Leadership and Management: Theories and Application for ARGOS

This essay provides a comprehensive literature review on the concepts of leadership and management, exploring their definitions, differences, and significance in organizational settings. It delves into various leadership theories, including trait theory, transformational leadership, behavioral leadership, and charismatic leadership, analyzing their strengths and weaknesses. The essay then applies these theories to the case of ARGOS, a British catalogue retailer, examining how different leadership approaches could be implemented within the company. Furthermore, it discusses the importance of management development programs for organizations. The essay emphasizes the practical implications of effective leadership and management practices for organizational success and the importance of aligning leadership styles with specific organizational contexts, especially in a retail environment like ARGOS.

Leadership And
Management
(Literature Review
(Essay))

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
LITERATURE REVIEW (ESSAY)................................................................................................3
Define and discuss the difference between the concepts of leadership and management. ........3
Leadership Theories ...................................................................................................................5
Management development program ...........................................................................................9
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12
.......................................................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Management and leadership is a vital component in enterprise as it assists them in
utilizing resources to attain objectives and goals by using different models and strategies.
Management introduces as a set of effective processes that can keep a complex system of
technology and people running smoothly. It includes different essential aspects such as planning,
organizing, budgeting, staffing, monitoring and problem solving. Leadership is an important
process of social influence which increase the efforts of another towards accomplishment of a
greater good. Therefore, both leadership and management is essential process for growth and
success of an organisation (Amanchukwu and et. al., 2015). For this essay given organisation is
ARGOS which is a British catalogue retailer in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was founded
in 1972 by Richard Tompkins and headquartered in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England.
Company specialise in selling of clothing, food, general merchandise and financial services.
Main purpose of doing this project is to identify importance of leadership and management and
also leadership theories for company. In this essay different points are cover such as definition
and difference between the concept of management and leadership and, leadership theories and
its application to ARGOS. Along with this, management development program for an
organisation is also include in this study.
LITERATURE REVIEW (ESSAY)
Define and discuss the difference between the concepts of leadership and management.
Definition of leadership
According to Massie, leadership can be defined as individual person stimulate others to
work efficiently and effectively towards some predetermined goals (Definitions Of Leadership).
According to Chester Bernard, leadership is the ability of an ace to attract the nature of a
assistant and influence them to follow a particular course of action.
Concept of leadership
Some of the concept of leadership qualities are god gifted by birth while rest are created
in an individuals, they are actually man made leadership qualities. Here are some of the qualities
of a god leader are integrity, passion, decision maker, accountability, honesty, innovative,
delegation etc. It can be build within by continuous learning, education, training, self study and
experience (Bârgău, 2015). This is a never ending process and goes on and on. The qualities will

directly or indirectly will help throughout the journey to gain targets on time. Good and efficient
leaders train themselves day and night to match with the dynamic changes occurring daily in the
market, they don't rest on their past laurels. If an individuals have strong desire and willingness
power anybody can become an effective leader. It's not an rocket science which can not be build
within or one can not become a leader. All what is required is continuous efforts and learning
desire to motivate oneself to become a good leader.
Definition of management
According to Joseph Massive, the term management can be described as the path
consisting of planning, organizing, staffing and controlling and utilizes them in efficient and
effective ways to accomplish the desired targets on time (Definition of Management, 2018).
According to James L Lundy, the word management can be explained as the task of
planning , organizing, motivating, coordinating and controlling the attempts of other individuals
towards a specific targets so, that it can be achieved on time accordingly.
Concept of management
The concepts of managements can be explained as, to be successful businessmen in the
market, an individual leader need to face risk so as to reach out to their desired goals. A phrase
justify the statement of being successful “DAR k AAGE JEET HAIN” it means no risk in
business means no success in the firm. A management is responsible for the success as well as
for the failure of the proposal (Bird and Mendenhall, 2016). Governing body is responsible for
the consequences while making decisions as the conclusion can be favourable or unfavourable.
On other words it can be said that administration is the path by which human resource are
managed and are responsible for their outcomes.
Difference between management and leadership
According to the Bolman and Deal, (2017), the main difference between leadership and
management is that leaders have group of human resource who follow them according to their
guidelines designed. While the management has hip of people who are ready to work for them
more efficiently and efficiently as they are asked to perform accordingly. A successful firm,
organization, business associates or business need both of them (leadership and management) to
achieve their goals and sustain in the market. Both are equally important to remain in the market
for long duration. Here, leadership creates trust and faith among people about it's decision taken
and also ensures the public that ball will be in their court when result will be declared, this

atmosphere is made by a good leader among their staff members. Whereas management tries to
control the people working in the firm and also indirectly gap is created among the management
and people working there. They also rule and throw back their managing activities on them to
follow at any cost. The violation of terms and conditions leads to heavy losses or terminated
from the job.
As per the point of view of Cherry and Jacob, (2016), the main motive of the top
managing departments is to create or formulates rules, regulations, policies and procedures for
the lower level and ask them to follow them accordingly. But an efficient leader motive is to
formulate guidelines and principles and influence employees to adopt to new changes taking
place in the dynamic environment. The strategy adopted by them are proactive and encourages
changes in the environment. They emphasis more on inspiring people and motivate them to work
day and night for better outcomes. Managements strong procedures helps to create stability in the
working area and also have short range of view towards polices. Here, are some of the examples
of a good leaders, Donald Trump, Jack Ma, Adolf Hitler etc. who have left behind their
inspirational stories and encourage present world to work accordingly and have name and fame
globally. Good leader requires to expand their thinking capacity across the boundaries and keep a
eye on others loop holes and turn theirs mistakes as theirs opportunities. Making others mistakes
their opportunities is the creative or innovation talent one should pose in a leader to remain in the
top. While talking about management a person who take cares about all the activities of
management (Men, materials, Money, methods and Machines) in an organization is termed as
manager.
Leadership Theories
It refers as a school of thought brought forward to describe how and why few individuals
become leaders (Definition of Leadership Theories, 2018). Leadership theories emphasize the
behaviours and traits that an individuals can follow to raise their own leadership abilities (Chin,
2015). There are different number of leadership theories such as Behavioural theories, Trait
theory, contingency theory, transformational leadership and charismatic leadership theory.
The trait leadership theory is extremely based on the qualities and traits of leaders which
lead to their effectiveness or potency. Sometime it fails to set up the trait that should be common
to every leaders. This type of theory is best suitable for multinational companies where there is

large demand and need for their products and thus the productivity of each employees has to be
controlled strictly.
The transformational leadership theory is also known as managerial theory which
emphasis on organisation, supervision and performance of a leader. In this theory leaders
encourage compliance by followers via both rewards and punishments (Diamond and Spillane,
2016). This theory is best suitable for those enterprise where the aim of management is to
enhance productivity of company and also create a strong relation with the workers.
Behavioural leadership theory is based on the behaviour of leaders and it does not believe
the situational approach. Therefore, such type of leaders are mainly relationship oriented or in
task oriented in nature relaying on the leader's behaviour towards a situation. This theory is most
suitable for those enterprise where there is less employee retention capacity or less productivity.
According to Annie Sisk, charismatic leadership theory applied by academics or experts
in leadership of an organisation to determine which activities, behaviours and traits assist to
motivate and inspire change in business's workforce (Charismatic Leadership Theories, 2019).
This theory require five main charismatics in leaders including confidence, communication,
focus, creativity and vision. In addition, this theory is based on Charismatic characteristics of
leader to inspire and motivate workforce to perform tasks or activities they are specified (Donate
and de Pablo, 2015). This leadership theory is most appropriate for company where there is a
better co-ordination between managers and employees. Main aim of charismatic leader is to
inspire and motivate their workers by virtue of their charismatic leadership style.
According to Kat Consador, Contingency theory of leadership is an effective combination
of the behaviour and traits of manager and the particular situation. One of the best example of
this theory is Fielder's contingency model, it is unique because it support to justify why a leader
of an organisation is effective under single situation and not the other. Another essential example
of this theory is House's path-goal theory, in this leaders of an enterprise can motivate or
encourage subordinates by analysing their wanted results, rewarding them for better performance
and the accomplishment of work goals or objectives with these desired outcomes.
Therefore, all these types of leadership theories are effective and useful for an
organisation to improve their performance and maintain good relation with all workforce
(Ejimabo, 2015). ARGOS is a British multinational catalogue retail organisation in UK.
Company mainly specialise in trading of food, clothes and general merchandise through physical

shops and online. In the organisation, large number of employees are working with the purpose
of achieving better outcomes. Above discussed all leadership theories are essential and valuable
for ARGOS but trait leadership theory is more suitable for company because demand of their
food and clothing product is more high and therefore productivity level of workers has to be
control strictly. In this theory, leader has different qualities which support them to manage and
control a situation in unique way which does not match with qualities and characteristics of any
other persons (Hallinger and Chen, 2015). It is followed in ARGOS where the all employees
are work accordingly in order to accomplish vision of Richard Tompkins who is not only the
founder of organisation but also their leader.
Application of Trait Theory to ARGOS
According to Kendra Cherry, leadership skills is concentration on evaluating
distinguished personality traits and characteristics that are connected to flourishing leadership in
different situations. According to Carlyle, leadership is something that an individual is born with
this quality to lead someone, it can not be build within individuals. As coin has two faces one
head and the other tale, same way both the authors has put forward their views on the floor
regarding trait leadership theory. According to K. Cherry business need focus on identifying
personality traits to become successful across the globe. Retail industry is working in
distinguished segments by using trait theory the firm was benefited as this qualities encouraged
them to attract other customers towards their product or services and generated huge profits from
the customers (Trait Theory of Leadership, 2018). A good leader is the backbone of every
business institutes and lead the firm to more revenue generation and also helps to expand in
different segments and different product line. Growth and expansion is totally dependent on the
type of leader an institute is holding. It indirectly motives the employees to work day and night
to satisfy it's customers and make certain strategies to pull king of the market (KING) towards
their innovative product. But it is bit complex to train and guide a person on each and every level
(Hallinger and Wang, 2015). Evaluating distinguished traits is a complex task and is time
consuming process as well as incur huge finance to train them accordingly.
But according to the Carlyle, leadership is such type of quality that can not be taught or
explained to an individual to be an leader. It's an art which is god gifted in some people. They are
blessed with the quality of leadership skills and it not practically possible to build in any person
to become leader. Company having a inborn leader is more efficient and results are more

productive. It directly saves huge amount of finance which was required to train a person with nil
skills of leader. Person having skills of leader can internally motivates other employees as and
when needed with zero efforts and leads to productive outcomes. But at times inborn qualities
turn out to me sin for the business as excess power sometimes turn out to be unfavourable and
the level of risk increases at some point of time (McCaffery, 2018). Which affect the smooth
running of the organization and huge monetary and human resource losses need to be faced by
the firm .
Strength and Weakness of Trait theory
According to Ralph M. Stogdill, the theory of traits is followed to study the attribute,
nature and behaviour of human. Different individuals has different perspective which are
relatively consistent over behaviour and time. They are not opposition to states but are transitory
to dispositions. Every coin has two faces one side is head and the other side is tale, same way
trait theory has both positive and negative impact on the retail company. Organization is dealing
in distinguished sector and using trait theory proved to be their strengths in many ways. It
provides products detailed information and awareness to it's customers which help to build trust
and faith among seller and customers (Pihlainen, Kivinen and Lammintakanen, 2016). It is a
pleasing theory and is providing its positive impact on the retailing industry by directing the firm
to achieve their targets on time. This is trust worthy theory as many research and experiments
have been done on it's foundation and base. If the base of any theory is strong it will help the
business associates with strong validated foundation when used in the institute. Using this
theories in the retail industry helped the ARGOS to remain on the top as well as attracted loyal
and trustworthy customers for long time duration.
On other side Eysenck's highlight the negative impact faced by the company are, as the
industry is vast in it's own context and is dealing in amended segments so, to apply trait theory
proved to be complex and did not sound to be more profitability in the long run. It also requires
personal observations, and self analysis, need introspective individuals to understand or study
their own behaviour and nature (Renz 2016). Organization working in retail sector faces more
complicity in solving correlation for aggregate behaviour, it's not easy to evaluate everyone or
keep a eye on them to know correlation impact.

Management development program
According to the Shin and et. al., (2015) management development programs aim at
enhancing the overall effectiveness or potency of manager at their existing positions. In recent
years, such type of program become more prevalent because of increasingly multiplex demands
on managers. With the help of this program leadership skills can be develop in manager or
workforce. There are basically two paths for management development which name is on-the-job
method and off-the-job methods (Understanding the Trait Theory of Leadership, 2017).
Management Development Programs.). Both methods are consider as a part of management
development program which is followed by ARGOS. It is a British multinational retailer in
United Kingdom and have different number of workers, managers, leaders etc. All these are one
of the main part of business success and growth.
According to the Swanwick and McKimm, (2017), in management development
programs, On-the-job methods are normally preferred. There are different types of methods such
as job rotation, training positions, planned work etc. All these are consider as one of the
essential methods of on-the-job which will help a manager to improve their leadership qualities.
Under job rotation, this involves shifting managers of ARGOS from place to place so that they
can familiarize themselves and broaden their experience with different aspects of the
organisation's operations. This method also help a manager by improving motivation skills which
is a part of leadership quality. Training position is another effective method of on-the-job which
will help a manager in developing its leadership qualities. Planned work is another important
method, it involves providing trainees essential work assignments to create their ability and
experience. Such type of experience support manager to gain insight into how businesses operate
and also enhance their leadership skills. Therefore, management development plan is significant
for manager of ARGOS to develop leadership qualities and guide their followers to work
accurately and timely.
As per the point of view Thorpe, (2016), off-the-job is also consider as a part of
management development program which will help a manager to remove ongoing demand of the
workplace and stresses. With the assist of this method manager can get an effective chance to
meet with other people who have leadership skills. Thus, it will support a manager to improve
their communication and leadership skills and accomplish better results. It is also essential for
ARGOS to retain employees for long time and enhance their image in marketplace. Management

development program support a manager to develop their communication, motivation and many
other skills which will assist them in retaining better relationship with organisation. Along with
this, better communication skills help a manager to communicate all information to their
employees, it will further help in reducing conflict among workforce. Off-the-job methods
include simulation, vestibule training, lectures, management games, role playing, case studies
etc. Thus, all these are effective and important for manager to enhance their leadership
knowledge and skills and get better chance for achievement of personal and professional goal.
Therefore, on-the-job and off-the-job methods are essential part of management
development program and support a manager as well as organisation to improve their
performance within predetermined time duration. With the help of this program ARGOS can
encourage leadership skills from managers and help them to accomplish better outputs in short
time. This program is also essential to those organisation who desire to take a proactive approach
to success and growth (Thorpe, 2016). It assist them in developing a culture of innovation,
retaining best workers, gain competitive advantage, management success etc. Thus, all these are
effective and important for organisation to accomplish better results in given time. This, program
is also significant for manager to manage and develop their leadership qualities and guide to
employees to complete all work and activities within allotted time duration. In simple word,
management development program support the manager of ARGOS to improve their
communication, time management, problem solving and many other skills. All these skills are
consider as an effective quality of leadership which is needed by each manager to improve their
performance and productivity. It will also assist them in improving standard level of manager.
For example: communication skills are essential for manager to communicate entire information
related to organisation which will assist in accomplishing effective outputs.
CONCLUSION
From the above mention information, it has been concluded that management and
leadership are two essential components for growth and success of an organisation. Both
management and leadership are biggest concept that help an organisation to accomplish better
outcomes within given time period. Along with this, there are different types of leadership
theories such as trait, contingency, transformational, situation etc. all these are effective for
company to improve their productivity and performance. As trait theory is more suitable and
valuable for retail industry to increase customer base and achieve better results. This theory help

an organisation by providing detailed understanding and knowledge of leader. Accurate
understanding about the skills and knowledge of leader support an enterprise to complete all
tasks and activities in given time duration. This theory also guide an individuals or managers in
preparing for leadership responsibility. Thus, trait leadership theory is suitable for retailer to
maintain employee's turnover and retain strong position in market. Beside this, management
development plan is also essential and beneficial for manager to develop leadership skills and
quality through on-the-job and off-the-job methods. On-the-job method includes coaching, job
rotation, training position etc. Off-the-job methods help a manager to remove stresses and
ongoing demands of the workplace. With the help of these method manager can meet with other
departments and improve their leadership qualities such as communication, motivation,
delegating, positivity, trustworthiness, creativity, responsibility, feedback etc.
RECOMMENDATION
From the above given Essay, it has been recommended leadership and management are
essential components for each organisation to achieve long term goals and objectives easily.
There are some recommendation to ARGOS which are explain as under:
 Company should focus on providing training to those managers who has lack of
knowledge and skills about leadership.
 ARGOS should hire knowledgeable and talented employees who can easily accomplish
long term goals and objectives of an organisation.
 Company should make better coordination among managers and employees through
using motivational theories and communication channels.
 Company should apply management development plan in proper and systematic manner.
Thus, it will support an organisation to improve their performance and productivity
easily.

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