Report on Unit 4: Leadership and Management in Business Context

This report delves into the multifaceted roles of leaders and managers within the context of the Mark and Spencer organization, a prominent British retailer. It meticulously examines the distinct characteristics and responsibilities of leaders and managers, differentiating their functions in various situational contexts, such as product launches and management changes. The report explores key leadership theories, including situational, systems, and contingency leadership, providing a comprehensive understanding of their application. Furthermore, it analyzes the importance and value of operational management in achieving business objectives, evaluating factors within the enterprise environment that influence operational decisions. The analysis extends to the impact of operational management on the wider business environment, offering a holistic perspective on leadership, management, and their strategic implications.

Unit 4 Management and
operation

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager...............................................3
M1 Analyse and different between role of leader and manager.................................................5
P2 Leader's role and manager's function in different situation context....................................6
P3 Theorise and models of approach..........................................................................................7
M2 Different approaches and their Strength and weaknesses to situations within the work
environment.................................................................................................................................8
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................9
Introduction......................................................................................................................................9
P4 Role play of leaders and managers and Key approaches to operations management ...........9
P5 Operation management Importance & value in achieving business objectives....................9
M3 Improve skilfulness of operational management and Leaders and managers to meet
business objectives....................................................................................................................10
P6 Factors in enterprise environment and its effect on operational management and decision
making by leaders and managers..............................................................................................10
D2 Evaluate application of operations management and factors that impact on the wider
business environment................................................................................................................11
M3 Operational management and their Leaders and managers improve skilfulness to meet
business objectives....................................................................................................................12
P6 Factors in enterprise environment and its effect on operational management and decision
making by leaders and managers..............................................................................................12
M4 Analyse various factors impact the wider community and business environment ............13
D2 Operations management evaluation and impact and that factors on the wider business
environment...............................................................................................................................13
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is the skills from which people follow them and leader direct them according
to organisation's rules and regulation. It is the vision of a company that they follow a leader in
their direction and control the entire management. The present report based on Mark and Spencer
organisation. It is a retailer company which provide best products to their customers through
supermarket. The mark and Spencer is first British company who make a pre tax profit in the
retailer industry. They have numbers of small investors and shareholder in the market. In this
present report different role and characteristics of a leader and a manager is covered. Other than
that their different situational context and different theories and models of approach is discussed.
Task 1
P1 Different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Manager
Definition of manager
An individual who is in charge of a specific company of tasks. or a certain subset of a
organisation. A manager often has a staff of people who report to them. Manager handle a team
of people and manage entire work of their department (Caminero, and Fujiwara P. I., 2013).
Roles of a manager
In the organisation Mark and Spencer, there are different types of department and in
order to manage that department, company hire the manger. Manager handle the entire
operational work in the department. There are different role of manager, which mentioned
below:
 Interpersonal roles
This is one of the important role of a manager. This role has three type of
responsibilities first one is the figurehead, second one is The leader and third one is The liaison.
In these three role, manager handle the performance of employees and their responsibilities at
workplace (Dufosse, 2014).
 Informal roles
This roles also has a three type of responsibilities, The monitor, The disseminate
and The spokesperson. Through it, manager collect the entire information about work

environment of the company and then passing on privileged information directly to subordinated.
Further, they sharing information with people outside their organisation.
 Decisional roles
There are four types of responsibilities in this role, The entrepreneur, the
disturbance handler, The resource allocator and The negotiation. Through this responsibilities
they seeks to improve the unit by initiating projects. They control the disturbance in the company
which can be bad for the organisation (Premer, and Nagel, L .M., 2016).
Characteristics of a manager
 Manager is an important employee of the company who manage the entire work in the
organisation.
 They handle a team of people which can be in lot of numbers.
 Company can get easily data which they required (Arroyo, and Ruisinger, U., 2015).
 Manager's decisional power is very good, so company get the lot of advantage from it.
 They develop the all employees and motivate them for work hard.
 Company can get their goals and target through the manager's role and responsibilities.
Leader
Definition of Leader
Leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal.
Other than that, a person who holds a dominant or high position within its department, and is
able to activities a high degree of control of influence over others.
Roles of a Leader
 Understand and interpret the environment in which the business operates.
 Develop winning strategies in the organisation. It will help company in increasing profit
and revenues. This is the main role of a leader, who develop the plan and strategies for
the explore their business in the market.
 Execute entire work with brilliantly and professionally. This is the very important role in
the industry, because if leader can not able in execute the work with good way then they
can lost their importance in the company.
 Leader is the person who are the representative of the system and they solicits support.
 Integrates and reconciles the personal goals with organisational goals.
Characteristics of a Leader

 They are honest with their work and they execute their work with very professional way.
 They have very good communication skills, which beneficial for them and company.
Through this they can easily interact with anyone and convince them for their work.
 They have good ability to delegate and confidence. Their confidence will help them in
work smart and handle the entire team. Through their confidence and communication
they can able to motivate their team.
 When they gives commitment, then its their promise to the company for any task. Other
than than they have positive attitude, which help in handling the team and its make a
good perception in the organisation.
 Leader has sense of humour, which help them in execute the work and they can easily
manage their work wit time and complete their work and their team's work in time at
workplace.
 They have ability to inspire and they can take responsibilities, which can valuable for the
organisation.
 Leaders are the fearless toward their task and they have ability to manage failure. If they
can not able to do their work then they will not move on, instead they try again and again,
and they prove their self as a leader in the Mark and Spencer (Kato, H and Inoue, M.,
2016).
 They are the supportive person and collaborative with the team, they respect each of
employee who work in the organisation or in their team.
 They have ability to celebrate in the organisation.
M1 Analyse and different between role of leader and manager
Manager handle the team and leader lead the team. Leader meet the stakeholders for
generate the revenue of business and manager operate the entire team for meet the target. Leader
get the faith and loyalty of customers for selling the product and services but managers
approaches them directly through their team (Hsu, C. H. and Wang, J. C., Noodoe Corporation,
2016).
P2 Leader's role and manager's function in different situation context
In the organisation leader &manager has lot of role and responsibilities. They follow their
roles and achieve the goals and target which required by the company (Baumgartner, R .J.,

2014.). The main thing is in Mark and Spencer organisation, they faces some issue in different
circumstances and leader and manager handle that situation through their role and skills.
When Mark and Spencer launch the new product in the market, then Leader and
manager's get the lot of responsibilities. Leader will take the responsibilities of explore that
product in the market and manager will handle the team of marketing, which going to be explore
their product in the market. Leader meet the stakeholders and supply them the new product, and
motivate them to sale in the market. Manager make a plan for sale new product in the market.
They handle a team and motivate them to sale their product in the market in professional way.
They both have responsibilities to explore company's new product in the market, but they both
have different roles and ways to sale the new product which company launched (Ebert, D. and
Watters, C., 2013).
Mark and Spencer change their management according to requirement and employee's
need. That management can be change in departmental or level of employees and their task.
When company's management change, then leader get the new team and new task to work and
manager also get the new team and different criteria of work. Further, Leader clear the entire task
and concept for the execute the work at their workplace. Manager get the information of previous
data and sales figure (Uriarte, and Gaspar, M., 2014). Then they decide that, how can they make
new plan for the better work and how to handle their new team. Leader meet their team for
giving them new task and manager meet their team and motivate them for new task (Chen, C. M.
2014.).
In the organisation sometime employees are going demotivated, so leader should
motivate them in good way and manager also has the same task. Leader motivate by their own
speech or communication skills, but manager motivate them through motivational events or
development program. They both motivate the employees, but there are different way to
motivate their employees. Further, they will be able in motivate their employees and their
workers will be able in work hard and they also want to give their best at workplace by
motivation. Motivation is the main part of business, which can provide by Leader and a manager.
So leader and manager has a lot f roles and responsibilities in the company and they plays the
vital role in the organisation through their skills. They have skills of communication and
motivation, and through that skills they execute their entire work and handle the team with very

professional way (Kolios, A. J . and Luengo, M. M. 2016). Leader and manager are the main
employee in the organisation who handle the employees of the Mark and Spencer and motivate
them.
P3 Theorise and models of approach
Situational leadership
This is a leaders way that has been developed and studied by Kenneth Blanchard and
Paul Hershey (Kim, C. and Lee, J. C. 2015). Situation leadership require when leader and
manager of the company must adjust their way and attitude to fit the development level of the
followers they is trying to influence. Some situation comes in the organisation when leader has to
change their style. They can not force their employee to change their style or work, but they have
to change their style for execute the entire operational work. Some time company changes their
rules and regulations, some time they change their management, then leader should to adjust in
that situation and they should to give their best when organisation change their system
(Vasiliades, and Loukas, A. 2017). Mark and Spencer is the largest retailer company and they
can change their management or some rules for the employees, but the main thing is leader
should get the entire information about their changers and they should adjust in the same.
Systems Leadership
When company changes their system according to trend then leader should change their
style according to trend or required by organisation. In the system leadership they should change
in the style as their personal core values, the way they think and analyse, way to relate others,
their behaviour and actions, their personal qualities and way of being etc. They will inspiring
more trusting, multi agency leadership by testing out new ideas and plans through cross agency
events and simulations, using team coaching to create shared leadership team across agencies,
supporting leaders to get entire system approaches by sharing useful tools and techniques
(Locke, C. C. 2017).
Contingency Leadership
This explanation of leadership emphasizes that powerfulness of leadership is dependent
on matching a leader's way to right condition. There are two outline styles of leadership. First
one is task motivated and second one is relationship motivated. Task motivated leadership is

based on employees motivation for their better work and relationship leadership is based on
relationship between leader and employees. Contingency theory is concept of the situation which
is characterized by three factors which are mentioned below:
1. Leader member relations, 2. Task structure,and 3. The position power.
Through this entire leadership leader will handle their team and situation in the organisation.
They faces the issues and problem and further, they recognise the reason of that issues and solve
them very brilliantly in the Mark and Spencer.
M2 Different approaches and their Strength and weaknesses to situations within the work
environment
Situation leadership approaches based on leaders style and its strength is leader can adjust
according to company's need but weakness is in some critical situation they can not adjust.
System leadership strength is changes according to trend so leader learn something new which is
in trend but weakness is some changes is not according to trend (Datta, S. K. and Chakrabarti,
M., 2015).
D1 Evaluation and Analyse of different theories and approaches
In this report discussed a theory of leadership, but other than that lot of theories which
work with leadership. That theories are affect on the business and leadership quality will be
change in leaders and managers.
Conclusion
This report covered leaders and managers definition, roles and responsibilities and
characteristics. Leader and manager play the vital role in the Mark Spencer organisation. Other
than that in report of task 1 also coved about leader's role and manager's function and they play
their role in different situation. Along with this three types of leadership is discussed.
Task 2
Introduction
This present report is based on operation management and it will cover the approaching
to operation direction and role play of leadership and managers. Task 2 covers three method of
operational management which are six sigma, lean production and total quality management.

Along with this their importance and value of operation management in achieving business
objectives is discussed.
P4 Role play of leaders and managers and Key approaches to operations management
 Six sigma
Six sigma is a theory that supply organisations tools to improve the ability of
Mark and Spencer's enterprise processes. This method is decrease in process issue or variation
and increase in performance and lead to defeat decrease and betterment in revenues, employee
morale, and quality of products or services. This method is control the entire bad work in the
organisation. Managers play their role using six sigma method, when company require the
improvement in business processes (Winston, and Miller, T. K.2013). They get the entire
information about the variation then they control the issue and solve the entire problems.
 Lean productions
The centre idea of lean manufacturing is really quite easy relentlessly work on
destroy waste from the manufacturing process. This is method work on waste minimization.
When company need the action in term of waste products then manager take an action and they
able to minimize the waste material without sacrificing productivity.
 Total quality management
Total quality management can be summarized as a direction process for a client
focused organisation that relate all employees in regular improvement. Manager uses the
strategies, data and effective communications to integrate the quality discipline into the culture
and activities of the company. Manager focus is on quality of product and services.
P5 Operation management Importance & value in achieving business objectives
Mark and Spencer work with operation management and there are lot of approaches for
the operation management but three most important methods are six sigma, lean production and
total quality management. These is the very important in the organisation. There are some
importance of operational management in achieving the business objectives are mentioned
below:
 Lean production's importance is that waste material can finish.
 Waste minimize and quality product produced by the Mark and Spencer.
 Manager can easily take an action for the waste material and will be able in change.
 Improvement in tool and capability.

 Improve the best process for the business, so company will able to get the profit and
revenues.
 Quality of product and services will be change and company can sale the best or quality
product to their customers.
 Improvement in business process.
 Improvement in cultural activities, so company can able to make good work place for
their employees.
M3 Improve skilfulness of operational management and Leaders and managers to meet business
objectives
Leader and manager can improve their work style through attend some training session,
development program and events. If they will learn the entire management skills then they will
be able to get the company's goals and target.
P6 Factors in enterprise environment and its effect on operational management and decision
making by leaders and managers
In the organisation different factor which affect to enterprise and their
environment. There are lot of factors like organisational direction, internal factors , external
factors, which impact on business environment. When some factors create positive positive
impact on business environment then operational management will work very good but when it
go negative then entire business environment and operational management will be bad. The
strength of company's employee is another crucial internal business factor. Motivated, hard
working and talented workers generally produces better results than unmotivated, less talented
employees. When it impacts on employee then managers and leader can take serious action and
take the best decision for their employee. When their employee demotivated then leader and
manager can motivated them through events, development programme, motivation function etc.
These entire decision and activities are very important in the Mark and Spencer. One of the most
critical external business factor is competition. Whether company operate in a concentrated
industry with a few major competitors or a large industry with many competitors, then leader and
managers need to know the competition. They can get the all information and knowledge about
the competitors in the market and take the best decision for the defeat to their competitors who
give company the issues. Further, company can get the goals and target which the fixed in
beginning. Other common external factors fall into several categories, including socio economic,

legal or ethical, political and technological. When company face the issue with economy them
manager and leader should take an action for strategy of good economy. Further, they can able in
reducing this issue and company will be able to get the goals and target. If company face the
problem of technical the manager can solve this problem easily, because they have lot of skills to
reduce the issue and problems. So these entire factors impact on business environment and
operational management. Manager and leader are main part of the Mark and Spencer, because
they give their best at their work place for the company. They took the best decision for the
company and they reduce the all negative factors which can destroy the company's image.
M4 Analyse different factors affect the business environment and wider community
When some negative factors impact on operational management, then it can affect on
business environment and wider community. If the trend changes then it will affect on business
environment. If business management change then its affect on the same. So there are different
factor which affect on business environment and community.
D2 Evaluate application of operations management and factors that impact on the wider business
environment
Operational management is the very important part of the business and it is affect to the
business environment. It can affect on wider environment also, because operational management
is the necessary part of any business. So operational management and factors that impact are
very valuable part in Mark and Spencer company.
M3 Operational management and their Leaders and managers improve skilfulness to meet
business objectives
Leader and manager can improve their work style through attend some training session,
development program and events. If they will learn the entire management skills then they will
be able to get the company's goals and target.
P6 Factors in enterprise environment and its effect on operational management and decision
making by leaders and managers
In the organization different factor which affect to business and their
environment. There are lot of factors like organizational direction, internal factors , external
factors, which impact on business environment. When some factors create positive positive

impact on business environment then operational management will work very good but when it
go negative then entire business environment and operational management will be bad. The
strength of company's employee is another critical internal business factor. Motivated, hard
working and talented workers generally produces better results than unmotivated, less talented
employees. When it impacts on employee then managers and leader can take serious action and
take the best decision for their employee. When their employee demotivated then leader and
manager can motivated them through events, development programme, motivation function etc.
These entire decision and activities are very important in the Mark and Spencer. There is one
most critical external business factor is competition. Whether company operate in a concentrated
industry with a few major competitors or a large industry with many competitors, then leader and
managers need to know the competition. They can get the all information and knowledge about
the competitors in the market and take the best decision for the defeat to their competitors who
give company the issues. Further, company can get the goals and target which the fixed in
beginning. Other common outside cause fall into respective categories, including socio
economic, legal or ethical, political and technological. When company face the issue with
economy them manager and leader should take an action for strategy of good economy. Further,
they can able in reducing this issue and company will be able to get the goals and target. If
company face the problem of technical the manager can solve this problem easily, because they
have lot of skills to reduce the issue and problems. So these entire factors impact on business
environment and operational management. Manager and leader are main part of the Mark and
Spencer, because they give their best at their work place for the company. They took the best
decision for the company and they reduce the all negative factors which can destroy the
company's image.
M4 Analyse various factors impact the wider community and business environment
When some negative factors effect on operational management, then it can affect on
business environment and wider community. If the trend changes then it will affect on business
environment. If business management change then its affect on the same. So there are different
factor which affect on enterprise environment and community.