Management and Operation Report: Roles of Leaders and Managers

This report provides a detailed analysis of management and operation, focusing on the roles and characteristics of managers and leaders within an organizational context. It examines the functions of management, including planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, and controlling, and explores the differences between leaders and managers, highlighting their respective responsibilities. The report further delves into the role of leaders and managers in various situations, such as stable, slow-changing, and fast-changing environments, and discusses the influence of organizational circumstances on management functions. Different leadership styles, including directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented approaches, are analyzed. Additionally, the report explores various theories and models related to leadership, including situational leadership, and their impact on organizational productivity and the achievement of business objectives. The case study of Marks & Spencer is used to exemplify the practical application of the concepts discussed. The report concludes with recommendations for effective leadership and management practices.

Management And Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK...............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Roles and characteristics of manager and leader..............................................................1
P2 Role of leader and manager in different situations...........................................................4
P3 Different theory and model of approaches including different leadership........................5
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that manager and leader play...7
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives........8
P6 Impact of internal factors upon operational management and decision making.............10
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Operation management is essential for every kind of company because many issues are
faced by manager at the time of production (Operations and Project Management (OPM), 2017).
If working procedure of association is not effective then it is required for the employer to
redesign it (White, 2016). As a result, they will be able to enhance their productivity as well as
profitability. This will assist them to accomplish needs and wants of customers within specific
period of time. Marks and Spencer is a retail store which was established in the United Kingdom
by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in the year 1885. They have more than 900 stores in all
over the world. This assignment is going to describe about the roles and characteristics of both
manager as well as leader. Duties that they have to perform in different situations will be
highlighted here. This report is also going to study about many elements which will put impact
on the decisions of management.
TASK
P1 Roles and characteristics of manager and leader
Manager has to make an effective control on company effectively as well as efficiently. It
is significant for them to set some objectives and goals for employees and therefore, they will
achieve it within limited time duration (López and et. al., 2015). There are many strategies and
policies formulated by superiors which have to be taken with care by staff members. It is
essential for manager to consider interest of employees at the time of making judgement. Apart
from this, they have to motivate their employees because it will assist to enhance their working
performance. It is required for them to deal with each individual in an appropriate manner who
are working at the workplace. Employer has to sort out all disputes within requisite time duration
and thus, they will accomplish their targets on time.
According to Anvari-Moghaddam, Monsef and Rahimi-Kian, (2015) “Management is
considered as both science and art; as a result, people will compete their work in an efficient and
effective manner.”
According to Haimes, (2015) “Leader is a person who accomplishes his work with much
motivation and in addition confidence. Their main purpose is to inspire people of group and
therefore, they will do their tasks effectually .”
There are various functions of management which are given as below:
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 Planning: Employer has to do overall planning for their firm so that employees will
perform their tasks effectually. This function is essential for company because with
assistance of this, labours will complete their work in a systematic manner. This will
work as a guideline for them and aid them to attain coveted targets as well as objectives
within certain time frame (Expósito and et. al., 2016). Organising: Manager has to manage all activities of an enterprise in a proper way. This
will help to fulfil each task effectually. For this purpose, it is essential for the staff
members to know about their roles and responsibilities which are having by them. Staffing: This is a foremost function of management as with the help of this, manager will
provide work to people according to their skills and knowledge. It will work as a
motivation for them and coveted objectives will be attained within limited period of time. Coordinating: It is needed for the superiors to create proper coordination amongst each
and every department. Therefore, it is required to keep up proper conversation between
them. This will help individuals to share their thoughts and opinions with each other.
Instead of all this, superiors have to cater direction to their subordinates. Controlling: It is essential for employer to make a proper control on the working of their
employees. This will aid to maintain their performance effectually. Along with this, it
aids to provide success and growth to company. As a result, there reputation in the
marketplace will get enhanced (Liu and et. al., 2015).
Mintzberg's roles for leadership: This will be stated as beneath: Interpersonal role: It is necessary for a leader to perform their work effectively and
efficiently. They have to motivate their group members because this will increase their
work efficiency. Rather, it is required for them to maintain informational links.
Therefore, they will use some appropriate tools as well as techniques and this will
comprise meetings, emails and many more. Informational role: As indicated by this, manager of company will conduct a proper
research because this will assist them to know about the needs and wants of their
purchasers. As a result, they will fulfil it within limited period of time. This aids them to
take competitive advantages from their rivals at marketplace which will help firm to
improve their profits. To share requisite information as well as data with clients,
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superiors will utilize some reports. It will improve their reputation and market share
(Hong and et. al., 2015).
 Decisional role: Company has to utilize creative methodologies in their working
procedure. This will help them to improve the appropriateness of their products and
services. They will develop some new or unique items and services for customers. It will
aid to capture the attention of numerous clients. Apart from all this, employer has to
create budget for their firm which will help to reduce their wastage.
Instead of all this, there are some differences between leader as well as manager which are stated
as beneath:
Leader Manager
He is essential for each level in company and
in addition, he has to implement plan in the
firm in a proper way.
Fundamental purpose of them is to set some
targets for employees which they need to
achieve within limited period of time
(Hosseinzadeh and Salmasi, 2015).
They need to cater people’s guidance to their
members and therefore, they will complete it
appropriately.
He has to identify requirement for training so
that subordinates will get it accordingly. This
will work as a motivation and will improve
their work performance.
They are those individuals who represent their
enterprise in front of other companies.
It is important for them to allot work to persons
as per their capabilities, skills and talent.
Therefore, entire work will accomplish with
proper effectiveness.
Some of characteristics of both leader and manager are discussed as below:
 Entire task has to be accomplished positively and thus, desired targets will be achieved
effectively as well as efficiently (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes, 2015).
 They both need to accomplish their work in an honest way. Along with this, it has to be
genuine for employees.
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 Manager and leader must have an ability i.e. patience. This will assist them to perform
their task in a proper manner. Rather than this, they have to inspire their workforce to
achieve coveted objectives and goals.
Henceforth, it get comprehended that manager and along with him, leader is a significant
aspect of organisation. To improve the performance of staff members, it is essential to motivate
them. They both need to accomplish their own duties and responsibilities in an efficient manner
(Talari, Yazdaninejad and Haghifam, 2015).
P2 Role of leader and manager in different situations
There are many individuals who think that managers are not much significant in firm as
comparison to leaders. But this statement is entirely false because managerial functions will not
be done by each and every one. Therefore, to prove this there are some circumstances which will
happen in organisation are described. Along with this, influence of functions of management is
examined. Thus, styles which are associated with leadership is going to mention.
There is explanation of some organisational condition is stated as beneath: Stable situation: As per this, company is getting expected returns; therefore, there is no
requirement for them to make any big modifications into their strategies as well as style
of working (Matias and et. al., 2015). For example: M & S in United Kingdom, from
previous years there business is growing smoothly which will aid them to compete their
competitors at marketplace and in addition they do not have to do something different. Slow to moderate changing situation: Marks & Spencer began their business in Indian
marketplace and there is growth of economic is much higher. It is not possible for them
improve their market share in less time as requirement of premium class sector products
is less. Thus, business of firm will grow slowly. Fast-changing situation: There are vary quick modifications in UK market after Brexit.
Organisations do not know about influence of political factors; hence, it is required for
them make alterations accordingly to cope from it in an effective manner.
Influence of organisational circumstances on functions of management:
There are much stability in the business of Marks and Spencer. As there is not such
alterations; thus, no requirement for planning. In the present era, United Kingdom's market is
much stable which aid to provide growth to firm as per their evaluation. Each task of
organisation is arranged appropriately and in addition workers know about their duties and roles
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(Wang and et. al., 2015). Manager is concentrating on their performance; hence, there is no need
for alterations. Employees work is examined by superiors on continuous basis which help to
keep up proper control.
Rather than this, there are some styles of leadership which was propounded by Robert
House are stated as below: Directive: According to this, It is must for superior to cater direction to subordinates;
therefore, they will accomplish their work without any delay. It is also essential for staff
members to know that to whom they need to report regarding their work. Supportive: This method will help to reduce frustration as well as stress of staff members.
Styles of leadership will aid to assess people if their task in much difficult. Apart from
this, is work is very easy then, this sort of attribute is not much adequate because this will
not render any type of inspiration. Participative: According to this, employer will take support of their subordinates into
their judgement making procedures. It works as a motivation for them and in addition
they will accomplish their targets with more effectiveness (Ferruzzi and et. al., 2015).
 Achievement oriented: As indicated by this methodology, it is must for manager to set
some targets for their employees; so that, they will attain it within certain time span. As a
result, firm will keep up their reputation at marketplace and in addition will enhance their
profits.
Marks & Spencer is using participative leadership style into their firm because this will
work as a motivation for their workers and productivity will get enhanced. For example: when
profits of firm was low then, there one employee advised then to go into cloths segment which
will help to improve profits, as a result, after two years they become a top most industry in
clothing segment (Zhang and et. al., 2015).
Therefore, this will be understood that to build team, take decisions and many more,
leader and manager plays a prominent role. By following these styles they will achieve coveted
goals adequately.
P3 Different theory and model of approaches including different leadership
This is much associated with the productivity of an organisation. It is essential for them
to produce goods as well as services adequately because this will aid to accomplish requirements
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and demands of clients. As a result, it will improve their revenues and reputation at marketplace.
Therefore, in this context there are some theories which is described as below:
Situational leadership: It is developed by two individuals Ken Blanchard and Paul
Heresy. In 1970, it was called as a life cycle of leadership and but after some time this was
renamed and known as situational leadership. As indicated by this structure, there is not any
specific theory which will aid to deal with all circumstances. As a result, overall task will
accomplished within limited period of time. Along with this, it is much associated with group
level performance. Primarily, firm was utilizing directive method which means they provide
directions to their subordinates (Schulze and et. al., 2016). As time passes, they want to enlarge
their business in some more country; therefore, they have to take participation of each staff
members to acquire best decision. After this, they used participative approach into their business
as this helps to boost morale of their employees.
System leadership: Firstly, it was much associated with the structure and policies of
company. Whenever, superior faces issues they will use this sort of attribute. Instead of this,
there are many kinds of facts as well as figures which has to be taken into under consideration by
an enterprise. This style is know for its disciplinary nature. In other words, there are various rules
as well as regulations are formulated by employer which must be follow by every staff members
at the time of working in firm. It will assist to regulate company in an adequate and effective
manner. For an example: Organisation basically deal in high quality goods and services which
they provide to their clients at high process.
Contingency approach: As per this method, leader has to examine extrinsic as well as
intrinsic factors, at the time of judgement making process. This kind of method is very related
with situational leadership. According to employer of enterprise that, if they are operating their
business in an adequate way then, there is no requirement for any type of approach. It is must for
manager to give their response as indicated by situation because this will aid them to acquire a
proper decision. Moreover, a independent leader will easily get best judgement which is very
advantageous for company (Lahou and et. al., 2015).
Management by objectives: It is considered as a management model which helps to
enhance performance of company. For this purpose, it is must to describe objectives which has to
be accomplished by superiors and subordinates. This will help to ensure that each staff members
is involving in activities equally. For example: Each and every division of M & S knows about
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their work. Like in a production unit, they know that they have to complete set targets within
provided period of time.
Therefore, it has been comprehended that organisation has to utilize distinctive kinds of
theories and model into their business. This will help superior to attain their coveted targets
within limited period of time. M & S is utilizing hypotheses of management by objectives into
their business so that they will accomplish their work more proficiently (White, 2016).
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that manager and leader play
Operations management is one of the important and effective concept for the company in
which manager easily design and control their production activities in order to deliver quality
services to their potential customers. With the help of this company easily attain competitive
advantage from its rivals and take better place in market place. In this context there are some key
approaches which help Marks and Spencer in their operation process are as follows: Total Quality management: It is one of the important and oldest approach in which
manager manage their quality services and also make improvement in their existing
products in order to generate large number of profitability. With the help of this Marks
and Spencer easily enhance their goodwill at market place (López and et. al., 2015). Just-in-time: It is one of the effective approach which helps in reducing the cost and
enhancing efficiency of the business in most effective manner. With the help of this
company deliver quality services to their customers in order to get their satisfaction. Continuous improvement: It is also important approach in which company easily
improve their process of production so that they can easily satisfy customers demand by
providing better services to them. Six Sigma: The main focus of this approach on the product quality in which company
eliminate all the defects as well as variation which leads in improving the performance
level and profitability of the company. Lean production: This approach help in reducing the wastage and improving the quality
of the products and services in appropriate manner. With the help of this approach
manager of the company remove all the wastage of the products ad services (Expósito
and et. al., 2016).
 Queuing: It is important approach in which company increase their profit by ensuring the
queuing of the products in appropriate way which leads in meeting the customers needs.
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In this context, leader and manager also play important role in managing all the
operational process in effective manner.
Role of leader:
 One of the significant role of leader is to motivate their team members by providing them
better direction to perform their work.
 They also set policies within their organizational activities than employees easily enhance
their productivity by delivering best services to their customers.
Role of manager:
 Manager are the person who responsible for managing all the operational activities and
take better decision in most effective manner (Liu and et. al., 2015).
 Manager also helps in reducing the production cost by allocating all the work as per
employees capabilities.
All these key approaches of operation management helps in improving performance of
the company and also enhance their positive brand image at market place.
P5 Importance and value of operations management in achieving business objectives
Operation management is an effective area of designing and controlling all the production
activities in order to increase profitability level of the company. The main advantage of this
process is to converting raw material into finished goods and provide their customers in order to
achieve their higher satisfaction level (Hong and et. al., 2015). With the help of this Marks and
Spencer effectively manage all the process of products and services. In this context, company
easily achieve their organizational objectives by delivering quality services. Operation
management covers all the objectives of the company like satisfying customers, enhance overall
growth, maximizing profitability and survival.
Furthermore, operation management is more beneficial for the Marks and Spencer in
which manager of the company easily improve their performance level and generate large
amount of revenue. Basically it include planning, directing, controlling, organizing all the
activities of the company in order to achieve overall success of the company. There are some
importance of operation management are as follows: Maintain quality: One of the main benefit of operation management is to enhance quality
of the products and services which helps in satisfying customers demand in most
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effective manner (Hosseinzadeh and Salmasi, 2015). Quality products always reduce the
operational cost of the company which leads in increasing the profitability. Minimize wastage: If company effective manage their operational activities than they
easily reduce wastage within their manufacturing activities. Improve efficiency of work: Operations management is also helps in enhancing the
employees performance in which they perform their best and maintain better efficiency
within their task and work. Better utilisation of resources: Better operation management within the organization aid
in minimizing wastage and use all the available resources in systematic manner in order
to get positive results.
 Enhance productivity: If manager of Marks and Spencer manage all the operational
activities than they enhance their overall productivity in order to improve their positive
brand image at market place (Talari, Yazdaninejad and Haghifam, 2015).
Along with this, operations management also helps in getting all the organizational
objectives which improve the brand image at market place. Survival: Management of more important in operational activities which leads in
retaining the success and also survive for long time period at market place. With the help
of this Marks and Spencer easily achieve their organizational objectives in systematic
manner. Increasing sale: It also helps in increasing the overall sale because company easily
attract large number of customers by introducing creative products and services in front
of large number of audience. Maximizing profit: Operations management play important role in maximizing the
profitability level of the company by improving their production process to achieve better
results. Satisfying customers: Effective management of all the operational activities helps in
making the quality products to their customers in order to get their satisfaction (Matias
and et. al., 2015).
 Growth: Operations management directly contribute in overall success of the company
by delivering quality services to their customers. With the help of this company enhance
overall goodwill of the company.
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All these organizational objectives helps in enhancing the company growth at market
place and also capture larger market share form its rivals.
P6 Impact of internal factors upon operational management and decision making
Management has to take an appropriate judgement for their organisation which has to be
beneficial for them. For above stated purpose it is must for them to consider their intrinsic
elements because they will affect decision making process of enterprise. In this context,
employer of M & S has to take care of below mentioned components:
Corporate social responsibility: According to Haimes, (2015) it is essential for an
organisation to accomplish entire CSR activities; therefore, this will aid to improve goodwill of
firm. By fulfilling it, company will easily compete their competitors at competitive world. Apart
from all of this, if they are not able to complete their corporate social responsibilities then, this
will be difficult for manager to do their operations in an effective manner. For example: M & S
is completing their CSR activities timely which help them to fulfil requirement of their clients
within certain period of time.
Sustainability: According to White (2016) it is must for an organisation to maintain
sustainability into their business. If they keep up standard of their products and services then,
they will never lose their customers. For example: manager of M & S set some standards of their
good and they need to complete their work as per it. This will help them to maintain their market
share and in addition they will acquire sustainability at market.
Stakeholders: As stated by Hosseinzadeh and Salmasi (2015) they are foremost part of
each and every kind of organisation; thus, it is must for employer to consider them at the time
decision making. They provide fund to firm which aid them to expand their business. They will
be either internal or external. This will be banks, employees, institution and many more.
Intrapreneurship: As indicated by Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes (2015) they
are present in the business and formulate some new kind of policies as well as strategies to run
firm in an effective way. Board of director of an organisation will be consider as a intrapreneur.
For example: M & S is a big enterprise and BOD of this company is self motivated who always
try to implement new and innovative methodologies into their products and services; thus, they
will fulfil requirements of their customers within specific period of time.
Henceforth, it gets concluded that, while taking any sort of decision superior has to taken
into under consideration those components which are associated with internal environment.
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Because if they all get affected then productivity as well as profitability of an enterprise will
influenced. If manage take care of it then, this will be easy for them to maintain their reputation
and in addition market share at marketplace (Wang and et. al., 2015).
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS
From above assignment it has been understood that both leader as well as manager is
fundamental part of every kind of company. They are having distinctive kinds of roles and
responsibilities which need to be accomplish by them. Manager has to formulate some effective
policies and strategies for staff members which needs to be follow by them. Along with this, it is
must for leader of company to provide motivation to their employees; so that, this will improve
their working performance. Instead of this, superior will cater training to their subordinates
which help them to enhance their skills and abilities. As a result, company will compete their
competitors at competitive world and in addition will improve their market share and goodwill.
Management or leadership of firm will get increased by utilizing some tools and
techniques which are associated with this. For example, manager will use some theories like
contingency or situational. Superior will conduct some training program for their subordinates. It
will work as a motivation for them and along with this help to increase their working
performance. Instead of all of this, they will utilize distinctive sorts of leadership style such as
participative because it helps to improve involvement of staff members in organisation.
Enterprise will use Just in time approach into their business because this will help them to reduce
their unwanted cost as well as wastage. As a result, they will maintain their profits effectively
and efficiently.
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Online:
Operations and Project Management (OPM). 2017. [Online] Available through:
<https://www.beds.ac.uk/research-ref/bmri/centres/bisc/okm>.
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