Leadership and Management: Skills and Theories Report

This report offers a detailed examination of leadership and management principles, focusing on the application of these concepts within Carnival Corporation. It begins by defining successful leadership and explores the key skills and characteristics required, drawing on traits theory and the Big Five personality factors. The report then delves into skills theory, particularly Katz's three skills model, and examines Lewin's leadership styles, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. The discussion extends to leadership development, emphasizing the importance of time, effort, and patience. The report concludes by differentiating between leadership and management, highlighting their distinct roles and functions within an organization. The report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of leadership and management, offering insights into effective leadership practices and their practical implications.

Guide To Leadership And Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY.................................................................................................................................3
1.What is involved in being successful leader?.........................................................................3
2. Can good leadership be developed if so, how?......................................................................7
3. what distinguishes leadership from management?................................................................8
4. what have you learnt about leadership from your experiences, on this course or elsewhere?
.................................................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is an activity in which individual uses its capabilities and skills for leading or
guiding other individuals. In other words, Leadership is an ability of person or a group of person
who influences and guides its followers for achievement of specific targets or objectives.
Whereas, management is an administration of each activity within the organisation along with
developing several strategies so that desired goals can be accomplish effectively. Chosen firm
for this report is Carnival Corporation and Plc which is a British-American travel service
provider and providing travel services across the world. This project will further describe about
the skills of successful leaders along with strength and weakness of leadership theories. At last,
report will describe out difference between leadership and management will also described
under this project.
MAIN BODY
1.What is involved in being successful leader?
Successful leader is an individual who have good experience of a specific field and
communicates effectively with their teammates so that if any challenges are occurred during the
given task then it will be resolved effectively. For becoming successful leader, individuals have
to earn some skills and capabilities which can be earned by them thorough facing obstacles and
challenges (Dunne and et.al., 2016). Some characteristics that are required to become a
successful leader are leadership motivation, compassion, listening ability, integrity and honesty
which can be acquired by them through taking support of some leadership theories which are
given as below:
Traits theory: All leaders have few things in common as they listens effectively the
difficulties which are faced by teammates then communicate effective solution to them for
solving these. These all things are related with traits or behaviour which is having by an
individual. It is well known fact that great leaders have good behaviour as they treat their
teammates equally or any partiality is possessed by them during activities or functions. In
addition, this approach is a way of studying personality or behaviour which is possessed by an
individual during its whole life. In context of Carnival Corporation and plc, their leaders have to
take support from this theory as it helps them in understanding that how certain traits can impact
on their leadership. This theory is described as below:

The big five personality factors:
Leaders needs to have good communication skills because by using these they can easily
influence their teammates or other individuals for performing the given duties or tasks.
Connection between knowledge, skills and communication is also important because it helps the
leaders in resolving several problems that are occurs in workplace at anytime. The big five traits
of this theory are given as below:
Neuroticism: This trait is related with tendency to depression, insecurity or hostile in a
challenging situation. Therefore, it is very important for a leader to treat their staff more
effectively and calmly so that their working behaviour not be affected in negative manner. In
context of Carnival corporation their leaders keep out their feelings like anger, anxiety or
depression from their behaviour so that any kind of impact not be posed on the working
behaviour of employees as well on the business function of firm. Through this, good healthy
environment will be formed at the workplace.
Extraversion: This trait states that, a leader should be energetic, assertive and talkative
so that if any problem is facing by its teammates then it can be resolved in a short span of time-
frame. This trait is beneficial as it helps the organisations in retaining loyalty of employees with
the firm for a longer period of time. With the help of this trait, leaders of Carnival corporation
will be able in increasing goodwill of their firm in competitive market.
Agreeableness: This trait includes cooperativeness, trustworthiness etc. which should
be possess by leaders at workplace so that new and innovative ideas will be generated by their
staff members that can be used in decision making. For e.g. if leaders at workplace will not
consider the opinions and suggestions of team member then it will creates dissatisfaction and
demotivation among the staff members. Therefore, it is essential for team leaders of Carnival to
encourages their teammates so that they feels motivated at workplace and supports the firm in
achieving growth and sustainability in market (Grint, Jones and Holt, 2016).
Conscientiousness: Leaders should mainly focuses on goals and objectives of firm
along with not engaging themselves in any interrupted activities that can restrict them in
achieving desired goals. This trait is beneficial for leaders of Carnival Corporation as it will
help them in achieving desired targets of firm in given time-frame.
Openness: Successful leaders are informed about the surrounding. They should get
knowledge about everything that is important and unimportant for them. This trait also helps the

leaders in standing themselves out from other leaders. Become open for unusual ideas, emotion
or art shows that concerned individual is more accepting and appreciative in nature. In context
of Carnival, their Leaders should be open minded because through it they will be able in
learning new things that will be beneficial for themselves in handling challenges. Some of the
strength and weaknesses of this theory are given as below:
Strength Weaknesses
 Main strength of this theory is that it
assists the leaders in learning several
valuable attributes that can be used by
them in handling situations or
challenges
 It also helps the leaders in
understanding personality variations.
Good outcomes can't be received by leaders
some time because all traits can't be posses by
single individual.
This theory is very complex and difficult to
understand.
Skills Theory by Katz's three skills model
According to this approach of leadership, skills and competencies of individual are taken
into account such theory was introduced by Robert Kartz in year of 1955. This theory states that
leadership is influences by the skills of individuals. In addition it also says that leaders are born
with skills and they have no need to go for training for developing skills but this statement is
partially true. Each individual have some talent but some of them are able to make use of
potential. Model is briefly explained as below:
Human skills: These skills states that, leaders should respect their teammates and make
effective relations with them as it helps the working staff in discussing their issues with leaders
so that healthy relations will be build at workplace which automatically leads towards
completion of work in time. In context of Carnival, their leaders should communicate each
responsibilities effectively to their teammates so that better outcomes will be received in future
time period of time (Merat and Bo, 2013).
Technical skills: Leaders should posses good knowledge in a specific field in which
they are performing their duties so that if any complex situation is arise at workplace then good
decision can be taken for resolving it. These decision can be taken when individual have good
knowledge regarding the surrounding. For example- Leaders of Carnival Corporation have
effective cognition of how to managing team and their work in heavy pressure that helps them

in completion of work in a given time-frame. Due to which several complex situational task will
be taken by HR in an interview process of leaders because it helps them in identifying that
persons are eligible for position of leaders or not.
Conceptual skills: This skills refers to good judgement, creativity and ability to find
solutions for uncertain events. For example- if any situation is arise at workplace then leaders
should use these skills for solving these situations or taking effective measures which
automatically leads towards profitability of organisation. Therefore, it can be said that these
skills are very important for leaders for taking organisation towards growth and sustainability.
Strength and weaknesses of this model are given as below:
Strength Weaknesses
 This theory encourages the leaders in
developing their skills
 It increase their critical thinking
ability which automatically leads
them towards high growth and
sustainability.
 Lack of these skills can restrict the
leaders in increasing efficiency of
employees at workplace.
 High level Training is required for
learning technical skills.
Lewin's leadership styles
According to Kurt Lewin, there are mainly three crucial style of behaviour that must be
posses by leaders while influencing or leading other individuals. These leadership styles are
given as below:
Authoritarian: This style states that leaders posses the power at own level for making
decisions along with not providing authority to subordinates so that good decisions can be made
for betterment of organisation. Those who uses these kind of skills are also known as dictators
because they does not consider the wants and needs of employees due to which high turnover
can be faced by organisation. It can't be used by leaders of Carnival Corporation because it can
increase demotivation and dissatisfaction among the employees (Adair, 2011).
Strength Weaknesses
 This practice can provide quick results
as compare to other styles of
leadership.
 It can't be used in practical form at
workplace.
 Lack of creative decisions.

 No conflicts are arise at workplace
because it does not provide any chance
to employees for discussion
Participative: This style is also known as democratic because in it leaders have to
provide full authority to their teammates for taking decisions so that task would be completed in
easy manner. In addition, it is prove beneficial for Carnival Corporation because through using
this kind of style leaders will be able in providing effective solutions of problems to their
teammates which automatically raise the morale of workforce.
Strengths Weaknesses
 Main strength of this style is that it
generate positive outcomes.
 It increase participation level of the
working staff members.
 Discussion or high involvement of
individuals in decision-making can
leads to delay.
 Some employees at workplace are not
fit with this style.
Delegative: It is also called Laissez-Faire leadership style because in it, leaders delegate
roles and responsibilities along with authority to teammates so that good decisions can be made
for achievement of goals. In Carnival corporation this style can be used by the leaders as
working structure and length of operations are large due to which gaining of growth and success
in operations are higher through using this style (Hallinger, 2011).
Strength Weaknesses
 It increases engagement of employees
 It enhances the moral and loyalty of
employees towards organisation.
 Inappropriate decisions can be taken
due to lack of experience.
 Excessive advantages are gained by
employees as compare to management.
From the above leadership styles it can be said that most appropriate style which can be
used by leaders in Carnival Corporation because it maintains right balance between authority
and responsibility at workplace. It also allows the employees to become innovative and provide
unique ideas to leaders so that good decisions can be made for betterment of organisation.

2. Can good leadership be developed if so, how?
Answer of question that whether leadership can be developed or not is yes. However, it
can't be possible that leadership is developed in a shorter period of time whereas, it requires
proper time efforts and patience of individuals for developing these kind of skills. There are
some ways through which an individual can develop their skills for become successful leader in
future. Ways are given as below:
Contingency theory: This is one of the best way through which a leader can
administrate its work within the organisation. This is mainly depends on two factors like task
oriented or relationship oriented. Individuals who emphasises on completing work through
meeting all standard guidelines become role model for others because good relations with
teammates supports the leaders to become successfully in future time prided. Individuals have
to set these personal attributes and provide better importance to others and their emotions so
that desired works can be accomplished by making good atmosphere at workplace.
Situational theory: According to this theory, individuals who wants to become
successful leaders in future, they have to change their personality as per the changing situations.
Rigidity and openness in attributes can stop the individuals for taking risk but variations in these
can provide them freedom for taking decisions as per the situations. For example- high
employees turnover is facing by Carnival Corporation because experienced staff members have
left their job due to less appraisals or salary structure. In this situation, leaders of Carnival
Corporation have duty to take effective measures regarding salaries and compensates of
employees with the help of HR managers so that influence of these situation can be overcome
easily. This theory also states that leaders have to discuss all reasons with the teammates
regarding their problems so that best solutions can be provided to them (Herman, 2016).
System based approach: According to it, Leaders of Carnival have to make their
focuses on developing healthy atmosphere and systematic working conditions for staff members
so that all tasks can be completed in systematic manner which leads the organisation towards
positive results in future. Incorporation of effective system and procedures are beneficial as it
encourages the working staff and organisation in performing their duties in right direction
which leads the leaders in achieving desired targets in pre-determined time-frame.

3. what distinguishes leadership from management?
Management: Management is a system which gives stability to organisation from all
challenges furthermore, It is a process of planning, organising or controlling all operations
effectively so that high profitability or sustainability can be gained by organisation. Resources
includes men, funds and raw material because without allocation and management of these
resources any business organisation can't survive in market. Therefore, it is important for each
organisation like Carnival Corporation to use this resources in optimal manner so that any
difficulty not be faced in future period of time. Even in daily life management is used for e.g.
housewife take support of management in managing household functions i.e. washing of
clothes, cooking of food, cleaning of house etc. Purpose behind adoption of these procedure is
to achieving goals of organisation because these procedures helps the managers of Carnival in
dealing with challenges or uncertainties appropriately. Adoption of these procedures are
beneficial for Carnival as it helpful for them in reaching at the destination where the firm wants
to reach but it is quite challenging that how can the organisation will reach without allocation of
resources or chain of command. Therefore, it is very important to divide the each work equally
within the divisions so that better contribution can be taken for achievement of goals.
Leadership: Leadership is an act of directing or influencing individuals at workplace.
This is a continuous process in which person uses its interpersonal to persuade others. This is
the reason behind large number of followers behind leaders. In Carnival, their leaders have
established good relations with employees on personal and professional level due to which
organisation is getting more success in the marketplace. Good leaders not only understands the
needs or employees but also fulfils them so that they get motivated while performing their
duties at workplace (Renz, 2016). For example- workers of finance department of Carnival
Corporation are suffering from working structure but top management is not considering their
needs and posing too much pressure for completing work without providing any facility of
accounting systems. That is quite dangerous for maintenance of financial system therefore, in
this situation leaders have duty to make discussion with senior managers for implementing
upgraded accounting software for them so that any challenges will not faced by the organisation
in future period of time. Leaders are also called backbone of organisation because they not only
identify the opportunities but also managing teamwork and influence the individuals for
working hard so that desired opportunities can be grabbed in limited time-frame.

Difference between leadership and management:
Basis Leadership Management
Meaning Leadership is a kind of skills
which is posses by individuals
for leading others.
Management can be defined as
working done through
coordinating things
systematically.
Power In it, power is centralised by
leaders which is used for
encouraging teammates.
In it, power is used for ruling
others so that desired goals can
be achieved.
Focus Leadership mainly focuses on
adoption of changes within the
firm.
It mainly focuses on bringing
good stability within the
workplace so that business
functions can be carried out in
smooth manner.
Strategies used This is using proactive type of
strategies so that productivity
level can be raised
accordingly.
In this case it uses reactive
strategies in order to meet the
set standards in an
organization.
Basis Leadership is based on the
trust among the leaders and
employees.
Whereas, management is base
on resources and capabilities
which are used for achieving
organisational objectives.
Kind of people It has followers and they work
according to rules and
regulations that are framed by
leaders.
Managers having subordinates
and workers kind of people
who works within the firm.
Change Leadership create or design
changes that can be carried out
within the workplace for
In it, responsibilities are
delegated to leaders so that
changes can be made

meeting the desired needs of
customers.
successfully.
Direction In Leadership, direction are
provided to employees so that
they can carried out their tasks
effectively.
While, management tells that
what to do, how to do and
who will do.
4. what have you learnt about leadership from your experiences, on this course or elsewhere?
The following is the reflective paper of my own experience that I came across during the
course of this project. I have learned several model of leadership that have helped me in
gaining knowledge about the several situations and what decisions can be taken by successful
leaders for resolving these situations. The main aspect that have learned by me during the
project was a certain technique of leadership which is used by them for influencing others. In an
organisation several problems are arises due to which effective leadership and role of leaders
are mostly required as it helps the employees in performing task effectively without facing any
difficulty. From the big five trait model, I have understood that every leaders should possess
some effective skills because it helps them in gaining effective contributions from their
teammates for completing desired task and achieving goals. For example- In Carnival
Corporation where I was working, top management is not considering the needs of their
employees due to which several employees have left their job that was serious concerned for me
and management. In which, leaders have solved problems because their efficiencies and skills
helps them in influencing their teammates. As they brings confidence into them towards
organisation and said that their salary will be uplifted in upcoming months this strategy were
proved beneficial because all staff members were retained after the suggestion of leaders of
Carnival. As leaders have technical skills due to which they have implemented good software
and machines on the basis of market trends that helps the organisation in overcoming the
situation effectively. Through this experience, I was understand the beneficial outcomes of
effective decision-making along with it, I have also understood that leaders take decisions as per
the situations. Due to which Carnival is taking high growth and success in marketplace.
Through completing this module, I have also understand that attributes are also
beneficial for leaders because it helps them in taking decisions according to the situation. From

the comparison between leadership and management, I have identified that both practices are
beneficial for Carnival as it not only supports them in gaining competitive edge in market but
also managing each task effectively. I have also gained knowledge regarding positive and
negative aspects of several theories of leadership that will be beneficial for me in becoming
successful leader in future.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussed report, it has been concluded that several skills are essential
for acquiring by the leaders because it not only helps them in becoming success but also
increase their skills and efficiencies for taking effective decisions as per the situations.
Management is also very important because it supports the organisation in achieving its each
goal in given period of time.

REFERENCES
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pp.3-15.s
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Wiley & Sons.
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Online
Situational theory 2019. [online]. Available Through:
<https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-situational-theory-of-leadership-
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<https://medium.com/bizpsych/the-3-skills-of-effective-leadership-f4d11ca34a0e>