Management and Operations Report: Roles, Functions, and Analysis

This report delves into the core aspects of management and operations, focusing on the roles and functions of leaders and managers within an organizational context, specifically using Marks and Spencer as a case study. It begins by illustrating the distinctions between leaders and managers, highlighting their characteristics and responsibilities, and applies leadership theories such as Adair's Model to explain effective leadership practices. The report then analyzes the application of management and leadership roles across different organizational scenarios, including conflict management and high employee turnover, and applies leadership models to address these issues. It further examines key approaches to operations management, emphasizing the importance of operation management in achieving organizational objectives. Finally, the report assesses the influence of various factors within the business environment on the decision-making processes of leaders and managers in operations management.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Illustrate the different roles of leaders and mangers and also their characteristics...........3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Analyse the roles and functions of management and leadership in application to different
organisational situation context..............................................................................................5
P3 Apply the theories and model of approach including situational leadership, system
leadership and contingency....................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Describe the key approaches to operations management and the role of leader and
managers play.........................................................................................................................8
P5 Describe the importance and value of operation management in achieving the objectives of
Marks and Spencer...............................................................................................................10
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P6 Assess the factors within business environment that influence the decision making of
leaders and manager in operation management....................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Management is an activity which is done by others efficiently for accomplishment of
goals and objectives of the company. Effective Manager is a key element of every company to be
successful in the market. Operation is a activity that manages overall process of the organisation.
The main aim of the operation manager is to enhance the customers base so that the productivity
and growth of the business increases (Agostino et. al., 2020). Every organisation have
department of management and operations, there goal is to maintain the smooth functioning of
company. Marks and Spencer also have the management and operation department, it is a retailer
company headquartered in London, they are specialist in selling clothes, food products and home
products. The main focus of the company is to increase the growth with profitability. There
mission is to provide the best quality of products which can be accessible to others.
TASK 1
Organisation Management Structure
Marks and Spencer is a British Retailer company which deals with selling clothes, food
products and home products. The CEO of Marks and Spencer is Steve Rowe. CEO consist
various employees of different department and regulate their work they are Eoin Tonge (CFO),
Katie Bickerstaffe (Chief Strategy & Transfoeration Director), Nick Folland (Group General
Counsel & Company Secretary), Paul Friston (International Director), Sacha Berendji (Director
of Retail, Operations & property), Stuart Machin (MD of Food), Richard Price (MD of Clothing
& Home).

P1 Illustrate the different roles of leaders and mangers and also their characteristics.
Role of Leader
For a leaders role, Adair's Model is suitable for explaining the role and leadership theory.
Adair's Model of Leadership Theory
Adair's Model is a simple and practical model which describes what actually leader have
to do to create effective working environment in Marks and Spencer. There are three main role
which leader have to do they are-
 Achieving task
 Building and maintaining team
 Develop Individual
To achieve these three aspects Adair's Believes that there are functions which leader have to
perform they are-
 Defining the task-
Firstly, Leader have to define tasks which employee have to perform. The manager must
use SMART goals to set an objectives which should be clear to workers.
 Planning-
Planning includes a search of alternatives and it should be tested before implementing.
The planning must be done with employees so that they can help in creative and positive way.
 Briefing-
The leader have to brief the task to their team in order to meet objectives. They play a role of
creating a positive atmosphere in workplace, promote team work and enhance the motivation of
individual.
 Controlling-
To get maximum results with minimum resources leaders must have good self control
system in Marks and Spencer. They must have skills like delegation and monitoring skills.
 Evaluating-
The leader plays a role of evaluating the performance of employees, they should provide training
and appraise individuals so that they can perform their task in effective manner and achieve the
objective of Marks and Spencer.
 Motivating-

For accomplishing tasks employee must be highly motivated, if they are unmotivated they can
not achieve their target in an appropriate time. Adair's also identifies Eight rules for motivating
employees in workplace.
 Organising-
It is a responsibility of Leader to organise their followers, themselves and organisation in order
to get success. For achieving great results leader have to organise the functioning of the Marks
and Spencer.
 Setting an Example-
A leader need to set a good example for their employees as bad examples are more
notices than good one.
Illustration 1: John Adair’s Action-Centred Leadership Model
(SOURCE : John Adair’s Action-Centred Leadership Model, 2021)
Characteristics of Leader-
 Focus on development-
Effective leaders knows how to improve the performance and skills of their team, mainly they
keep focusing on development of employees and create a path for them to go and achieve the
vision (Agrawal, Atasu and Van Wassenhove, 2019).
 Encourage Innovation-

The manager happily accept the ideas and innovation by employees, they encourage the team to
bring a new idea, diverse their thinking and also support them to execute the idea.
Role of Manager
Manager are the one who sets the goals of the organisation and keep a proper regulations on the
functioning of the company (Tran, 2020). The role of manager are as follows-
 Ability to execute a vision-
The manager have the ability to execute a vision which is created by them and they make their
team to follow the path way to achieve vision of Marks and Spencer. The manager clearly state
the vision of the company to the employees so that they can mutually achieve it.
 Focus on employees-
The Manager have the duty and responsibility to listen all the problems of employees, involves
them in decision making and motivate them so that they can contribute to increased productivity.
The manager must have to handle the queries of the staff for smooth functioning of the
organisation.
 Resource allocator-
The manager also plays a role of resource allocator, he gives his precious time as resource to
employee and organisation. The manager is responsible to allocate the resources of human,
monetary and physical. They should allow the employees to share their opinions, ideas and
experiences it helps them to make effective decision.
Characteristics of Manager-
 Must have strong communication skill-
It is one of the characteristics of manager that they must have a strong communication skills. A
Manager should communicate in a proper manner that could be understandable to listeners.
Along with that the manager have to listen and handle the queries or problems of the staff
members (Sabbaghtorkan, Batta and He, 2020).
 Expertise-
The managers have years of experience in the feild in which they are leading. Those experience
make them to go beyond and be successful in their life. The successful managers knows how to
achieve the goals in a particular time.
Functions of Manager

Management aim is to achieve goals of the organisation with optimum utilisation of resources.
There are various functions of management they are-
Planning-
Planning is a continuous process which manager have to perform because without
planning company cannot run smoothly. Through this process manager establish goals and assess
the method through which goals can be achieved. For smooth Functioning in Marks and Spencer
manager have to properly plan and work according to it in order to achieve goals and objectives.
Organising-
It is a process of bringing together people, raw material, tools and capital to reach an
organisational goals and objectives. Through organising function manager can divide the work
into small sections and departments. In organising Function Marks and Spencer have to organise
activities and allot tasks to employees so that they work effectively and efficiently.
Controlling-
Controlling is a process of measuring actual performance with planned performance. The
manager have to ensure that whether the activities are performed according to the structured
planned or not. If it is not performing according to the set plan then manager have to take
corrective actions. The manager of Marks and Spencer have to ensures that Functioning of
company should be run according to plan, they have to compare the actual performance with set
standards of organisation and must take relevant actions to make their activities perform
according to plan (Helo and Hao, 2019).
Directing-
Directing generally means to watch out the performance of employees and provide them
guidance, counselling, leading them to achieve organisational goals. In Marks and Spencer
manager have to guide, instruct, lead the team so that they can give their best outcomes in
achieving goals of the company.
Douglas McGregor's Theories of X and Y
The Theories Which can be applicable in Functions of Manager is Douglas McGregor's
Theories of X and Y. This theory shows a different views of employees whether it would be
negative or positive according to which manager can properly plays a function of planning,
organising, directing and controlling. Theory X is a negative aspects of employee whereas

Theory Y is a positive aspect of employees. This theory helps a leader to know about employees
views towards their work.
Theory X assumption-
In Theory X assumptions employee didn't like their work they don't give their best
outcomes. The employees are negative requires a guidance, support and supervision by manager.
The manager have to focus on their abilities so that workers can give their best performance in
achieving goals of the company. The manager have to look out and control the performance of
employees so that they can give better results.
Theory Y assumption-
In this assumption employees give their best results, they like to work and are
comfortable with their job. The manager use skills and abilities of employees so that they can
accomplish the set objectives. The manager have to plan the activities according to the
employees abilities and assign them a task which they can achieve and give their best outcomes.
Difference between Management and Leadership
Management Leadership
Management usually develops people in the
organisation.
Leadership develops overall organisation.
Managers motivate and encourage the
employees.
Leaders inspire and empower the team.
They recruit staff for the vacant job position. They create a new job position or role.
Manager basically have good ideas and
thoughts.
Leaders implement the good ideas and
thoughts.
TASK 2
P2 Analyse the roles and functions of management and leadership in application to different
organisational situation context.
The roles of leaders and functions of management in different organisational situation context
are as follows-
Conflict Management-

Conflict management is a procedure to find out the problems and handle it in such a way that
doesn't create an impact on functioning of organisation. In every organisation, conflicts may
arises it is created when there is miss communication or miss understanding between the
employer and employee. Generally, the employees get dissatisfied with opinions of their
superiors (Franke, Foerstl and Heese, 2020). There are various strategies that can resolve the
conflicts such as accommodating, avoiding, competing, compromising, etc. Marks and Spencer
have to solve out the conflicts quickly and with professionalism as the atmosphere of company
get disturbed this can be done by through Contingency leadership in which leader will more
focused on the productivity and efficiency of employees rather than making them involved in
gossiping regarding the issues created due to conflicts. If employees are more engaged in their
works they give their productive outcomes.
Role of Manager-
 The manager have to solve out the conflicts and listen their problems.
 Manager have to make sure there should be smooth functioning of operational activity in
Marks and Spencer.
Role of Leader-
 The leader have to maintain a proper communication so that conflicts may not arise.
 Leader should give guidance and direction towards conflict resolution.
High Employee Turnover-
Marks and Spencer have to minimise the high employee turnover as it decreases the productivity
and reputation of company. The turnover occurs when employees get bored with the their work.
High turnover reflects the problem within the management and leadership (Basole et. al., 2020).
It also create an impact on overall workplace engagement. The High Turnover can be reduced by
Situational Leadership in which manager can change their style to make workers indulge in their
task they can create an fun environment that helps employees to get involve in their work.
Role of Manager-
 The manager have to hire right person for the job position.
 The employee must get awarded and appreciation for their performance.
Role of Leader-
 Leader should increase the morale and motivate staff.
 Leader have to encourage employees to perform well in the organisation

Theories
Participative leadership Theory-
Marks and Spencer can also use Participative leadership theory to involve different
participant and suggest decisions regarding the betterment of organisation. Participation
leadership theory involves each and every individual to contribute in any activity. In this theory
the leader makes employee feel valued in the team so that they can achieve the goals and
objective with teamwork. For Marks and Spencer participative theory is the best theory to reduce
the high turnover and conflicts among the employees.
P3 Apply the theories and model of approach including situational leadership, system leadership
and contingency.
The different theories and model of approach are as follows-
Situational Leadership-
Situational Leadership is one of the leadership style that refers to when the leader or
manager of Marks and Spencer have to change their style to fit development level of the
followers to whom they are influencing (de Sousa Jabbour et. al., 2019). The leader only decide
whether they have to change their style or not, the followers don't have to adapt the leader's style.
According to the situation, the style may varies so that the needs of the others get fulfilled.
Role of Leaders-
 The role of leader in situational leadership is to give the high level of direction and
supervise constantly.
 The situational leader are flexible according to the current situation and can easily adapt
the style.
 The leader delegate the tasks to the team who are capable to accomplish the task
effectively.
Role of Managers-
 The manager must includes and encourage the staff to participate in decision making
deliberately.
 The manager must ensure that the employees skills and knowledge gets developed.
 The manager is responsible to build strong relationship among the employee and
employer.
Strength and Weakness of Situational Leadership

The strength of situational leadership is that it is a Flexible approach that encourages
collaboration among the workers. It also helps to create an awareness of current situation in
organisation. The Weakness of Situational leadership is that focus on meeting immediate needs
rather than looking towards long term needs.
System Leadership-
System Leadership is a leadership style that focus on the individuals skills and capacities
which can be support the process of system change. The system leaders are smart and ambitious
visionaries with a strong skill in management (Mazzarol and Reboud, 2020). In Marks and
Spencer this style is used to develop the skills and knowledge of the staff which leads to enable
the process of system change.
Role of Leader-
 The leader have to motivate and mobilise others.
 The leaders in system leadership style makes an effort to influence individual for
contributing their best.
 The leaders in this style avoids to be hero and to be dependent on others.
Role of Manager-
 The manager have faith and confidence in the skills of their employees which can support
the system process.
 The manager evaluate the data and overall performance of the employees.
 The manager of Marks and Spencer have to oversee the employee contribution towards
the each sector of the organisation.
Strength and Weakness of System Leadership
Strength of System Leadership is that they ensures the skills and abilities of employees so
that they can support the process of system change. System Leadership weakness is that creates
disputes situation in organisation that helps difficulty in maintaining relationship between the
employees.
Contingency Leadership-
Contingency theory determines how to improve the productivity and boost the employee
morale. This theory focuses on how the situation can impact the leader's effectiveness and their
abilities (Behl and Dutta, 2019). In Marks and Spencer this theory works in a better way as a
leader can be effective in one situation and ineffective in another situation.

Role of Manager-
 Manager provides a various ways to reach the problem and encourage them to find out
the solutions of the particular problem.
 The manager can mould the policies according to the demanding situations.
Role of Leader-
 The leaders work to enhance the performance of the employees so that they can give their
productive in the organisation.
 They encourage the team to participate in all the activity of the organisation.
Strength and Weakness of Contingency Leadership
The Strength of Contingency Theory is that it helps to design the structure of organisation
and make effective decision regarding betterment of the organisation. Weakness of Contingency
leadership is that sometimes it create problematic for leaders to handle the situations.
Recommendations
For attaining better productivity and profitability Marks and Spencer can use Situational
Leadership Theory which helps the organisation to change their style according to latest trend
and demands of customers so that they can adapt the changes and enhance their growth.
TASK 3
P4 Describe the key approaches to operations management and the role of leader and managers
play.
To understand the operation management in a different and better way, these approaches
helps to determine the current situation of company and take appropriate actions to improve the
performance. The key approaches to operation management are as follows-
Six sigma-
It is an operational management tool that is used to measure quality of products in the
organisation. This methodology is used to improve the current processes of business and
eliminates any defect in the product or services. It is designed keeping in mind the quality
management in large companies (Chen et. al., 2020). It also helps to increase the customer
satisfaction by minimising the mistakes and maximising the value of business. Six Sigma
improves the performance and growth of Marks and Spencer. There are various Industries who

follow this approach they are insurance industry, retail industry, logistic industry and Industrial
Sector.
Role of manager-
The role of manager In Marks and Spencer is to perform various functions and provide
resources through which they can accomplishment the target. Manager performs Planning
function in which they can use Six sigma approach that helps to set target. The manager of
Marks and Spencer have to implement Six Sigma approach to eliminate defects in products from
manufacturing to Transactional process.
Role of Leader-
The leader have to invest in Six Sigma training that helps employees to achieve
objectives and goals. They have to communicate the importance of six sigma in Marks and
Spencer through which they can gain support of employees. In Marks and Spencer manager have
to drive a project related to Six sigma. The leader have to recognise and support the participation
of employees so that their performance and skills get enhanced.
Lean production-
Lean production is another approach to operation management that helps in cutting down
the waste and ensures the quality of the product. This approach minimises the activity that do not
give the value to the production process. This theory explain how to use the resources effectively
by reducing the wastage. The use of lean production in Marks and Spencer helps to eliminate the
wastage in the production activity with optimum utilisation of resources.
Role of Manager-
The role of manager is to order materials or goods from supplier at right time. The
manager of Marks and Spencer have to carried out effectiveness of goods. They have a
responsibility to check that no useful materials get eliminated. The manager make sure that the
employee may not face any problem regarding the lean production. They have to give reports to
higher authority related to progress. They have to use the latest technologies to cut out the waste
materials.
Role of Leader-
The Leaders helps the employees to understand the responsibilities regarding lean
production. They have to brief the activities to the employee so that they can work to eliminate
wastage. The Leader create an environment that helps employees to improve their work or

performance continuously. Marks and Spencer leaders have to monitor the process of elimination
of wastage. They have to ensure that the employees must give their productive and work
according to the direction of manager.
P5 Describe the importance and value of operation management in achieving the objectives of
Marks and Spencer.
Operation Management is a function that helps to manage the process of creating
products or services, it includes planning, coordinating, organising and controlling the resources
that could be help to produce products or services of Marks and Spencer. The Operations of
Marks and Spencer are as follows-
Logistic and Inventory Management-
The aim of logistic and Inventory management is to handle and maintain the stock level
which are required to fulfil the demands of customers. The role of logistic department in Marks
and Spencer is to feature delivery, packaging, distribution process and information processing to
deliver goods from production location to consumer. The company have to manage logistic and
maintain proper stock so that they can deliver the products to its customer in appropriate time.
Control and distribution system-
Distribution and Control System in Marks and Spencer have focused on order fulfilment
through various channels, they have to manage the inventory so that they can fulfil the demands
of Customers. They have a proper control on their process which helps in achieving mission and
objective of Marks and Spencer.
Operation management is a procedure that includes planning, organising, controlling,
managing and supervising the manufacturing and production activity. The objective of operation
manager is to deliver the product at appropriate time and convert the raw materials into finished
goods. The importance and value of operation management in achieving the objectives of Marks
and Spencer are as follows-
Transformational of raw materials into Finished goods-
The operation management department transforms the raw materials into finished goods
through the use of machines, tools, human labour and Chemical process. They keep regulation
on the products and check its quality (Waleczek et. al., 2019). Marks and Spencer must make
sure that they offer a high quality of products as it attracts the customers and increases their

loyalty towards the organisation. When the quality of the product is better than their competitors
than automatically growth and development of the company get improved.
Capacity Management-
Capacity management is an activity through which company can maximize its production
output and its activities. The capacity of Marks and Spencer can be measured by how much they
can achieve, sell or produce. The operation management manages capacity of organisation that
helps in meeting its objectives. Marks and Spencer must make sure that they offer a high quality
of products as it attracts the customers and increases their loyalty towards the organisation.
When the quality of the product is better than their competitors than automatically growth and
development of the company get improved (Chatterjee et. al., 2021).
Process Design-
The main aim of Process Design is to focus on transforming organisation vision,
achieving financial objectives and other goals. The process design in Marks and Spencer makes
a plan to achieve its goals and objectives. The operation management department of Marks and
Spencer makes efforts through process design to increase the productivity. They make sure that
there should be proper staffing of employees to get maximum results and proper utilisation of
resources which leads to enhance productivity.
The objectives of Marks and Spencer is to build sustainable business through increasing
in profitability and growth. The manager and leader have to play different roles in meeting the
objectives of Marks and Spencer-
Role of Manager-
The role of Manager is to motivate the employees so that they can give their best
performance in increasing the growth and profit of Marks and Spencer. A highly motivated
employees gives their best outcomes than unmotivated people. The manager have to ensures that
staff of organisation must have proper concentration in maximising the production efficiently
and effectively so that they can make sustainable business (Chang, Y. T and et. al., 2019).
Role of Leader-
Role of Leader in achieving Marks and Spencer objective is to lead a proper team which
can help to build sustainable business and helps in increasing profitability and growth of
company. They have to conduct a program in which they can provide training to employees and
guide them to reduce waste material and make their business sustainable.

TASK 4
P6 Assess the factors within business environment that influence the decision making of leaders
and manager in operation management.
Business environment generally means factors which affects the performance of
organisation. The factors can be internal and external that influence the decision making of
leaders and manager in operation management. Marks and Spencer have to identify the factors
that could impact business operations and find out the strategies to overcome impacts. The
factors within business environment that influence the decision making of leaders and managers
in operation management are as follows-
 Corporate Social Responsibility-
Corporate Social Responsibility is an activity which helps organisation to recognise
better in the market with increases in sale and better financial performance. By conducting CSR
the businesses provides a positive social value in the society, consumers like to purchase the
products of the company that are socially indulge. The employees also work with the company
that have good image in the society (Amekudzi-Kennedy et. al., 2020). Decision must be taken
for the welfare of the organisation, that the reputation of brand get enhanced and can attract more
talents. The leadership and management plays a great role in Corporate Social Responsibility.
Marks and Spencer must adopt short term goals so that it helps the organisation in long run.
Marks and Spencer have to make sure that their large part of corporate social responsibility is
given for the betterment of local community. The company have to ensures that CSR policy
shouldn't affect the decision making system of Firm as they are ethical in nature and beneficial
for stakeholders.
 Culture-
While manufacturing products organisation have to look out the certain factors that have
to be consider while producing the products, they have to identify the culture of place where they
are delivering products and design the products according to that place as Culture affects the
Business environment in a direct way. Marks and Spencer have to find out the cultural
background of the place so that the customers purchases the products and the sale of the
company increases. The culture of particular place plays an effective role in decision making
process as the manager have to make the decisions according to the cultural background of that

place keeping in mind the cultural diversity so that consumers may feel connected towards
products and they visit the store frequently.
 Values-
Values are the beliefs that motivate and encourage people, the product or services are
developed according to the values of customers. Marks and Spencer have to analyse the value of
consumers and fulfill the needs and demands of them. Value are essential part that influence the
decision making of leaders and managers they take decision keeping in mind the respect,
responsibility, integrity of the customers. They have to develop a proper culture so that
employees can show their talent and skills (Andersen, P. H., 2019).
 Ethics-
Ethics is mainly concern with what is good and what is bad for the individuals. The ethics
also influence the decision making of leaders and manager in operation management (Le et. al.,
2019). There are various ethical issues which should be address by Marks and Spencer, the
manager and leader have to take the decision based on ethical issues and find out the solutions to
overcome it. For Ethical Business the manager have to ensure that the activities such as CSR
should not harm stakeholders of Marks and Spencer and also the Environment.
CONCLUSION
It is been concluded from the above information that the manager and leader plays a
various roles and functions that helps to ascertain the profit and increase the growth of the
organisation. There are several theories and approaches that can be used to improve the
efficiency of operation management to meet the objectives of the business. The organisation
have to consider the factors which could influence the operations activity and find out the ways
to handle the factors which creates an impact on business.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Agostino, I. R. S and et. al., 2020. Forecasting models in the manufacturing processes and
operations management: Systematic literature review. Journal of Forecasting. 39(7).
pp.1043-1056.
Agrawal, V. V., Atasu, A. and Van Wassenhove, L. N., 2019. OM Forum—New opportunities
for operations management research in sustainability. Manufacturing & Service
Operations Management. 21(1). pp.1-12.
Amekudzi-Kennedy, A. A and et. al., 2020. Transportation Performance Management for
System Operations: Development of processes, Tools, Measures and Targets.
Andersen, P. H., 2019. Sustainable Operations Management (SOM) Strategy and Management:
An Introduction to Part I. In Operations Management and Sustainability (pp. 15-25).
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Basole, R. C and et. al., 2020. Visualization in Operations Management Research. Available at
SSRN 3637040.
Behl, A. and Dutta, P., 2019. Humanitarian supply chain management: a thematic literature
review and future directions of research. Annals of Operations Research. 283(1).
pp.1001-1044.
Chang, Y. T and et. al., 2019. The impact of internal audit attributes on the effectiveness of
internal control over operations and compliance. Journal of Contemporary Accounting
& Economics. 15(1). pp.1-19.
Chen, S and et. al., 2020. Cloud Computing Value Chains: Research from the Operations
Management Perspective. Available at SSRN.
de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L and et. al., 2019. Circular economy business models and operations
management. Journal of cleaner production. 235. pp.1525-1539.
Franke, H., Foerstl, K. and Heese, H. S., 2020. The interaction effect of goal misalignment and
metaknowledge distribution on team decision making in operations and supply chain
management. Decision Sciences.
Helo, P. and Hao, Y., 2019. Blockchains in operations and supply chains: A model and reference
implementation. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 136. pp.242-251.
Le, T. V and et. al., 2019. Supply, demand, operations, and management of crowd-shipping
services: A review and empirical evidence. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging
Technologies. 103. pp.83-103.
Mazzarol, T. and Reboud, S., 2020. Operations Management. In Small Business
Management (pp. 277-317). Springer, Singapore.
Sabbaghtorkan, M., Batta, R. and He, Q., 2020. Prepositioning of assets and supplies in disaster
operations management: Review and research gap identification. European Journal of
Operational Research. 284(1). pp.1-19.
Tran, C. T., 2020. Operations Management.
Waleczek, P and et. al., 2019. On the dynamic bundles behind operations management and
research and development. European Management Journal. 37(2). pp.175-187.