Leadership and Management: Roles, Theories, Approaches, and Factors

This report delves into the core concepts of leadership and management, exploring the distinct roles and characteristics of leaders and managers within an organizational context. It examines the functions of leaders and managers in various situational contexts, highlighting the importance of adaptability. The report then analyzes different leadership theories, including situational, contingency, and system leadership, providing a comprehensive overview of various leadership models. Furthermore, it investigates key approaches to leadership and management, such as systematic and just-in-time approaches, and emphasizes the value of operation management in achieving business objectives. The report concludes by discussing factors affecting the business environment and the decision-making processes of leaders and managers, providing a holistic understanding of leadership and management principles. The Mark and Spencer company is used as a case study throughout the report.

Management and
operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................4
P1 different roles and characteristics of the leader and manager................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Role and function of leader and manager in different situational contexts...........................5
P3 Different theories models of approach, situational, system and contingency leadership......6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Key approaches and the roles of leader and manager............................................................8
P5 Importance and value of operation management for achieving business objectives.............9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................10
P6 Factors affecting business environment and decision making of leaders and mangers......10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management and operation defined a the body of the business exercise to make the
highest level of the efficiency possible with the organisation (Bahmani-Firouzi and Azizipanah-
Abarghooee, 2014). It is concerned with the change the materials and the labour into the goods
and services with the efficiency to possible to minimize the profit of the organisation.
Management operation is the process of converting the raw material into the finished goods or
the product with the effective operations and the activities. The Mark and Spencer company use
the effective tools and techniques for their effective management operations. The company
utilizing their available resources like staff, materials, equipment and the effective technologies.
the operation manager of the company change, develop and deliver the goods to their customers
based on their needs and wants and the ability of the company. The operation management helps
the organisation to deal with different strategic issues which include deciding the size of the
manufacturing plant life and the project management methods and apply the structure of the
effective information network.
TASK 1
P1 Roles and characteristics of the leader and manager
Leadership defined as the quality to influencing other people towards the objectives and
the goals. Leader defined as a person who have the quality to influence other and make thinks
done through others. For being a successful leader he have the ability to inspire and encourage
his team members towards a direction which help him to achieve the desired goals and
objectives. Leader inspire and pursue his team members for their vision. Leader motivates the
peoples ton achieve the goals and objectives effectively and efficiently. Leaders always believes
in innovations and creating new thinks. They grasp the opportunity and clearly know that if thins
are working then there cloud be the better way. The leader of the Mark and Spencer company
always motivate his team members to achieve the companies goals and helps them to set their
personal goals.
Manager define as the who manage all the activities and the performance of the
employees and the team members. The manager focusing on the setting the goals, measuring and
achieving the gaols. Manger controls the different situations to reach and transcend their
objective (Cruz and Marques, 2011). Manager always control stick with the different activities,

processing the systems, structures and the different process which makes them better and
effective. The manager of the Mark ans Spencer company evaluate the all the related activities of
the goals and objectives on the regular basis.
Roles and characteristics of leader and manager:
 Leaders create vision, manager create goals: The leader create the vision and
motivates his team members to perform their task effectively and efficiently. The
manger main aim is to focusing on the setting, evaluating, measuring ans
achieving the goals for the organisation. He controls the different situations to
reach the organisation goals and objectives (Holmes and et. al., 2011). The leader
and the manger of the Mark and Spencer company work effectively towards the
achievement of goals and objectives.
 Leaders are change agents, managers maintain the status quotation: leaders
are big interruption. They work their own style, set their different working style.
Innovation is important for them. They innovate different new ideas and strategies
for achieving the goals and objective. They are always forward looking. If think
are not according to them then they change the ideas. They easily implement the
changes in their strategies. Managers did not accept the changes easily. Manger
stick with the systems, structures, works and the process to make better all the
thinks. The leader and the manger of the Mark and Spencer company always
motivate their employees towards the objectives.
 Leaders are unique mangers copy: Leader always create their own ideas,
strategies, planes and the procedures because they live innovation and always
want to do innovative thinks. Managers imitate the ability and the behaviours
from others and copy them (Kumar and Chandrakar, 2012). The mangers adopt
the styles rather than creating it.
TASK 2
P2 Role and function of leader and manager in different situational contexts
The manager and the leader have to play different roles in organisation. Their roles and
responsibilities define the organisation success (Li and et. al., 2011). In the Mark and Spencer

company the leader and the manager plays the different roles which supports the company to
achieve their goals and objectives.
Role and functions of leader in organisation
 Representative of the organisation: a leader is the representative of the organisation. It is
the important role of the leader that he represent the organisation in business concern in
meetings, seminars, general meetings, conferences. The leader role is to communicate
with the logical of the organisation to the out side public. He have also play the role of
representative of his own department which he leads.
 Integrates the personal goals with the organisation: A leader help the organisation to
integrates the personal goals of the employees with the organisational goals. Leader is
trying to coordinate the efforts of the employees towards a common objective and
achievement of the goals and objective. This can be done when he can motivate and
influence the employees and get willing the cooperation to accomplish the objective.
 He call for the support: A leader also be a manager and also a person who contemplate
and invite support and cooperation from the subordinates. He can do these thinks by his
attribute, intelligence, maturity and with thy mental objects.
 As a friend, philosopher and guide: A leader have to play the three important roles friend,
philosopher and guide. It is important to possess these dimensional traits in a leader. A
leader can be friend by sharing the feelings, thoughts, desires with his employees. He can
be philosopher by using his ability and the exercise. He guiding the employees when thy
require (Lindström et. al., 2012).
Role and function of manager
A manager have to play different role in organisation. The important roles of a manager
 Set objectives: The manager sat the effective goals and establish the objectives. He have
to analyse the different situations for establishing the goals and objective. According to
the organisation need the manager have to set the goals which help them to achieve the
objectives.
 Organise: Manager have to organise the task, coordinate with the employees, effective
allocation and arrange the right role and responsibilities of the right person (Moghaddam
and et. al., 2012). He have to analyse that right person at the right job so he can perform
his job effectively and in a correct manner.

 Motivate the employees: Manager have to play the role of motivator. Manager motivate
the employees towards their personal and organisational goals. He manage the effective
coordination between his employees and organisation.
 Effective communication: Effective communication is very important between the
manager and his employees so they can easily communicate about their goals and
objectives. When there is a effective communication between them then they can share
their goals with each other. So manager have to sat the effective communication in the
organisation.
P3 Different theories models of approach of leadership
There are different types of leadership theories to explain the concept and the practise.
Most of the leadership theories include the perspective leadership as a process, leadership as
relationship, leadership as personality characteristics and as the behaviour. These are refers as
the leadership skills. The leadership also known as the process which include the influencing the
team members towards the goals. The Leader of the Mark and Spencer company select the
leadership theory according to their personality and the objective of the company.
The leadership theories provide the effective directions to perform their task effectively
and efficiently. The leaders select the leadership theory according to the requirement of the
organisation and according to their objective.
There are different models and theories of leadership which are a follow:
 Situational theory: According to this theory the different situations require the different
leadership style (Mohammadi and et. al., 2013). The leader have to select the leadership
style according to the situation and the requirement of the objective. For the effective
leadership it require the ability to adopt and ability to adjust the circumstances of the
situation. The primers factor of this theory is adopt the competences and the commitment
of the leader for his followers.
 Contingency theory: According to this theory a leaders effectiveness is depends on how
well the leader's style match with the specific situation or the objectives. In the situational
theory the focus is to adopting the situation whereas the contingency theory stats that
effective leadership is depend on the level of appropriate between the leadership style and
the particular situation.

 System leadership theory: According to this theory the leadership is depend on the
system of the organisation (Niknam, Meymand and Mojarrad, 2011). This theory defines
how a leader is motivate toward accomplish his goals and objectives. It concerned with
leaders have the ability to motivate his followers through eliminating the difficulties of
them to encourage them to give high performance for the objectives.
Models of leadership:
there are three levels of the leadership models. These models are designed as s practical
tools for developing the leadership existence, know-how and the skills which are aim to define
what the leader have to do. These models only not important for the leader but it also important
for the organisation. These models also gives direction to the organisation for define the different
activities and the role for employees. These models helps the leader to develop themselves
technologically and psychologically. These models sometimes also known as the 3Ps of the
leadership.
3Ps of leadership theory
 Public Leadership
 Private Leadership
 Personal Leadership
These three levels of leadership models Attempt by the leader to combine the strength
Traits, behaviour, styles, situations and functions of the leadership (Alvarez and et. al., 2012).
TASK 3
P4 Key approaches and the roles of leader and manager
There are different approaches of operation management. these approaches helps the
organisation to define different activities. The key approaches of the operation management
include the
 Systematic approach
 Just in time approach
 Social system approaches
 Dynamic approaches
Just in time approaches: just in time approach is defined as the
inventory strategies which the companies use to increase the efficiency and

decrease wastage of the available resources and receiving the goods only
which are needed in the production process there by reducing the inventory
cost (Woo and Lee, 2013). For this method it require the effective procedure
to forecast the demand accurately and effectively. The inventory supply
system represent the a modification of the older just in time strategy , which
is produce the large inventories at the time of high supply had to be met.
The manager and the leader have to work according to this approach . The
approach provide the them a direction towards effective use of the available
resources and manage the inventory effectively. the The Mark and Spencer
company sue the just in time approach to manage the inventory and avoid
the wastage of resources.
Systematic approach: The systematic approach defined as the
management is based on general-purpose. According to this theory to
understand the operation of an entity essential to be viewed as a system.
For this leader have to be required to understand the mutuality of the
different parts of the organisation. The systematic approach is created as
the part of the process of the overall management system of the
organisation. When the leader and the manger planning the subsystems of
the organisation then it increase the effectiveness of the overall
management system of the organisation. The Mark and Spencer company
use the systematic approach increas the effectiveness of the systems.
Social system approach: Social system approach define as the
relationship between the internal and external environment. Of the
organisation. According to this approach corporation is important between
the leader manager and their employees for achieving the organisational
goals and objective. The manager and the leader evaluate the relationship
between them and their employees (Zhang and et. al., 2014). When the
leader and manager develop the relationship with employees thyen it is
important for them efforts should be made for establishing the compatibility
between the goals of the organisation and the different groups.

Dynamic approach: dynamic approach of the operation management
define as the solution which helps the organisation to changing the
conditions of the operations and helps to develop the individual needs of
their customers according to the time. This approach provide the
organisation to change their process and modify according to the
environment. The leader and the manager use the dynamic approach and
identify the required changes in the organisation. The Mark and Spencer
company us the dynamic approach and analyse the changes and identify
what are the requirements of the customers (Li and et. al., 2011).
P5 Importance and value of operation management for achieving business
objectives
The value of operation management is very important for the service and the product to
be more effective and efficient. The Mark and Spencer company effectively apply the operation
management. It helps them to manage different activates of their company. Operation
management significantly affect the profitability in the any type of organisation like small, large,
manufacturing, service, public or private, profit or non-profit. No business can get success
without the operation management. It helps the organisation to use the resources in a effective
and efficient manner to create the products and services which can fulfil the market needs and
requirements.
The main aim of the operation management is the development of the product and the
services. It effectively maintain the speed, growth, cost, quality of products and the services. The
main objective and the responsibility of the operation management is to maintain the effective
and strong relationship with the suppliers process to ensure that the raw material can be supply in
a timely manner. Operation management helps the organisation to maintain the relationship with
the customers. When the organisation build an effective relationship with the customers then
they can know about their needs, wants and preferences.
Importance of operation design: operation management effectively manage the different
activities and the different departments of the organisation the different importance of operation
management are as follow:
product design: operation management is related to the design the products n=and the
services. It include the achievements of the consistency and the quality across the customers

developing through the refined suppliers and the distributed network. The product design also
related with the innovativeness in the uses of material. It also helps to meet the customers in
order to attract them towards the services and products of the organisation.
Job design: operation management provide the guidelines to evaluate the effectiveness of
the candidates apply for the job (Lindstrom and et. al., 2012). It is typically related to the
employees development and the hiring of the new employee. It also helps in the production work
and the provision of all the related department to run effectively. It also provide the best methods
for hiring the new candidates for the job.
Manufacturing and supply: Operation management helps the organisation to make the
effective coordination between production and the project management. It provide the
effectiveness to achieve the economic scale through aggregated production. It helps the
organisation to reduce the cost of the production and increase the gross profit. OM include the
evaluation of the organisation performance by setting the standard , which make improvements
by identification of the bets way to doing activity the business (Holmes and et. al., 2012).
TASK 4
P6 Factors affecting business environment and decision making of leaders and mangers
It is essential for the manager identify and determine the different factors which can be
affect and continuance the operational management and decision-making process. It is not easy
for the manager to control these factors and overcome to the potential risk from the business.
There are some factors which affect the decision making of the manager these are as follow:
Political factors: these factors are related to the political steadiness and related to the
business polices of the company. It affect the decision making process of the manger. The
government provide uniformity to the company which is good for their business.
Economical factors: this another factor which affect the decision making of the manager
Economical factors include the various elements like interest rate, employment position, inflation
and GDP growth rate. These all factors are affecting the business activities and decision making
process. Some times these factors can help to make batter decision-making a effective manner.
Social factors: Social factors include the population size social tendency, fashion trends,
education level and the disposable income level. These factors helps the manager and the leader

for the effective decision making process (Cruz and Marques, 2011). These factors
provide the opportunities to the Mark ans Spencer company to relate with the customers need.
Technological factors: these are the factors which are related to the technologies and the
innovation. In present time the technology have the grate impact on the success of the business
in helps there company to reduce the cost of production and manage different operations of the
company. It have a grate impact on the Mark and spender company. The manager of the
company use the different techniques likes social media which provide the grate platform to
connect with customers.
Environmental factors: in present time the companies more aware toward the
environmental and climate issues (Moghaddam and et. al., 2011). These are the sensitive
issue in the present business scenario. Because of this every business organisation focus on the
environmental issues. Every business organisation on these element ans try to overcome to these
problems. The business organisation have to use those practise which can not harm the
environment.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been concluded operation management plays an vital role in
the business. In this report the different role and responsibilities of the leader and the manger
which can performed by them towards the achievement of the organisational goals and
objectives. In this report it is also disused the different leadership theories and approaches which
can be used by the leader and the manger within the organisation. There are different functions
which are related to the direction, operating, planning and decision making process. The various
internal and external factors influence the managerial decision making and the business
performance of the company.

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