Leadership and Management Roles, Theories and Applications Report

This report analyzes the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers within Marks & Spencer, a British multinational retailer. It differentiates between leadership and management, outlining their respective functions in areas such as motivation, team building, and policy implementation. The report then explores the practical application of these roles in various situations, including decision-making, training and development, worker commitment, and authority delegation. Furthermore, it delves into the application of different leadership theories and approaches within Marks & Spencer to promote a positive work environment and increase employee participation. The report emphasizes the importance of effective leadership and management in achieving organizational goals, improving operational efficiency, and ensuring long-term sustainability, especially in the context of change and competitive market conditions.

Management and Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Different roles & characteristics of leader and manager...................................................3
2. Application of role of leader and function of manager in different situation.....................5
3. Application of different theories and approaches...............................................................7
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Operation management function of an organisation that deals in conversion of raw
materials into final goods. Managing all the operations along with controlling cost and proper
use of available resources are the main responsibility of manager (AbouRizk, 2010). In the
present assignment, chosen organisation is Marks & Spencer which is a popular British
multinational retailer of London. The report includes characteristics and roles of manager and
leader as well as application of their roles and functions. Apart from this, application of different
leadership theories within firm is defined in this project.
TASK 1
P1 Different roles & characteristics of leader and manager
Leadership is defined as an act of motivating & influencing other individuals to act
towards achievement of shared objectives. Mix of personality and leadership abilities are posses
by leaders through which they impact others to take after the direction and guidance gave by
them.
Management is characterized as the way of managing and overseeing activities &
functions of company in organized and systematic way. It is an art through which things are
getting done by others. Various functions included in management are Planning, organizing,
staffing, coordinating and controlling.
Leaders and administrator plays many duties and responsibilities inside firm that aids
effective achievement of objectives and goals. All the activities that takes place within firm are
managed by manager and leaders are working towards coordinating of resources so that
successfully and timely completion of work can be ensured (Ageron, Gunasekaran and
Spalanzani, 2012). In Marks and Spencer, responsibilities of manager is to assess, monitor and
control all the functions and activities of firm and leaders have the duty to motivate their team
members and encourage them to attain set objectives and goals of company effectively and
efficiently. They both have critical impact in high growth and success of firm. A few roles of
leader and manager are characterized beneath:
Roles of leader:
Motivators: Leaders are great motivators and have the ability to inspire others by their
thoughts and actions. They comprehend and analyse requirements of workforce and satisfy them

by fulfilling those. It assists in maximizing motivation level of work force and encourage them to
perform their duties in more better way. This outcomes in higher profitability and performance
of employees as well as organisation.
Team working: As leaders have great ability to influence others, they effectively impact
individuals by their contemplations and activities. They strongly believe in team working & put
their complete efforts in building effective groups. In Marks and Spencer, leaders persuade their
staff members to work in group so that, objectives can be achieved effectively (Ashby, Leat and
Hudson-Smith, 2012).
Supportive: It is one of an imperative part that leaders play. They emphasize on issues of
their team members and listen every one of them deliberately and give them proper solutions for
that. It helps with boosting up morale of manpower and they feels a feeling of satisfaction while
working inside firm. At whatever point, support is required by group, leaders solicits to them.
Roles of manager:
Detailing of plans and policies: Managers assume to be a fundamental part of
organisation who have responsibility of creating plans and policies for firm that provides
direction for future course of action. Some effective strategies are also framed by them with the
aim of accomplishing objectives and targets of company within specified time period.
Overseeing activities: The fundamental responsibility of administrator is to deal with
each activity of firm in organized and efficient way. They are the one who coordinates with all
the departments of organisation and screen monitor activities for the purpose of ensuring timely
completion of work (Bozarth and Handfield, 2016).
Motivate staff: In order to improve productivity and performance of company, various
activities are conducted by managers which assists in motivating staff members. They assess
workers performance and provide them training according to that in order to enhance their skills
and confidence level which in turn results in improving motivation of workforce.
Characteristics of manager and leader:
Positive attitude: Administrator as well as leader carry positive attitude which
encourages them in performing their duties and responsibilities in well way. Their positive
attitude helps them in handling difficulties viably and in achieving individual and also proficient
objectives. In Marks & Spencer, at the time of cut throat competition, change or any other

challenging situation, positive attitude of manager and leader helps in dealing with it in more
effective way which ultimately improves operations of company.
Decision makers: They both are good decision makers and have capacity to take
effective decision by their learning and experience. They take many decisions in regards to
accomplishment of targets and objectives of firm. Leader and mangers give their high
contribution in success and growth of company (Carter and Liane Easton, 2011). At the time of
cut throat competition and change, good decision making power of manager and leader of Marks
and Spencer helps them in taking effective decisions which results in improving operations of
company and also increases its productivity and profits.
Good communicator: Communication skills of manager and leader are very good and by
their powerful relational abilities, they propel their staff individuals. They viably convey all the
essential informations to their workers by this. Good communication skills helps manager and
leaders of Marks and Spencer in communicating change effectively among employees which
enables them to perform their tasks and operations in more effective and efficient manner and
attain preset objectives of company.
Differences between manager & leader:
Manager Leader
 Manager of Marks & Spencer have the
responsibility to manage all activities
and functions of firm in proper and
structured way.
 They formulate plans and policies to
attain business objectives of company.
 In Marks & Spencer, leader influence
their team members by their thoughts &
actions and provide them proper
guidance.
 Leader ensures proper implementation
of plans and strategies to attain goals.
2. Application of role of leader and function of manager in different situation
There are different circumstances that happens inside firm on ceaseless premise. In this,
administrators and leaders play essential part in dealing with such circumstances in a successful
way. They take different choices in regards to high development and supportability of firm for
long haul. They apply their capabilities and aptitudes in order to achieve set destinations and
focuses of organization (Chowdary and George, 2011). A few circumstances in which part of
leader and function of administrator is executed in Marks and Spencer are characterized beneath:

Decision making process: During the time of making decisions, administrators and
leaders play imperative part. There are different circumstances happens inside firm in which it
turns out to be exceptionally fundamental to take decision. Administrators play significant part in
taking choices identified with advancement of suitable plans and arrangements regarding change.
Top administration is in charge of settling on exercises and projects that are being led inside
firm. Leaders are in charge of appropriate usage of plans. They outline systems and guarantee
their appropriate execution with the goal that every one of the exercises are finished on time.
They take choices with respect to specific undertaking or movement and guarantee its opportune
fulfilment. Both, director and pioneer assess execution of organization and measure it with
standard so targets and destinations of Marks and Spencer can be successfully proficient. At the
time or situation of change and cut throat competition, various decisions needs to be taken by
manager and leader. Manager formulate plans and leaders take decisions regarding their
successful implementation. This will helps in improving efficiency of their operations.
Training and development: There are different circumstances emerge in firm while
existing aptitudes and capabilities are insufficient to dealing with these. In numerous
undertakings, more aptitudes are required for their fruitful finish. In such circumstances,
directors and leaders play out their parts adequately (Closs, Speier and Meacham, 2011). They
give reasonable preparing system to their workforce with the goal that their capabilities can be
expanded. Leader decide requirements of workforce in regards to their training needs and discuss
it with supervisor. According to their ability prerequisites, director plan appropriate preparing
program and give it to labor. This will encourage workers in increasing new aptitudes and
information that causes them in playing out their obligations in more better and compelling way.
It thusly, drives the firm towards fulfilment of objectives and destinations. At the time of
implementing change, it is very essential to have skilled and competent manpower who is able to
deal with changes effectively. For this, it is highly essential for manager of Marks & Spencer
tom provide appropriate training to manpower related to change. In this, the role of leader is to
identify training needs as per the situation and manager is responsible for conducting appropriate
training session for them to fulfil their skill needs. It assists in improving operational efficiency
of company and attaining firm's objectives.
Worker commitment: Participation of workforce in exercises of firm is extremely basic
for successful working. There are numerous circumstances where it is required by

representatives to work all in all and take support in exercises of organization effectively. They
are the imperative asset of an association that exceptionally contributes in development of
business. In this way, their commitment in working of organization is fundamental. Directors and
pioneers put their endeavours in expanding representative support. They lead different exercises
and attempt to keep up sound workplace so specialists feel glad and happy with their working
environment. This will help with expanding efficiency of both, representatives and in addition
association. During the situation of change and cut throat competition, it is highly essential for
employees to work collectively and with high commitment towards adopting and implementing
change. So, manager and leader of Marks & Spencer requires to ensure high worker commitment
towards organisation by providing them healthy workplace, growth opportunities etc.
Authority delegation: It is exceptionally hard to do all the work alone. Thus, it is
required by chief and pioneer to appoint their power among every one of the individuals from
group with the goal that work should be possible in appropriate way and finished on time
(Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2013). They allot work to representatives according to their
capacities and aptitudes with the goal that errands can be performed in a powerful and proficient
way. In Marks and Spencer, appropriate appointment of work by administrator and manager
helps in finishing undertakings on determined time. During cut throat competition and change
situation, it is not possible for manager and leader to work alone. So, manger of Marks and
Spencer requires to divide work and leader has to responsibility to assign tasks to each team
member as per their skills and expertise in order to complete it successfully on time. By this,
operations are performed effectively within firm and competed on time.
Above mentioned are the circumstances in which leader and manager of Marks and Spencer
apply their parts and capacities. It helps them in achieving their targets on time and
accomplishing success and growth in market place.
3. Application of different theories and approaches
The concept of leadership and management is very essential as it facilitates in making a
business organisation successful. It assists in maximizing its efficiency and effectiveness as well
as helps in its high growth and long term sustainability. In Marks & Spencer, several approaches
are applied by administrator and leader to increase motivation level of their manpower and also
to promote healthy and positive work environment (Galindo and Batta, 2013). Application of
leadership theories assists in increasing participation of manpower in activities of company. By

this, productivity and profitability of firm increases and a positive work environment is promoted
within organisation. Some approaches of leadership which which are applied by manager and
leader of Marks & Spencer are defined below:
Situational leadership theory:
As per this theory, effective leadership can help in dealing with various challenging
situations in an effective and efficient way. In context of organisation, if an individual have good
leadership qualities, then they enable to deal with every kind of situation. They enable to
evaluate all the forces that takes place within business environment and according to that allow
to adopting their own style. Manager and leader of Marks & Spencer are required to have good
knowledge and competencies which are needed to handle all the situations in proper manner. In
the situation of change and cut throat competition, manager require to apply situational
leadership theory as it helps them in dealing with changing situations in more effective manner.
When change is introduced within organisation or firm face cut throat competition, this theory is
applied in initial phase of implementing change.
Advantages:
 Adaptability is one of the main advantages of this theory as it can be executed in many
situations. This approach is easy is understand, intuitively sensible and practical. Due to
its high adaptability nature, this theory is appropriate for manager of Marks & Spencer to
be applied in situation of change. Flexibility of leader is the main focus area of this theory. It reminds them to treat their
subordinates similarly and give them break even with chances to develop.
Disadvantages:
 It is not clear that how this theory match style of pioneer with subordinate development. It neglects to deliver the best approach to manage certain statistic qualities that effects on
pioneers subordinates solutions (Hamilton and et. al., 2011, January).
Application:
This approach is connected by administrator of Marks & Spencer in introductory phase
of their task. It can be apply when subordinates advance in various task. This theory can be
actualize in each circumstance when any change happens in association.
System theory:

This approach incorporates a few frameworks and arrangements of interior business
condition and manage unmistakable circumstances (Matta and et. al., 2014). It gives an
arrangement of standards and rules with respect to administration standards and orders that
guarantees right comprehension of framework. It help with keeping up concordance and enhance
coordination among workforce with compelling correspondence. It encourages in making
healthy workplace by standards and directions of organization. It gives organized structure to
supervisor for creating inventive speculations and thoughts and clear up point of view in
powerful and complex condition. Implementation of this theory helps manager of Marks &
Spencer in encouraging team working and motivating workforce to work in challenging
situations in more proper and effective manner and respond to change appropriately.
Advantages:
 It maximize flexibility of association to natural change.
 Underscore on achieving individual and in addition authoritative objectives. This hypothesis underscore on various measurements of administration.
Weaknesses:
 It doesn't take into account possibility or particular style of working in firm.
 Reliance nature isn't characterized. It may not be useful dependably and prompt deferral in choices.
Application:
This hypothesis is applied by administrator of Marks & Spencer with a specific end goal
to guarantee nature of items that meets necessity of client. It incorporates every one of the
capacities deliberately into interrelated collaboration. An organized system is directed by this
way to deal with chief that aids improvement process (Ronen, Pliskin and Pass, 2012).
Application of this theory in Marks & Spencer can help manager to adopt and cope up with
changes during cut throat competition in an effective manner. This theory will helps in
increasing coordination among team members and enable them to work collectively towards
adapting with and implementing changes successfully.
Contingency theory:
It is a hypothesis that relates with administrative control used in associations. This
approach expresses that no single framework can actualize in all circumstances. Supervisors
work to recognize answers for manage work environment issues and fulfil necessities of

customers.
Advantages:
 It empowers administrators to change roles of worker to address issues of person. This approach is profoundly custom-made in nature.
Disadvantages:
 At the point when this approach is tried, it turns out to be exceptionally intricate. This approach is responsive in nature instead of proactive (AbouRizk, 2010).
Application:
Utilization of this hypothesis engages administration to create coordinated arrangements
so as to determine work environment issues and meet necessity of customers. Application of this
theory helps manager of Marks & Spencer in responding to change effectively and beating cut
throat competition that is exist in retail market or industry.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that management and
operations is an essential concept for every business firm. It highly assists in growth and success
of company. In a business organisation, different roles are played by administrators and leaders
in order to handle difficult situation in proper manner. They motivate their team members which
assists in increasing productivity and performance of employees as well as firm and leads it
towards high success and growth.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals

AbouRizk, S., 2010. Role of simulation in construction engineering and management. Journal of
construction engineering and management. 136(10). pp.1140-1153.
Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An
empirical study. International Journal of Production Economics. 140(1). pp.168-182.
Ashby, A., Leat, M. and Hudson-Smith, M., 2012. Making connections: a review of supply chain
management and sustainability literature. Supply Chain Management: An International
Journal. 17(5). pp.497-516.
Bozarth, C. B. and Handfield, R. B., 2016. Introduction to operations and supply chain
management. Pearson Higher Ed.
Carter, C. R. and Liane Easton, P., 2011. Sustainable supply chain management: evolution and
future directions. International journal of physical distribution & logistics management.
41(1). pp.46-62.
Chowdary, B.V. and George, D., 2011. Improvement of manufacturing operations at a
pharmaceutical company: a lean manufacturing approach. Journal of Manufacturing
Technology Management, 23(1), pp.56-75.
Closs, D. J., Speier, C. and Meacham, N., 2011. Sustainability to support end-to-end value
chains: the role of supply chain management. Journal of the Academy of Marketing
Science. 39(1). pp.101-116.
Fitzsimmons, J. and Fitzsimmons, M., 2013. Service management: Operations, strategy,
information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Galindo, G. and Batta, R., 2013. Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster
operations management. European Journal of Operational Research. 230(2). pp.201-
211.
Hamilton, J. and et. al., 2011, January. Ice management for support of arctic floating operations.
In OTC Arctic Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference.
Matta, A., and et. al., 2014. Modelling home care organisations from an operations management
perspective. Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal, 26(3), pp.295-319.
Ronen, B., Pliskin, J.S and Pass, S., 2012. Focused operations management for health services
organizations. John Wiley & Sons.