Comprehensive Report on Leadership and Management at Marks and Spencer

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management principles, using Marks and Spencer (M&S) as a case study. It defines the roles of leaders and managers, differentiating their characteristics and responsibilities. The report explores various leadership theories, including trait and contingency theories, and management theories. It also examines the application of Henri Fayol's management functions (planning, organizing, leading, controlling) and Mintzberg's leadership roles within the context of M&S. Furthermore, it analyzes how leadership and management adapt to different organizational situations, such as stable manufacturing, conflict, and technological changes, highlighting the impact of these situations on management functions. The report concludes by emphasizing the interplay between leadership and management in contemporary business environments.

Management and
Operations
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Contents
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.......................................................................................................................................................3
P1............................................................................................................................................................3
TASK 2.......................................................................................................................................................7
P2............................................................................................................................................................7
P3............................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3.....................................................................................................................................................11
P4..........................................................................................................................................................11
P5..........................................................................................................................................................14
TASK 4.....................................................................................................................................................17
P6..........................................................................................................................................................17
CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................19
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INTRODUCTION
At all company this is important to conduct proper management as well as operations
because through that they can attain their predetermined goal in proper manner. Management is
determined as the technique which is implemented by an organization director and leader in
order to conduct each as well as every operation in properly and in allotted time (Benjaafar and
Hu, 2020). In addition to this, operations refer to the tasks which are conducted by a company for
attaining their predetermined objective. It is responsibilities of company manager as well as
leader to conduct effective operations as well as management as this will help employees in
performing their duties properly which lead to achievement of desire goal.
Association chose for separate report that is Marks and Spencer which is notable British
worldwide retail organization established by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in 1884. Its
administrative center is situated at London, United Kingdom and they are settled its business at
the overall areas. The principle point of leading this report is to comprehend about the viability
of the board and tasks of Marks and Spencer and for that few themes are thought of. That will
include difference between role of leader and function of manager, it will also define role of
leader and function of manager in different situation as well as it will also include different
leadership theories. Moreover report will also include appreciation of role leader and manager
plays at the different operations as well as it will also demonstrate about relationship among the
leadership and management in respect of contemporary business environment.
TASK 1
P1
Definition of leader
Leader is considered as an individual who mainly hold a superior position at the company
and they are able to exercise strong stage of controlling on other staffs as well as these people
has strong influencing power (Bogaert and et. al., 2020). Through the influence of these people
other get ready to conduct their work in effective manner so that their company can attain their
targeted goal successfully.
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Role of leader
 The job of supervisor is to create positive and compelling condition at the work
environment on the grounds that through it representatives feel inspired and perform best
for accomplishing want objective just as targets.
 At an organization leader also design as well as develop creative, innovative and effective
strategies which help them in encouraging employees for achieving desire goal
successfully.
Characteristics of leader
 Main characteristics of leader are that they are honest, self confident, self motivated and
so on which encourage and attract employees (Cachon, Girotra and Netessine, 2020).
 Leader is profoundly self roused which move other to perform adequately at the working
environment with the goal that they can achieve their longing objective just as target
effectively.
Definition of manager
Manager of a company is determined as a person who is mainly responsible for several
activities or task that are conducted in an organization. There are several subordinate or
employees who report to the manager at workplace. Manger of a company conduct numbers of
activities such as motivates staffs, conduct planning, train new jonnies and many more.
Role of manager
 The main role of manager of a company is to motivate employees so that they conduct
their work properly with full dedication because that will lead to attainment of
predetermined goal as well as target successfully (Choi, Guo and Luo, 2020).
 Another major role of manager is to conduct planning and develop strategies, rules and
regulation as well as it is also their role to ensure that all employees fill follow it
effectively.
Characteristics of manager
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 The main character of manager is that they have strong communication skills which help
them in communicating with other employees and convincing them to perform work
properly for attaining goal.
 Manager also motivate employee by appraising them through monetary or non-monetary
rewards.
Difference between manager and leader
Basis Manager Leader
Working style It is characteristic of manager
that they are more concern
with the conducting activities
in the right manner instead of
doing right things (Erjavec
and Trkman, 2020).
On the other hand leader
character is that they concern
with conducting right thing
instead of doing it in right
manner.
Approach This is role of manager that
they do planning of all details
activities which are going to
perform at the workplace.
Leader role is to guide their
team members so that they
perform their activities
properly for the attainment of
goal.
Application of theories with example of Marks and Spencer
Leadership theories
There are several leadership theories which an organization can receive so as to direct
their work in compelling and fitting way. Some of them are clarified underneath in regard of
Marks and Spencer:-
Trait theory: According to this leadership theory leader of Marks and Spencer must develop
strategies according to their personality threats because that will help them in conducting work
effectively (Hwang, Tak and Vukovic, 2020). For example- they must have treats like social,
personality, physical and many more.
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 Contingency theory: According to this leadership theory leader of respective company
must need to consider several situational factors which impact on their strategies and
planning. For example their leader may adopt different contingency theories such as path
goal and many more.
Management theory
Management theory provides proper guideline the manager of a company so that they can
develop effective strategies and planning which leads to accomplishment of work properly which
lead to attainment of desire company goal in successful manner (Kaleida and et. al., 2020). For
example manager of Marks and Spencer must adopt different management theory such as
management by objective according to which they must develop certain goal before taking any
decision because it help in conducting work properly.
Management functions by Henri Fayol
 Planning – According to Henri Fayol planning is determining as drawing a good plan of
action with the active participation of entire organization. For example at this stage
manager of Marks and Spencer will conduct planning for improvement at the workplace.
 Organizing – According to this it is essential for manager to organize each and every
work in effective manner so that they attain their desire goal. For example in respect of
respective company their manager will train and recruit right individual for the job.
 Leading – In respect of this function manager of a company will command their staffs so
that they accomplish their task properly on time. For example in respect of Marks and
Spencer their leader and manager lead the employees so that they accomplish allotted
task properly.
 Controlling – In respect of this manager must control the company activities so that their
will less wastage and attainment of objective successfully. For example Manager of
Marks and Spencer will conduct controlling of activities so that they maintain positive
working environment.
Different leadership roles by Mintzberg
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 Interpersonal Roles – These roles are related to manager’s behaviour which focuses on
the interpersonal contact. This is also determining as roles that considered people i.e.
subordinate as well as outsider of firm. This will include roles like leader, liaison and
figurehead.
 Informational Roles – Respective role include receive, gathering and disseminating
information at workplace. Roles include in this are monitor, disseminator and
spokesperson.
 Decisional Roles – Decision roles include aspects of making choices as well as this is
lead by managers. The roles include in this are related to entrepreneur, disturbance
handle, resource allocator and negotiator.
TASK 2
P2
At an organization there are several situation take place according to which manger and
leader to perform different task so that they can handle situation effectively as well as it will also
help them in attaining their goal effectively and successfully. Manager and leader always prepare
of some common situation and they also know that which decision will be effective for which
situation and then accordingly they implement strategies (KC, Scholtes and Terwiesch, 2020). In
respect of Marks and Spencer, who is conducting its operation at the international level due to
which they experienced several situations which impact negatively on their business operations
and functions. Below some common situation that occur at the Marks and Spencer are given
below along with that role of leader and function of manager is mentioned according to
situation:-
Stable situation
Manufacturing
This is main function or situation which is conduct by a company on daily basis as well
as it is a stable function because through it they able to attain their desire goal as well as
objective in effective manner. In respect of Marks and Spencer they are conducting their
business at the clothing retail industry so for them manufacturing clothing is stable situation as
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that will help them in attaining their desire goal. In this situation manager as well as leader plays
an essential role because they motivate and guide their employees so that they conduct work
effectively.
Slow to moderate changing situation
Conflict Situation
It is one of the most common issues or situation which arises at the workplace and it will
directly impact on a company’s business operations and functions. There are several reasons
which lead to conflict situation such as discrimination among the employees due to age, gender,
color, religion and many more. Along with this conflict may also take place among the
employees and employees, employer and employees and employees and management, in all
cases business productivity as well as profitability ratio. In respect of Marks and Spencer there is
also rise of conflict situation among the employer and employees because their employer does
decimation among the employees (Kidd, 2020). Due to this, productivity as well as profitability
of Marks and Spencer gets decreased. In this situation manager and leader of respect company
perform different function and role in order to solve conflict situation.
Fast changing situation
Technology change
It is generally take place when management of a company decide to adopt new and
advance technology at their workplace in order to enhance their effectiveness and productively
quality. In respect of Marks and Spencer they also go through or experience same situation when
management introduce new technology at the workplace, then in this situation there are some
employees who didn’t want to adopt change because they think it will hard to adopt. Along with
this, it is essential for companies to adopt new technology or implement fast chaining situation
because that will help them in enhancing their work quality and effectiveness.
In respect of Marks and Spencer, the situation which impact on their business operations
and function is related to fast chaining situation due to technology. This is so in clothing industry
change take place on continuous basis as well as for companies it is essential to adopt these
changes on regular basis as that will help in sustaining at the marketplace for the long time. In
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respect of this it manager and leader need to consider factors or functions of management and
develop strategies accordingly:-
Impact of organization situation on management function
 Planning – In respect of overcoming fast changing situation it is essential for respective
company manager to conduct workplace as well as market analysis and determine new
technology which they need to adopt. Moreover they also need to conduct planning
activities related to it in effective manner.
 Organizing - At this stage manager and leader of Marks and Spencer will conduct
organizing activities in which they need to organize resource for the attainment of new
technology in effective manner.
 Leading – In respect manager of Marks and Spencer will guide their employees so that
they can adopt new technology in effective manner as well as they also conduct work
properly for attainment of desire goal.
 Controlling – At the respective stage manager and leader of respective company will
conduct controlling of activities at the workplace so that there will be minimum wastage
as well as error. Through this they can achieve its predetermined desire goal successfully.
P3
There are several theories and models which can be adopted by an organization in order
to conduct their work in effective manner as well as this will also help in develop proper decision
according to situation. Moreover, it is necessary for company manager as well as leader to
develop strategies as well as planning by considering different theories and model as that will aid
in development of strategies in respect of current situation. In respect of Marks and Spencer they
also need to adopt several model and theories, from which some are mentioned below:-
 Situational leadership – It indicated as style in which leader as well as manager of an
organization creates procedures as per the circumstance that they are right now
confronting. So as to turn into a compelling leader an individual may embrace situational
authority model as that will help in creating systems as indicated by circumstance (Mišić
and Perakis, 2020). In context of Marks and Spencer their manager and leader adopt
several types of model or theories, from that some primary are explained below:-
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o Strength: Through this manager and leader of Marks and Spencer can develop
decision according to the situation which they are currently facing.
o Weakness: The respective model or theory is not much effective for long time
duration requirements of an organization.
 Systems leadership – It is considered as leadership model or theory according to which
leader and manager of a company can develop a specific situation at which staff feels
motivated as well as encouraged to perform specific work effectively (Olsen and Tomlin,
2020). In respect of Marks and Spencer they can adopt this theory for attaining their goal
by motivating employees in successful manner.
o Strength: By implementing respective strategy manager as well as leader of
respective company able to increase motivation level of employees which
encourage them to attain their desire goal as well as target successfully.
o Weakness: System leadership model may required huge time in some situation
which may impact on the working.
 Contingency leadership – This model is developed in 1958 by Fred Fiedler, according to
this model success of a leader will not only depend on their abilities it will also impacted
through two factors I.e. situation and set of manger. In respect of Marks and Spence, in
order to implement contingency leadership respective company able to attain their desire
goal successfully and effectively.
o Strength: This will not require that all employees of Marks and Spencer will be
productive in specific situation. Effectiveness of some employees will be
sufficient (Razalli, 2020).
o Weakness: This is no specific or clear procedure respective can be adopted by
Marks and Spencer.
These are main model and theories which are adopted by Mark and Spencer in order to
conduct their work in effective as well as appropriate manner. Along with this, implication of
these model help in attaining desire goal and objectives successfully.
System theory By Ludwig Von Bertalanffy and Petter Senge
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It is considered as theory which has interdisciplinary theory related to the nature of
complex system in society, nature as well as science. The respective theory is considered as
cohesive conglomeration of interrelated as well as interdependent parts that can be human made
or natural. In respect of system theory at the Marks and Spencer, the manager as well as leader
able to understand situation properly and conduct work in the systematic manner. In respect of
this company also adopt inputs, process, and output and feedback procedure. According to which
input will be employees efforts among the customers, then processing will be interaction among
the employees and audiences. In respect of this output is considered as satisfaction level of
customer as well as then feedback is determine as suggestion which is given by customer
according to the services. Along with this, it is necessary for Marks and Spencer manager to do
their allotted work in appropriate ways so that they can attain their predetermined goal and target
in effective way. Furthermore, it will also aid them in conducting practices in proper ways for the
attainment of set objective or aim successfully.
Strength and weakness of system theory
Strengths Weaknesses
The system theory has simple representation
of the world. It is also has effective as well as
appropriate visual representation. It is also
based on the modular as well as hierarchical
factor.
The weakness of respective theory is that it
implicit spatial representation as well as there
is no heterogeneity.
TASK 3
P4
Operations management is considered as a situation according to which management
concerned or focused with the designing as well as controlling of procedure so that they deliver
quality services to customers. Moreover, it will also include redesigning of business operation
procedure for development of products as well as services effectively. There are several
approaches to operations management which can be adopted by an organization for attaining
their desire goal and objective. Through the implementation of these approaches a company
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management can conduct their business operations as well as functions in successful way
(Sabbaghtorkan, Batta and H, 2020). Some of the main approaches to operations management
which can be implement by Marks and Spencer are given below along with role which leader
and manager will plan in that situation:-
 Six Sigma – It is considered as method which is adopted by a company in order to
minimize defects in process as well as it will also help in reducing procedure variability.
Respective model consist of several aspects such as measuring, improving, validation of
task and many more (Schönsleben, 2020). There are five level of respective model and it
is essential for manager and leader of Marks and Spencer to adopt i.e. define, improve,
analyze, measure and control. By implementing this respective company management
able to determine ineffective stage and deduct it from the whole procedure. In the
implementation of this process manager and leader also play major role because manager
will conduct analysis and develop strategies. After which leader will guide employees
how they can adopt that strategies for minimizing waste and attaining desire goal
successfully. Total quality management – It is considered as model that helps a company in
maintaining quality of their work or process. Through this company also able to ensure
that each and every procedure are conducted in proper manner and quality of their work
is maintain properly. In respect of Marks and Spencer by adopting process of total quality
management manager and leader able to ensure that their work as well as products quality
are effective (Schönsleben, 2020). Through this respective company able to attract more
and more customers as they ensure that their products are best and of best quality. In
respect of this Marks and Spencer manager and leader play effective role because
manager develop and arrange training programmes for employees so that they know
effective way to work. Along with this, leader will guide employees for the same because
that will help them in ensuring that work and products quality are maintained in proper
way. Just in Time – By adopting respective method Marks and Spencer able to conduct their
work in the timely manner as well as it will also help them in determining issues at the
initial stage.
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