Leadership and Management: Roles, Theories, and Organizational Impact

This report delves into the critical roles of managers and leaders within an organization, using Apple as a case study. It differentiates between management and leadership functions, examining how managers plan, organize, staff, direct, and control, while leaders focus on vision and motivation. The report analyzes these roles in scenarios such as new product launches and conflict management, supported by theories like behavioral, classical, situational, system, and contingency leadership. It evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, providing insights into effective leadership and management practices. Furthermore, it discusses operations administration methods, emphasizing their significance in achieving organizational goals and the impact of the business environment on operational decision-making. The report concludes by highlighting the importance of adapting leadership styles to specific situations and the need for strategic alignment between leadership, management, and operational processes to ensure organizational success.

Management & Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
PART 1............................................................................................................................................3
Difference among role of managers & leaders................................................................................3
Analysis different roles of management & leadership in context of organisational situations,
supported by theories &concepts.................................................................................................5
Evaluation of strengths &weaknesses of various approaches to leadership & management to
draw conclusions that provide support to theories of leadership.................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
PART 2............................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................8
Methods of operations administration in assistance with roles of managers and leaders............8
Discuss significance of operations administration assists in achieving goal.............................10
Explain factors of business environment that impose direct effect on operational administration
& decision making of leaders & managers................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
The management and operation signifies primal functional component of every company
which is important to ensure proper functioning. The present assignment is depending upon
Apple. It is big tech organization possess annual income which is approx US$260 billion
according to statistics of 2019. Therefore, this assignment is categorized into two parts. The
initial part is depending on assessing role of manager as well as leader within organization and
there are different functions which is play by leader & manager in different situation. In addition
to this, there are various theories of leadership and management is also discussed in this report
(Brinch, 2018).
MAIN BODY
PART 1
Difference among role of managers & leaders
There are various theories adopted by Apple that is given beneath:
Behavioral administration theory the appropriate strategy adopted by manager to
handle HR within an organization in proper way. It signifies understanding need and behavior of
subordinate to increase productivity and motivate subordinate accordingly. There are various
model Maslow, Mayo that is applied by management team of Apple in order to sustain HR
within an organization for a longer time period. It is important to maintain positive ambience in
the organization.
Classical management herein, the manager agrees that subordinate possess physical as
well as economic needs. Thus the primal purpose of manager of Apple is to increase profits so
that they treat subordinate like resources and do not pay their attention on working condition it
imposes negative effect on performance of company. There are various approaches like scientific
administration, bureaucratic administration along with some alteration for performing work in
proper way.

Functions of manager
The manager is individual person responsible to handle staff, resources for achieving
objective in organization. There are various function executed by manager of Apple is given
below:
Planning it is important function of organization in which plan are executed that help in
confronting future uncertainties arise in future time period. The manager of chosen organization
focus on makes appropriate anticipation regarding strategies for achieving growth in future time
period (Safari, 2016).
Organizing herein, the manager focuses on organizing various activities, resources and
subordinates in proper way. It is assess that the management team of Apple take proper action
for handling various task in proper way.
Staffing to execute various tasks, it is important to hire potential applicants so that they
perform allotted task related to betterment of organization. It is assess that the manager of Apple
recruit capable subordinate that is very important tool for success of organization.
Directing the subordinate required to take appropriate direction &guidance on
continuous basis so that they execute their work in better way. The manager of chosen
organization offer proper guidance to subordinates that help in achieving goal in timely manner.
Controlling in this level, the manager focuses on keeping appropriate control over
activities of staff. Thus, the management team of Apple focuses on preparing standard and
comparing standard along with actual work for taking proper decision (Camuffo and Gerli,
2018).
Role of leader
The leader is a person who offers guidance to subordinate and direct them in respect of
goal of organization (Pfeffer, 2018). They offer direction or suggestion to followers by
appropriately interacting with them. Thus, the leader plays important role within company is
given below:

Developing vision leader offer guidance to its subordinates by executing vision aids
assistance in increasing efforts or contributions of workforce in appropriate manner for
betterment of organization. The leader of Apple focuses on preparing vision and communicating
to subordinate that provides support for growth of organization.
Motivation it is assess that leader perform their work as a motivator for subordinate as
they offer them proper motivation by necessary financial and non-financial techniques. The
leader of chosen company influence subordinate by incentives, rewards, recognition and so on.
Comparison among management and leadership
Management Leadership
The management is regarding managing and
ensure towards daily activities, handle staff,
resources for achieving objective in
organization
Leadership is regarding getting individual
person to believe in vision for company and to
perform work towards achieving objective
(Mu, 2017).
The management is towards executing tactical
actions.
The leadership is towards creating new aim as
well as vision of company
There is a difference among role as well as function of manager and its leader. Therefore,
they are determined as an important person of business organization and executing their role in
an appropriate manner for success and growth in competitive market.
Analysis different roles of management & leadership in context of organisational situations,
supported by theories &concepts
Situation: 1: New product launch
It is assess that Apple perform their work in different product like iPhone, iPad and many
more. Their main purpose is to increase product mix in order to sustain for longer period of time.
They are needed to execute market research for organizing data in respect of perception of user.
It aids assistance in increasing profit of organization in future time period (Canton, 2019).

Function of manager: the manager required to make proper strategy so that all activities
can be performed in an appropriate manner. They also needed to make appropriate arrangement
in respect of required resources for making product launch successful. In assistance of this, they
required to allot task to subordinate according to its skill so that they can execute assigned work
along with appropriate efficiency (Massimino, Gray and Lan, 2018).
Role of leader in this situation, the leader is responsible for preparing vision and also
communicate to its staff member. In addition of this, they are also needed to maintain
appropriate communication with subordinate during procedure of launching product. In
assistance of this, they required to lead subordinate in an effective manner on every level of
launching product.
Situation: 2: Conflict management
It is assessing that there are various employees who is belong from various culture
perform their work within company. There are different individual person have diverse opinion
that is the reason behind increasing conflicts in organization. The Apple is an international
organization performs their business in various countries so that there is a chance of conflict in
company. The conflicts or issues can generate imbalance within company and provide harm to
its prevailing brand image (De Guimarães, Dorion and Severo, 2019).
Function of manager: herein, the manager required to assess the policy in order to deal
with conflict within company. The HR manager of Apple focuses on making appropriate
coordination within an organization by managing cultural diversity. In addition to this, they
needed to make appropriate relationship with subordinate for avoiding conflicts in organization.
In assistance of this, it is important to analyze situation in appropriate way for taking proper
decision related to conflict resolution.
Role of leader in this condition, the leader of chosen organization required to purchase
appropriate interaction with staff member so that it is helpful in solving problem in proper way.
They also needed to execute informal group that help in proper interaction among employees and
company that reduces conflict in organization. The subordinate will be capable to interact with
one another appropriately because it is important for betterment of organization (Liu, J., Zhu and
Zhang, 2018).

Evaluation of strengths &weaknesses of various approaches to leadership & management to
draw conclusions that provide support to theories of leadership
The leader is determining as person who focus on motivating subordinates. It is assess
that the leader of Apple focuses on offer guidance to subordinate for growth and success of
organization. In this process, there are various theories of leadership which is given below:
Situational leadership theory in this theory, the leader perform their work according to
situation that is arises in organization. They assess overall situation and take proper decision
accordingly. It is assess hat there are different uncertainties & contingent situation arises in the
organization. The manager required to make appropriate strategies so that they can deal with
situation in proper way. For this process, the leader focuses on using proactive approach so that
they make proper anticipation in respect of future condition and execute strategy accordingly. It
will assists in dealing with condition in an appropriate way (Ettlie and Sanders, 2017).There is
different kind of style of leadership named as Heresy- Blanchard is used by leader for
organization in order to handle subordinate in proper way. Therefore, the leader possesses
authority to take proper decision in order to deal with diverse situation that is occurring in the
organization. It comprises various leadership styles that are given below:

Telling and directing in this process, the manager of Apple provide appropriate training
and improvement programs for subordinate on continuous way. There is an appropriate guidance
and supervision is offered by top management to subordinates so that it assists in executing their
roles related to job in appropriate manner.
Participating and supporting herein, the leader influence subordinate to increase their
participation in order to conduct task within organization in proper way. Herein, they are capable
to provide support to subordinate that is important to achieve goal in timely manner.
Delegating the HR is very important part of organization and it is important to offer
necessary authority so that they can execute assign work in more appropriate manner. For this
process, the leader of Apple focuses on delegating authority and responsibility to subordinate for
makes sure that they take proper decision during particular phase of time period (Folkers, 2017).
The Strength of this theory is to increase awareness regarding market situation and helps
in undertaking effective decision.
Weakness It cannot be applied to every aspect or situation as there is high level of
flexibility
System leadership theory it is assess that the manager of organization use this theory in
order to motivate subordinate to assess their behavior and make important improvement.
Strength this theory is useful in undertaking project in systematic manner that help in
completing project in an appropriate manner.
Weakness: The view point of every employee is different so it is difficult to work with
every element of system
Contingency leadership theory it is assess that there are different type of contingency
and uncertainty arises in the organization that is required to handle in proper way. Therefore, it
aids assistance in preparing effective strategy for dealing with situations that is arise in future
period of time. It is assess that the theory is helpful in understanding condition in more
appropriate manner. And, leader grabs opportunity for success of organization that is occurring

in future period of time. According to this theory, the proper method adopt by leader to provide
guidance to subordinates so that they can deal with situation in proper way (Kabashkin, 2019).
Strength: the strength of this theory focuses on dealing with future condition in more
appropriate manner.
Weakness: Due to gathering of false information, outcome can be negative
Evaluation
On the basis of above given theories, it is analyzed that there are different types of
leadership theories that is adopted within business organization in order to perform different
work in an appropriate manner. The situational leadership theory is adapted by leader according
to the situation so that they deal with uncertainty in proper way. In addition to this, the
contingency leadership theory is adopted by business organization in order to maintain
appropriate strategy that is useful in dealing with uncertain situation and grab opportunities in
future period of time.
CONCLUSION
On given report, it is assess that the management and operation signifies primal
functional component of every company which is important to ensure proper functioning. The
initial part is depending on assessing role of manager as well as leader within organization and
there are different functions which is play by leader & manager in different situation. In addition
to this, there are various theories of leadership and management is also discussed in this report.
PART 2
INTRODUCTION
The management signifies crucial function of organization that is useful in handling all
activities in an appropriate manner. The manager focuses on executing various functions in order
to achieve objective in timely manner. Thus, the operation management is important function
that is executed for conversion of raw material in finished product in proper manner. In this
report, there is a discussion regarding methods of operation management that is useful in

achieving goal in timely manner. And, there are different factors of business environment that
enforces direct impact on operational management (Settemsdal, 2019).
Methods of operations administration in assistance with roles of managers and leaders
It is assess that operational management is important for increasing efficiency and
productivity of organization. Herein, the management team focuses on making appropriate
strategy for optimum utilization of resources. It signifies conversion of material in finished goods
that is important to meet need and want of customer in pre-decided period of time during
particular phase of time. There are various strategies of operation management adopted by Apple
company are given below:
Total quality management is important approach adopted for handling whole quality
related to production process. The primary purpose of organization is to offer quality product and
services to its users so that they achieve higher satisfaction level of user. According to present
scenario, it is important to offer superior goods and services to its user for achieving goal in
timely manner. In this approach, the manager of Apple focuses on handling whole production
quality during particular phase of time period. In this process, they are needed to manage
appropriate communication with subordinate and offer them guidance for manufacturing superior
quality products.
Just in time it is determined as proper techniques of organization that help in increasing
whole activity to eliminate waste as well as additional cost. The manager focuses on keeping
appropriate control on input and output and eliminates unnecessary functions from process of
manufacturing. This technique aids assistance in increasing efficiency and production of
company that increases overall activity of organization. The manager as well as leader offer
supervision to subordinate during the process so that they are capable to execute work in proper
way that is helpful in achieving objectives in timely manner.
Kaizen: It is determined as a technique adopted to make proper improvement in food
production processes so that quality of goods and services is improved. Herein, the manager
monitors production process on continuous basis and maintain proper strategy for eliminating
waste from whole production process. It is assess that the manager of Apple focuses on keeping
appropriate control and process of production so that they offer superior quality product to its

user that is important to maintain higher revenue and income. The manager &leader focus on
making appropriate strategy and interact with its subordinates that they are capable to perform
their work accordingly. Therefore, it aids assistance in providing support to subordinate during
process of production which is important for manufacturing of products and services. It is assess
that there are various techniques related to operation management that is adopted by manager
which is useful in making proper utilization of available resources. This technique plays
important role in manufacturing quality products and services that is important to accomplishing
objective in pre-decide period of time (Ugurlu and Kumral, 2020).
Discuss significance of operations administration assists in achieving goal
There are various approaches like total quality management, just in time and so on are
used by organizations for handling function in proper way. In assistance of this, this type of
techniques is very important in enhancing whole production, profitability and so on. The
significance of operation management in context of Apple is going to be mentioned below:
Enhancement in quality of goods and operational efficiency it is assess that there are
various approaches adopted in operation management like TQM, Six Sigma and many more.
This type of technique focuses on whole quality of goods and services. In reference of Apple, it
is determined as a well-known organization provides superior quality of product to its customers
and the main focus is to reducing whole production cost. Herein, the organization is capable to
manufacture superior quality of goods and services and minimum cost that help in earning
revenue and profit in future period of time.
Cost reduction it is assess that this is appropriate approach related to operation
management that is useful in increasing productivity and efficiency of company. The manager
focuses on producing standard goods and services and minimum cost. In reference of Apple, the
manager focuses on using various approaches like TQM, just in time and so on in order to
provide superior quality of product to customer at less price that help in achieving competitive
edge in the market (Tang, Lai and Cheng, 2016).
Customer satisfaction according to current scenario, it is important to satisfy user for
sustaining them for a longer period of time. The approaches related to operation administration
are useful in production & manufacturing of superior quality of products. Therefore, the Apple

focuses on using different approaches related to operation management that help in bringing
efficiency within an organization and they are capable to offer quality goods to its user in less
price that help in increasing growth of organization and higher level of satisfaction of user. The
primal aim of every organization is to enhance sales and profitability in future period of time.
The manager of Apple focuses on maintaining operational efficiency within an organization with
use of proper technique is useful in increasing efficiency & quality of good that is useful in grab
attention of user.
It is asses that there are various approaches that are adopted for increasing performance
of organization in future time period.
Explain factors of business environment that impose direct effect on operational administration
& decision making of leaders & managers
Business environment involve both micro and macro environment and required to
address by organization for executing diverse operations in an appropriate manner. These factor
have power to influence activity of company Therefore, in reference of chosen organization, the
manager required to align tactic that is depend upon environment of organization for getting
success in execution. There are various factors that impose direct effect on operation of
organization that is given below:
Stakeholder is determined as that individual person who possesses power to persuade
functions of organization. In reference of Apple, the primary stakeholder of organization is its
user. Therefore, the company focuses on enhancing profit margin by satisfying need and want of
customer.
Sustainability this factor is important in influencing & providing new or innovative
offering according to requirement of user. Thus, the management team of Apple focuses on
monitoring prominent factor that is fulfilled by manager as well as leader in context of cost
saving. It is helpful in lowering cost by adopting different type of techniques such as TQM,
Kaizen and many more.
Corporate social responsibility is the administration concept in which organization
integrates social as well as environmental concern in the operation of company with stakeholder.
The purpose of CSR is to provide back to community, take part in activities related to