Management and Operation: Leader vs. Manager Roles Report

This report delves into the contrasting roles of leaders and managers within an organizational context, specifically using M&S Ltd as a case study. It begins by differentiating between leaders and managers, highlighting their distinct approaches to tasks, employee motivation, and goal setting. The report then analyzes various management and leadership theories, including scientific, administrative, bureaucratic, human relations, and chaos theories, along with behavioral and trait leadership models, to illustrate how managers and leaders operate. Furthermore, it applies these concepts to M&S Ltd, examining how leaders and managers can motivate employees and manage situations like technological changes and project risks. The report also explores leadership approaches such as situational, contingency, and systematic leadership theories. Finally, it assesses the strengths and weaknesses of autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership and management styles, providing a comprehensive overview of effective leadership and management practices.

MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents..................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................3
P1 Comparison of Leader and Manager in an organization.............................................3
M1 Analysis of Leader and Manager's Role....................................................................4
P2 Application of Leader and Manager in M & S Ltd.....................................................6
P3 Theories and Approaches............................................................................................7
M2 Strength & Weaknesses of Approaches.....................................................................8
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................9
P4 Key approaches in operations Management................................................................9
P5 Importance & Value of Operations Management.....................................................10
P6 Impact of Business Environment..............................................................................10
M3 Improving Efficiency of Operations........................................................................11
M4 Factors Affecting Business Environment................................................................12
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Management has always been on the central of the role in making a business
organization work smoothly with proper set of strategies in managing the diverse work
force and making the strategies to achieve the desired objectives is the important task
performed by many years. Management is broad and any new practices can be achieved in
order to make the employees of the organization work towards achieving the
objectives(Goodall and Pogrebna, 2015). The present report here is undertaken in order to
make the reader know how manage r and leader is different from each other and what is
there role in particular firm, they are operating in. In addition to it, also there role in
operations management has been studied with application of different theories. For this
purpose the company undertaken here is M & S Ltd. to make better application of the
report.
TASK 1
P1 Comparison of Leader and Manager in an organization
A discussion have always been made that whether the leader and managers is the
same person if talked about with respect to the company and the answers as always are
conflicting. But here the effort is made to make reader know about all the stuff that is
required for him to know who is manger and leader is. They both are the key elements of
the organization , but they are different, one is tactical and the other is influential.
Manager manages the diverse workforce of the organizations and helps in coordination of
them and assures that the goals of the projects undertaken by him are achieve in an
effective and timely manner(Griep and et.al., 2016). A Leader has the power of
influencing the other people and thud his role in the M & S Ltd is to influence the
workforce in such a manner that it motivates them to achieve the deadlines of different
projects that they are working on. There are several set of differences between managers
and leaders and they are:
 Leaders have a tendency to use innovative and creative ideas to perform different
tasks and on the other hand Managers always have been seen following the set
procedures and processes.

 Leaders of M & S Ltd lay emphasis on leading the people while Managers of M & S
Ltd. focus on managing workforce.
 Leaders set targets while Managers they take the targets as a responsibility.
 Leader may provide equal opportunities to every one to create their own innovative
tools and techniques in working practices.
 Managers assign task and duties for their concerning workplace.
 In an organisation manager provide direction to whole company, on the other hand
Leader is a person who leads whole team and effectively manages their work
performance.
 Leaders mainly focus on their team building. Where in an organisation there are large
number of teams in their each team have a one team leader who may provide creative
and effective team environment.
 Manager keep controlling over the process of whole organisational activities. In this
function managers ensure to control their performance level.
M1 Analysis of Leader and Manager's Role
Managers and leaders are vital people in making of the organization and vice-
versa. If they don't perform well their part of work then it may lead to shut down of the
company. Situational theory is recognized as one of the important theories to adopt the
changes and then modify the working as per the requirements of external environment.
There is different managerial theories and leadership theories which are:
Management Theories: These theories are adopted by managers and supervisors in order
to make things at the workplace stable. Also by applying these theories managers develop
a sense of knowledge to achieve the goals.
 Scientific Theory: Management theory that focuses on the working environment
of the company. As per this theory role of managers is to identify the working
process of M & S Ltd. and try to improve the working process which can further
achieve the set objectives with effectiveness(Scaria, 2016).
 Administrative Theory: Under administrative power focus is particularly on the
rational way to design the structure of company in such a way that it follows the

rules and regulations and behave formally in the workplace. Role of the manager
in M & S Ltd. is to divide the work ad put emphasis on division of labor.
 Bureaucratic Theory: Under this theory, the role that flows on the part of
managers is that they have to communicate the things to their lower level
employees and to their upper level employees also, in order to make necessary
decisions(Stewart and Shamdasani, 2014).
 Human Relation: Here managers needs to develop a sense of belonging among
the employees , mangers and CEO's such that decision making will be easier
through it and thus it will provide better opportunists to grab.
 Chaos Theory: This concept says that changes can take place any time and these
are unpredictable attributes. So mangers of M & S Ltd. should take care and be
ready for such type of changes and deal with them appropriately in order to make
modifications(Scaria, 2016).
Leadership theories: It is that type of process which is helpful to influence the
individuals towards the attainment of organizational goals and objectives.
 Behavior Theory: Here in this theory behavior of leader is judged on the different
situations to understand what capabilities a leader possess and how he can apply
his skills in order to make M & S Ltd. company achieve its objectives.
 Trait Leadership Model: There are many personalities which prevails in the
organizations and those personalities possess of different traits. Here this theory
speaks about he traits which leader should posses in order to make necessary
decisions to overcome the barriers prevailing in the M & S Ltd.

P2 Application of Leader and Manager in M & S Ltd.
For retaining the employees at the workforce it is important for mangers and
leaders to make them motivated towards work and the company as well. Leaders and
managers they both ultimately work for enhancing the profitability of M & S Ltd(Hatch
and Cunliffe, 2013). There are different situations that prevails in the working of the
organizations and keeping and surviving with those circumstances is what managers and
leaders role comes into play. In the adverse situations employees tend to loose their cool

and start panicking which in turn drives them to drop out from the company. So in crucial
conditions, it is important that managers are to motivate the members of the team.
Managers of M & S Ltd. have to follow the practice of giving rewards and recognition so
that people feel happy and perform better towards profitability of the organization. There
are different situations in which Managers and leaders have to perform rigorously to
achieve the stability in the company. The different situations which comes across are
Technological changes , Risk associated with different projects should be dealt in
appropriate manner(Henkin, 2016).
In technological changes, Leader of M & S Ltd. needs to have a view of its
workforce in decision making process so that they also feel motivated towards the
company and higher authorities. In situations of Risk it is important for mangers and
leaders to take the responsibility of risk and workforce should take the situation as a
challenge. Planning, staffing, organizing, controlling, directing are the main functions of
the managers.
P3 Theories and Approaches
There are various leadership theories and approach which makes a leader more
effective by applying these theories at the workplace:
Situational Leadership Theory:
This particular style of leadership states that as world is moving towards
globalization and becoming too competitive and challenging to survive in this
environment. Thus, for a firm it is important to be flexible. As per this theory it is
important for the leader and manager to develop a significant trait which can emphasize
on the task and relationship behavior(Qu, Janssen and Shi, 2015). Thus in such situation,
Leader of M & S Ltd. has to behave maturely and guide the workers in such a way that
the goals can be attained.
Contingency Leadership Theory:
This theory of leadership states that behavior of the leader and manager
completely depends on the circumstances he/she faces. This theory is of the opinion that
in different conditions leaders have to behave differently. Here effectiveness of the people
completely depends on the motivation level of leader and favorable conditions. Further it

is responsibility of leader to structure the company well to create a positive working
environment.
Systematic Leadership Theory:
In this model of leadership a leader and the mangers has to comply with the
expansion to modify its products or plans. As M & S Ltd. is operating its business in the
particular city and further in future they will going global, so that time they need to make
sure that certain leadership decisions should be made in order to increase revenues of the
M & S Ltd(Roueche and et.al., 2014).
M2 Strength & Weaknesses of Approaches
There are different types of leaders and managers and every type of leader and
managers are different from each other. So, they all possess some strength and
weaknesses which drives them and they are:
Autocratic L & M:
Strength:
 As higher level can make decisions in speed therefore they save time by
communicating with them.
 Follow rules and regulations, in turn mistakes are reduced.
Weaknesses:
 No employees are involved in decision-making(Scaria, 2016).
 Focus is not on innovation.
Bureaucratic L & M:
Strength:
 Rules and Regulations are followed by Leaders and Managers.
 Effective guidance is followed by management.
 M & S Ltd. will get to achieve their goals as they will be making goals with
involving the employees.
Weaknesses
 Due to less flexibility, people feel demotivated.
 Employees work in the Hitler empire like workplace.
Democratic L & M:

Strength
 As per this leadership, all the decisions are made by workers and top managers.
 Firm achieves their aims as they are always motivated.
Weakness:
 However, it takes time for decision making.
 Confusion and conflicts arise because every employee is not heard properly and
effectively.
Laissez-Faire L & M:
Strength:
 Make the workers to develop a feeling of importance.
 Provides flexibility to all workers of M & S Ltd.
Weaknesses
 Due to inappropriate environment, people do not get opportunities to grow.
TASK 2
P4 Key approaches in operations Management
Management is a diverse field and this includes small but several important
aspects which needs to be followed and managed effectively in order to make sure that
proper control is maintained. Operations management deals with the production process
and factory works, so in order to make things stable and the work goes on smoothly
mangers and leaders should ensure proper operations at workplace(Stewart and
Shamdasani, 2014). M & S Ltd. should review the operations so that in turn they can
identify the lacking points and can improve it soon. Different approaches of operations
management are:
Dynamic Approach: This approach focus is on the four factors that it is comprises of
which is knowledge, learning, Contingencies and resolution of problems. Currently the
traditional approach is used by M & S Ltd. which is not benefiting them at all. Sop in
order to compete from its competitors managers need to apply this approach.
Six Sigma Approach: This particular approach is based on the quality management
techniques through which a firm ensures its quality of services and products and ensure

improvement time to time. It flows on its two different set of drivers which are: DMAIV
& DMADV.
TQM- Total quality management: It is a continuous process which can be used to
measure quality in terms of durability and reliability. Total quality management is a
structural approach to improve quality of their products and services. It helps organisation
to reduce waste inventory. TQM quality ensures that every single employee is working
towards the improvement of work culture, processes, services to ensure long term success.
JIT- Just in time : It is a management system which is managing inventory and control
their inventory cost while still meeting customer demands. On the other hand it is a
manufacturing production model where it create to meet demand for the customers. On
the other hand JIT may provide lower warehouse cost, better supply chain management
and better customer satisfaction where company gain a larger market share and stay ahead
of its competitors.
P5 Importance & Value of Operations Management
Objectives of M & S Ltd. are profitability enhancement and business expansion.
Further, the secondary purpose that flows from this is to have a large customer base and
quality services should be given to them. Success and growth can only be achieved when
the organizations are working as per the standards formed. Here the operations
management plays an important role in making of the business and thus facilitates in
further distribution of the products and services(Wu and et.al., 2017).
A operations management deals with the product manufacturing and production
process. which gives managers and leaders to make a detailed analysis of how the work is
going on and how it will be achieved. A manager in operations have to look at the
material which is going to be used in the production process, the mangers needs to make
decisions about the workers that how well they are equipped with machines and managers
needs to make strategies and then convey the workers of the unit that how to achieve the
desired goals in how much time(Blum, 2015). Leaders on the other hand have to deal with
decision making regarding different elements in an operation of projects.

P6 Impact of Business Environment
Environment is very competitive these days and existence in such kind of
environment is very difficult. Survival is the key, anywhere and anytime. M & S Ltd.
faces a huge competition from the market and the factors which mostly affects in this
environment are internal and external factors:
Internal Factors:
Internal factors deals with the internal capability of the organization from which
its operations are affected. Internally M & S Ltd. have many elements which can
positively and negatively impact the business in major way, which are: employees and the
person who are at the top management level, Effectiveness of the work timings and
efficiency of work is what actually drives the profitability of the company(Bolton and
Thompson, 2015). Packaging also plays important role, Distribution channels are
effective or not. a swot analysis of the firm need to be undertaken by managers in order to
know what lies behind and what lies within the organization.
External Factors:
Ethical responsibility, Corporate social responsibility, sustainability kind of
attributes affects the business because there are by maintaining the social ethics M & S
Ltd. is able to maintain the brand image of the company in the customers mind and this
will give them an advantage over the others. Sustaining in the industry is tough and for
that M & S Ltd. have to make necessary adjustments((Blum, 2015)). In addition to it,
other factors which can affect the organizations are political factors, social factors, legal
factors, economic factors, etc.
M3 Improving Efficiency of Operations
Operational efficiency is derived from the leadership people and here leaders and
managers play an important role in making the business grow in terms of operations.
Leaders and managers play vital part in maintaining the operations of business. To
improve the business efficiency they have to apply different strategies which can affect
the scenario in different manner. Time management strategy of manager and innovative
ideas of leaders can help to improve efficiency of the operation management in M & S
Ltd.. This combination will be beneficial for he cited firm as by this way company will be

able to reduce its operation cost to a great extent and will be able to deliver timely quality
services to the clients(Bolton and Thompson, 2015). A manager in operations have to
look at the material which is going to be used in the production process, the mangers
needs to make decisions about the workers that how well they are equipped with
machines and managers needs to make strategies and then convey the workers of the unit
that how to achieve the desired goals in how much time.
M4 Factors Affecting Business Environment
There are Six factors which affect business environment, these are as follows:
 Political factors: These factors are related to Government regulation, taxation
policies, laws related to imports and export, trade norms, are major political
factors which impact the business environment of M & S Ltd.. Thus if change
occurs it will be difficult for the firms and industry to cope up with that and make
changes to its operations.
 Economic factor: Economic factor is main aspect which affects the overall
industry. Inflation, high interest rates, recession, unemployment rates etc. are some
major factors which impact the business and its operations. If there is high
inflation then purchasing power of people will decrease and revenues of M & S
Ltd. will get minimized(Blum, 2015).
 Social factors: Changes in tastes and preferences of customers, cultural issue,
environment condition, friends, family, relatives etc. all affect business
environment up to an extent. M & S Ltd. If will not give the customers better
quality of products they will surely to have been in the condition of loosing the
brand image.
 Technological factors: Innovative techniques, technological up gradation affect
the profitability of the company. Before implementing this equipment, M & S Ltd.
will have to train its staff members so that they can operate it but some time due to
lack of knowledge people fails to operate it which results in decreasing quality of
food(Bolton and Thompson, 2015). But it positively affects business environment
and it helps to improve efficiency of the products.