Leadership and Management: Theories and Practices Analysis

This report delves into the multifaceted realm of leadership and management, examining the characteristics of successful leaders, the development of leadership skills, and the distinctions between management and leadership. It explores various leadership theories, including transformational and situational approaches, highlighting their practical applications in organizational settings. The report also defines management, outlining its core functions, and contrasts it with leadership, emphasizing their differing roles and responsibilities within a business context. The analysis includes the big five personality traits and their impact on leadership effectiveness. Additionally, it examines transactional and participative leadership styles, providing a comprehensive overview of leadership development strategies and their impact on organizational success. The report is structured with references to support the different concepts explained.

LEADERSHIP AND
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
Successful leaders ......................................................................................................................1
Developing good leader..............................................................................................................3
Definition of Management and leadership..................................................................................6
Differences between management and leadership......................................................................7
Personal experience.....................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

Characteristic of successful leaders
Leaders is a person who do thing right or manage employee's in the organization. In other
words, a person who command or leads a group and firm effectively. Honesty, straightforward
and responsibility are the quality of leader (Goffee and Jones, 2015). Being a successful leader
they have the power of motivation, communication skills, delegating, managing workers'
performance etc. which help to become a successful leader. Decision making, innovation and
creativity, inspiring others are the quality of good leaders. For example, using different theory
help to understand the contribution of leadership in making prospering leaders.
Big five personality traits-
Big five traits of personality are based on five wider domains which reflect leader’s
personality and individual differences. It is also known as five factors and OCEAN model, it
person to understand who to become a successful leaders. For being a good leader an individual
need to include some features, such as-
 Openness: As according Leutner (2014) to being a successful or effective leader person
should be creative and innovative in nature. They need to learn something new and enjoy
the experiences during creating new things which usually score high in openness. It
includes many traits like being imaginative and insightful and having broad variety of
interests in doing different things. By following this characteristic in work make leaders
better in performances that is beneficial for business management and profit. Curiousness
is the most important part of openness because it reflects the interest of leader for making
new and different things.
 Conscientiousness: It is the trait of personality of being diligent and careful, it implies a
hope to do task well and to take facultative to other seriously (Oz, 2014). Individual need
to be conscientiousness about their work which make them successful leader. They want
to be dependable and organized which show its self-discipline behaviour. To become a
successful leader personal has to ambitious, hard working ability and good planner.
 Extraversion: Introversion and extraversion are the factors that concerns where
individual drawn its power and energy and the way which they used to interact with
others. Sociable, friendly and communicative are the necessary characteristic that help to
make a successful leader.
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 Agreeableness: Leader should be trusting, motivating, humble and supportive in
workplaces. They need to help employee's and other members to improve their
performance and develop skills more than now (Ashton, Lee and De Vries, 2014).
Leader has to be very helpful and polite in nature that make others comfortable in
workplaces.
 Neuroticism: It is one of the big five factors in which a wide score indicates more
negative traits. Moody, anxious, fearful and unstable are the common traits which have
included in the nature of leader. But they do not raise the range of fear at higher level.
During excepting new challenges' get arise that affair leader and they feel uncomfortable
in work.
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Illustration 1: Big Five Personality Traits
(Source: Big Five personality test traits, 2018)

Situational approach-
Situational approach is use in the demand of different situations and various leadership. It
refers when leader of company adjusts their style to fit the development stage of followers that
they trying to influence. Leader need to adopt situational leadership in their performance or style
which help to make their decision according to the situation. They adapt for improving work
environment and need of company. It is not based on particular skill of leaders; instead they
modify its management style which is suitable accordant to the requirement of organization
(Petrossian, 2015). It is one of the best approach that help to encourage leader to take decision
and manage team members at workplace. Situational approach makes leader flexible at work
area that is beneficial for them as well as business growth. Successful leader always takes right
decision as according to situations that helps the other members.
Transformational leadership-
Transformational leadership is the best approach that origin change in person and social
systems. It creates positive and valuable change in individual with end goal of developing
people into successful leaders. It enhances morale, motivation and performance of individuals
through variety of performance (Breevaart and et.al., 2014). Transformational leadership is based
on four elements such as individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, intellectual
stimulation and idealized influence. Through motivating and inspiring employee's follower
became a successful leader that build their reputation and high level of position. They need to
provide coaching to workers for improving their performance and guide them as mentor. Being a
successful leader they have the quality of taking risk and challenges which make them stronger.
Developing skills to become good leader
Yes, leadership develop good or successful leaders. Many people have the ability to
become a good leader. Leadership developed person skills and knowledge, through deliberate
practices. Good leaders need to be disciplined in professional and personal life in order to be
effective leader. They have the inspiring quality which they used to inspire other at workplace.
Transformational leadership theory
Effective leadership theories can be incorporated within the selected organization that
helps an individual to emerge as a successful leader. In the present scenario, transformational
theory ODF leadership can be incorporated within the firm that will help in proper assessment of
the operational needs of an individual. It states that vision and passion can drive an individual to
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have high level of skills and achieve great objectives within an organization. It also includes the
setting up of a role model or inspiration that will help in succeeding the skill set of an individual,
providing him with an effective experience and developing his vision. Transformational
leadership theory is one of the best approach which develop leadership skill more in follower
that make them a good leader. Through this theory, leaders understand team requirements
regarding through changes. They create vision and mission to guide the change through
motivating and inspiration and execute members according to the changes. Motivation and
support is the best way for making employee's comfortable and satisfied at workplaces.
Participative leadership
Participative leadership is managerial way that invites input from workers on
organization decision making process. It is one of the most effective style that develop leadership
skills among follower (Lam, Huang and Chan, 2015). Leader need to change the style in which
they solve issues based on specific problem, setting and situation. Thus, if a person need to be a
good leader they want to use different types of leadership styles that make them successful leader
in the organization.
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Leader always need to involve employees in making any decision that will improve the
understanding of issues. They have to refer other staff members as well in this process, possibly
includes peers, stakeholders, subordinates and superiors. Through sharing knowledge and
information with the other members in the firm leader build strong relationship with them.
Involving employee's in decision making is one of the best ideas because through this process
leader use the skills and new thoughts of workers which is very beneficial for business growth
and judgment procedure. They need to collaborate with others and encourage them for achieving
company goals and objectives. By focusing, building team or relationship etc. are the skill that
make a good leader or develop leadership style among them. They have to trust on their team
that they help them work on problems and reach at the solutions. Giving respect to the values of
workers and customer build a good leadership style in leader.
Transactional leadership
Transactional leadership style make leader managerial in way in which they promote
compliance by staff member's through punishments and rewards. Through this process they
motivate employee's for short term.
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I
llustration 2: Participative Leadership Theory
(Source: Participative Leadership: What it Is and When it Works Best, 2014)

Employees perform its best when chain of direction and command is clear and definite,
so for that good leader always give proper directions to their team that help them in the entire
performance process. These performances have been considered on the bases of worker’s efforts
which they done for business growth. Leader provide them rewards and motivate or inspire them
for developing their skills more and more than the others. They need to focus on group or team
work performance and use punishment and rewards system to prompt followers. To become a
good leader, they have to monitor follower cautiously to enforce rules, punish failure and reward
success. They only need to concentrate on maintaining staff and enforcing current expectations
and rules. Leader set standards and expectation that maximize productivity and efficiency of
organization. They incline to give constructive feedback according follower performance that
permit team members to develop or amend their output to receive better reinforcement and
feedback. They encouraged workers or other people in company toward be creative and find out
the new ideas which help to solve the problems. At the time of crisis through applying
transactional leadership style leader maintain the status quo and keep organization business
afloat. By operating team structure effectively leader become a good leader and develop their
knowledge more than the others.
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Illustration 3: Transactional Leadership
(Source: Transactional Leadership, 2018)

Definition of Management and leadership
Management-
Management is the process of dealing with things or controlling individual activity. It is
the most important for the organization that manage entire business function and activity of firm.
Management is the set of different strategies or plans of company which coordinate with the
efforts of its workers to accomplished their objectives through available assets, such as
technology, financial and human resources. In another words it refers to the person who operate
or manage whole organization functions (Unterscheider and et.al., 2014). Manager is responsible
for managing company business activities and process of manufacturing goods or services. In
large company generally have three level of managers, which are basically organized in
hierarchical pyramid structure.
Planning, directing, organizing and controlling are the functions of manager which they
follow in making plans for business growth and success. They need to manage entire
organization activities by provide proper guidance and directions to their subordinates. They get
work complete through employee's or other members in company. Manager run management
function effectively by creating healthy environment in work area which help to maintained staff
behavior and performance.
Leadership-
Leadership is the action of directing or leading team of individual and organization
effectively. In a simple word it is the part of motivation and support a group of persons to action
towards achieving common objectives and goals (Bolden, 2016). Setting a business leadership
style directing employee's and colleagues with plan or strategy to meet with the firm’s needs.
Leader is the person who have the leadership skills among themselves that help them for
managing entire employee's performances in workplace. Leadership style involves many things
like, establishing defined vision and mission, provide better knowledge and information to team,
share vision with others and balance or coordinate all members about resolving conflict
situations. It is one of the best ability of person which influence and direct followers or other
staff members of company. Leadership style is based on the role of leader who give their
performance effectively for balancing other activities as well. To become a great leader they
have the quality to make the best strategies and taking right decisions and persuade another to
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follow the same. They need to know how to inspire or motivate employee's and get followers to
accomplished the tasks that achieve their goal and objectives.
Differences between management and leadership
Bases Leadership Management
Role Leadership is the best
approach that make a good
leader in firm. Most of the
leaders follow different types
of leadership styles in their
work for managing entire staff
performance at workplace.
Leader always lead a group
and provide directions to them.
They resolve problems among
workers and inspire them
towards achieving goal (Qu,
Janssen and Shi, 2015).
Through solving issues, they
build trust between employee's
and themselves.
As compare to the leaders,
manager has done the most
difficult thing to do that is
managing the entire company
functions and activities. They
represent its team to higher
management system. It is
different form the leadership
on the bases of informational,
interpersonal and decision
roles. Manager recruit
candidates, supervise and
provide training to them for
developing their skills more.
Characteristic Honesty, confidence, creativity
and ability to inspire are the
characteristic of good leader
that they consistently possess.
They need to make new
strategies or plans for motivate
employee's and others as well.
Leaders are not born, but
develop through practices and
get continued experience.
As compare with leadership
characteristic, management is
the continuous procedure that
never end. Manager take their
decision according to the
business situation needs or
requirement which is very
helpful for resolving or
maintain other activities
(Hassan and Hatmaker, 2014).
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Leadership skills is needed in
every leader who contribute
and support team. They always
learn from their mistakes and
constantly work at strengthen
its weakness.
They follow and apply
established rules and principles
in performance that operate
whole business structure
effectively. Time management
is one of the best characteristic
in manager.
Responsibility Leader is responsible for
directing and guiding team of
workers as they complete
tasks. They are amenable for
implementing and developing
time line for their group that
they used to reach end goal.
Management is reactive in
nature more than leadership
because it is proactive.
Managers is responsible for
leading and overseeing work
of team of individual in many
instances. They are also liable
for maintaining and planning
work system, make policies
that modify and encourage
employee's performance and
resources within organization
business.
Personal experience
By using different types of leadership approaches I learn something new and unique that
help me to accomplish my work. As the leader in the organization I learned about leadership
which is very important for managing employee's performance. Through Gibbs' Reflective
Learning Cycle I will reflect my own experience in workplace. This learning experience is based
on six stages such as, description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan.
Under the process of reflecting my experiences at work area in company, I need to explain my
role and responsibility in firm, including all the information about my job position.
Description- I am a leader in TESCO company and I have many responsibilities like
provide coaching, training and developing employee's skills. Support and motivation is one of
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my most important contribution that help firm to make business successful. I provide guidance
that help management during hiring and training. According to my role I have all the knowledge
about my team or group members' like weaknesses, strength and motivations.
Feeling- As leader in company I learn something different in the entire process of
training and coaching. I feel more comfortable and stronger at the time when I provide these
sessions to employee's. I think that this is one of the best way for improving their performance
and influence them towards achieving common goal. Coaching is the best way that effect on
employee's positively, it builds trust in order to get the best output of them. Training influence
work environment because it develops knowledge more and more. Through encouragement I
will make strong team that face any difficult situation and take any risks as well in workplaces.
Evaluation- I think that training is the most essential thing for workers that developed
their knowledge more than now. At the time of competitive environment employee's need to be
stronger than others that help to execute entire process. Thus, for resolving the problems my
responsibility is to give them proper training and coaching according to the needed situation.
Through this procedure follower give them positive reactions and adopt in their performance
style. I feel good during my job work but sometimes I also feel bad when employee's does not
give their good performance which is one of the most negative experience that I feel at the whole
procedure.
Analysis- Employees support and understanding help me during the entire process of
training and coaching. Through their support I will accomplish my goal and objective in
workplaces. In TESCO number of workers perform their work by having different languages and
culture which make conflict during the process. This will impact on my performance and activity
that hinder the event. As per according to me training is very important for business and
employee's career growth. In other words, successful coaching enhance self-belief and
motivation of team, basically at the time of uncertainty and change in business environment.
Conclusion- In the entire procedure of employee's growth and development I have done
many things or efforts that make strong team. During this process I learned how to make group
stronger and potential for facing difficult situations. This is one of my best experience that also
develop my skills more than now. Through training and coaching positive outcome get arise
which help to maximize business profitability and productivity. At the time of hiring new
candidate in workplaces I need to apply same thing again that also give positive respond or
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outcomes. Languages barrier create conflict situation during the process that directly impact on
employee's morale and culture. Thus, for resolving issues I try to understand their needs and
requirement and also try to know more about their languages as well that help me in the entire
action. I will make sure that this thing never happen in TESCO because it effects other
performances. Thus, for solving conflict permanently I will provide workers proper guidance and
help them for understanding different languages through develop collaborative and
communicative environment.
Action plan- Thus, after doing all the efforts know I need to apply new plans or
strategies that develop employee's performance. Training, coaching and motivation always help
to improve workers work style which is going to be for so long. In making the whole plan I need
to learn more about people different languages and culture that help me during provide training
or motivation to staff. In, future I will assure that I build up good relationship with others in
workplace. I am performing alongside many followers during mu placement and try to speak to
each of them about my fear. In term of training I have engaged onto presentation skills session at
TESCO and intend to follow it up by attending the practice conference afterwards.
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REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Ashton, M.C., Lee, K. and De Vries, R.E., 2014. The HEXACO Honesty-Humility,
Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors: A review of research and theory. Personality
and Social Psychology Review. 18(2). pp.139-152.
Bolden, R., 2016. Leadership, management and organisational development. In Gower handbook
of leadership and management development (pp. 143-158). Routledge.
Breevaart, K. and et.al., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily
employee engagement. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology. 87(1).
pp.138-157.
DuBois, M. and et.al., 2015. Leadership Styles of Effective Project Managers: Techniques and
Traits to Lead High Performance Teams. Journal of Economic Development,
Management, IT, Finance & Marketing. 7(1).
Goffee, R. and Jones, G., 2015. Why Should Anyone Be Led by You? With a New Preface by the
Authors: What It Takes to Be an Authentic Leader. Harvard Business Review Press.
Hassan, S. and Hatmaker, D.M., 2014. Leadership and performance of public employees: Effects
of the quality and characteristics of manager-employee relationships. Journal of Public
Administration Research and Theory. 25(4). pp.1127-1155.
Lam, C.K., Huang, X. and Chan, S.C., 2015. The threshold effect of participative leadership and
the role of leader information sharing. Academy of Management Journal. 58(3). pp.836-
855.
Leutner, F. and et.al., 2014. The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big
Five personality traits. Personality and individual differences. 63. pp.58-63.
Oz, H., 2014. Big Five personality traits and willingness to communicate among foreign
language learners in Turkey. Social Behavior and Personality: an international
journal. 42(9). pp.1473-1482.
Petrossian, G.A., 2015. Preventing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing: A
situational approach. Biological Conservation. 189. pp.39-48.
Qu, R., Janssen, O. and Shi, K., 2015. Transformational leadership and follower creativity: The
mediating role of follower relational identification and the moderating role of leader
creativity expectations. The Leadership Quarterly. 26(2). pp.286-299.
Summerfield, M.R., 2014. Leadership: A simple definition. American Journal of Health-System
Pharmacy. 71(3). pp.251-253.
Unterscheider, J. and et.al., 2014. Definition and management of fetal growth restriction: a
survey of contemporary attitudes. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and
Reproductive Biology. 174. pp.41-45.
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Participative Leadership: What it Is and When it Works Best. 2014.[ONLINE]. Available through:
<https://blog.udemy.com/participative-leadership/>
Transactional Leadership. 2018.[ONLINE]. Available
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