and
short term orientation are as follow:
Power distance is a dimension that stand for for equality in society. After globalisation
most countries are stand for this culture as it remove inequality from society residents.
Masculinity is a type of culture through which there is a division among work for a man
and woman based on their muscular strength.
Another is long term and short orientation that refers to decide goals for organisation
based on their time frame.
Develop effective communication style: Their are large number of differences are present
in organisation as employee's are diverse in nature (Lockwood, 2015). In UK there are large
number of people are engaged in the different culture to adopt changes effectively as effective
communication assist them to understand their language by communicating and understanding
their culture. Further flexibility towards other cultures helps to solve cross-cultural
misunderstanding between different organisation. Imam as a leader has brought open ended

channels for the media to promotes the press freedom and wanted media to play active role in
wide-spreading the awareness in the Iranian nation.
Employ appropriate motivations- Motivational techniques, incentives and methods are
dictated to adopt organisational or political goals. Imam Khomeini has at-least tried to bring
motivation which can be shaped as an organisation culture such as collective culture. As they
belong to Iran so it is important for them to understand Islamic society and belief related to it. On
other hand motivation perspective helps them to achieve different organisational goals through
expanding their business's in other geographical locations (Jaiswal and Dhar, 2015). For this
motivation factor helps them to complete their work within remote places.
As the world is globalising there are different changes are monitor by them that impacts
on work culture and style for an organisation. Hospitality industry is developed with purpose of
providing comfort and tourist factors in different ways. Along with this several barriers are also
included in this that impacts on organisational productivity. Some of them are mention as follow:
Time boundaries is bound to the complete a work is totally changing in present scenario.
This function governs that technology is implemented in most of organisational functions that
leads them to complete their work within specified time period. For employee's who are engage
in hospitality industry are twenty fours on their duty due to which there is no difference between
their personal and professional time period. Leaders such as Imam Khomeini adopts monetary
motivation methods to overcome from time challenge.
Worker shortage is the consideration related to number of employee's are less in skill and
capabilities as they are aware about their local style of completing their work. While in context
of globalisation there are several challenges are faced by organisation. Like unskilled workforce,
less qualified education and communication barriers (Kianto and Vanhala, 2015). For reducing
this impact in organisation Imam Khomeini provides effective training to its workers through
seminars, workshops and training classes.
Revolution of information technology is giving birth to a new type of infrastructure by
connecting whole world at a global level. This infrastructure is generated through various data
communication and telecommunication such as use of internet services, wireless connection and
many more. The main motive to develop this infrastructure is to develop connections across
national boundaries of organisation. For Imam Khomeini this infrastructure is a positive method
by which they increases their market share. From late of the 19 era, Imam Khomeini has started

importance to the growing era of the technology which is now resulting in pure manner. Also, he
acts as revolution maker to led technology to brings in the Iranian nation.
Some of steps that is needed by organisation or manager to overcome from several
challenges are need to implement by Imam Khomeini. In present scenario major concern is about
to learn e-methods to complete a work. As most of present functions are done through
technology such as payments, shopping, selling and many more. So this aspect assist them to
gain competitive edge for retaining longer period in industry.
Their are different roles are performed by a leader in an organisation that leads an
organisation to gain higher success in organisation (Donate and de Pablo, 2015). Leadership
function and style governs that it is universal in nature. It represent that it is required in each and
every type of organisation. Some major roles of organisation are mention as follow:
Required at all levels is important for all levels of management. This governs leadership
required at top level, middle level and low level of organisation. At top level it is required for
effective decision making while at middle level and lower level this is required for interpretation
and execution of plans that is decided by management.
Representative of the culture is most influencing person who comes as representative of
all the culture, nation along with support to other religion to brings equality into the nation. Its a
pure quality of the leader with an intention to brings equality or support around the atmosphere.
Laissez faire leadership is not directly included in decision making and they support an
organisation at back end. To deal with this they support teams through gain trust of members.
Laissez faire leadership style is more effective because leader provides advise members through
analysing their several feedbacks. In context of leader, Imam has always given priority to bring
every people of not only Iran, but also world people to share idea, opinion or view to live
peacefully. Moreover, Imam has taught an idea of being live into ethical and constituency
process to maintain dignity of the Iranian nation.
Pace setter leadership is based on the leaders who adopts this style are one who complete
their task with a rapid speed. For this they also motivate others to accomplish their work in right
and suitable manner (Dhar, 2016). Most of professional or political leaders complete their work
by adopting this style that drives them to gain high success in organisation. In talk into the
perspective of the leader, Imam believes rapid reaction to any problem which has severe impact

or threat to the society. Such kind of the leadership is retrospective for the people of the Iranian
nation.

CONCLUSION
As per the above information, it can be monitored that leadership is an effective tool
which is helpful for providing guidance to the employees and workers so that they can do their
work with more effectiveness. Different classical management theories, roles of leadership and
style of leadership all are beneficial for the development and providing guidance to the
employees. Internal and external factor also create impact on management styles and structure.
Hard and soft skills of leadership also effective fro providing evidence from specific service
sector.

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