BTEC HND Unit 4: Management and Operations Report Analysis

This report delves into the core concepts of leadership and management, exploring the distinctions between leaders and managers, and examining their respective roles and functions within organizations. The report analyzes leadership approaches and their application, using British Airways as a case study to assess their impact on the airline's current business situation. Furthermore, it presents an overview of operations management for Brakes, a retail grocery store in the UK, discussing different approaches to operations management and their significance in meeting business objectives. The report also highlights the factors influencing operations management within organizations and their effects on business operations. The report includes detailed tables, figures, and analyses to support its findings and conclusions, offering a comprehensive understanding of the key topics covered.

Management and
Operations

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Functions and features of Leaders and Managers..................................................................1
M1 Leadership and management & their concepts and theories.................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Roles and functions of leaders and managers in situational contexts....................................4
P3 Models and theories of approaches........................................................................................6
M2 Strengths and weaknesses of approaches..............................................................................8
D1................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Approaches to operations management for Brakes................................................................9
P5 Importance and value of OM to meet business objectives...................................................11
M3Importance of managers and leaders in improving OM.......................................................12
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
P6 The factors of business environment that impacts OM decision making............................12
M4 Impacts of different factors on OM.....................................................................................13
D2..............................................................................................................................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Leaders create visions for their followers and managers align vision with organisational
strategy to push their subordinates towards the corporate strategy. In this context the report will
highlight differences in leadership and management. Also, the report will present application of
leadership approaches to British Airways by critical analyses of their impacts on current
business’s situation. BA is the airline company in Britain. In addition the report will present
operation management for Brakes group a retail grocery store in UK. Thus, different approaches
to OM and its importance to them will be included in the report. Also, it will highlight factors
affecting OM in the organisation and their impacts on store.
TASK 1
P1 Functions and features of Leaders and Managers
Management and leadership are two terms that are used simultaneously within business
functions. Leaders are influencers and managers are implementers. It can be said that they
ensures smooth functioning of business to achieve common business goal by exercising their
unique powers and roles (Hewison and Holden, 2016).
Functions/Roles of Leaders in British Airways
Envisioning: Leaders visualize the admiring clients’ glances of the business by imagining future
possibilities and impossibilities.
Influencing: They influence behaviours of people by articulating rules and regulation without
modifying values and motivations (Sowcik et.al., 2015).
Goal-setting: They establish measurable goals by identifying change and required change in
business to accomplish vision into reality.
Function/Roles of Managers in British Airways
Planner: Managers plan for their teams by making plans and defining gaols for future direction
based on vision of the organisation.
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Monitor: Managers are information hub and creates management plan by monitoring team work
activities and manage them more effectively.
Allocator: Allocation of resources and duties by managers to their subordinates generates
additional revenues (Kyambalesa, 2019). Also, they take significant decisions for them regarding
any issues and problems arising in organisation.
Features of Leaders in British Airways
Inspiring: To become successful leaders it is necessary for BA’s leaders to inspire their team
towards visions through their actions and encourage employee commitment and engagement.
Positivity: It is the quality of leaders who excel even in pressure by aligning business strategy to
drive higher levels of performance across the organisation.
Creativity: Creative style of leadership is cooperative leaders with innovative and brilliant skills
rather than safe plodders (Khalili, 2017.).
Features of Managers in British Airways
Leadership: An effective manager is good leader who can lead the team towards right direction
in efficient manner.
Time management: TM is essential as there are lot of responsibilities on the head of managers
and they create an example for employees to manage their professional lives.
Reliability: To lead the team managers have to be reliable that means a supporting superior for
the team in any situation (Situmorang and Japutra, 2019).
M1 Leadership and management & their concepts and theories
British Airways is a company operating in service industry. Thus, they have skilled managers
and leaders to manage business operations. To differentiate between leaders and managers a
tubular representation is presented below.
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Table 1: Comparing managers and leaders
Leaders Managers
 They Focus on business people
 Innovators
 Inspires their people
 Long range perspectives (Algahtani,
2014)
 Align people
 Articulates vision
 They focus on business systems
 Analytical
 Relies on controls
 Short range views
 Staff and organize people
 Execute goals set by leaders
Concepts and theories
Concept of Management theory denotes the ways managers employ their knowledge and skills in
implementation of goals and motivate team to perform at highest standard. Moreover, concept of
leadership defines the process of applying leadership attributes to direct the organisation to
accomplish organisational objective (Morden, 2017). Attributes are beliefs, values, ethics, and
skills and so on.
Transactional Theory of leadership: The most persuaded theory of leadership that says that
leaders define rewards and punishments for the group to perform at exceptional level. Also,
leaders motivate their followers by communicating their self-interests (Afshari and Gibson,
2016). Thus, the theory is based on three concepts i.e. organising, controlling and short-term
planning to ensure positive changes in quick manner.
Contingency Management Theory: This is the theory of management that describes that the
management is dependent and contingent according to the application and behaviours in specific
situations. Thus, it cannot be assured that single management approach is best (Berry, Broadbent
and Otley, 2019). However, to effectively manage the business functions the organisation must
tailor their planning, organizing, leading, and controlling to their particular circumstances.
Hard management skills and soft leadership skills
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Practical understanding including specific knowledge and abilities of leaders and managers that
are sturdy and firm are known as Hard Skills. On the contrary, Soft skills are personal attributes
that covers cooperation, humaneness, logical thinking, work ethics, interpersonal skills and
integrity etc. However, certain hard skills are specifically required by job applicants for some
managerial positions to be chosen with a few particular soft skills (Rao, 2016). To effectively
manage business operations both hard and soft skills are essential for leaders and managers. As
well, a person can be elevated in business by valuable soft skill that fit to position in absence of
required hard skill.
TASK 2
P2 Roles and functions of leaders and managers
Leadership and Management are most essential elements of business functions. An organised
group working towards same goal is a consequent of efficient leadership and management. Being
a big corporate British Airways is facing challenges of strikes, It failure and customer unrest in
industry from external environment including competitors and clients (Guardian News & Media
Limited, 2019). Major functions of leadership and management are planning, organising,
directing, leading, coordinating and controlling.
Functions of Leadership and Management
Figure 1: Functions of Management
(Source: Open learn, 2019)
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Planning and Forecasting: It is step of mapping out the steps of achieving the organisational
goals. In given contexts British Airways is facing challenges like unrest customers and IT failure
that are major issue for the organisation. Thus, planning involves determining best course of
action to achieve prioritised goals to minimise the impacts of those challenges and turn them into
acquiescence (Fayol, 2016).
Organising: After the goal-setting is done, the managers have to organise their teammates
according to the plan. Thus, duties are assigned to followers and subordinates by synchronising
them as per mapped ideas. If there is any lacking or issues the managers has to look upon them
and rearticulate.
Staffing: It is function of grouping teammates by allocating tasks to the staff. Moreover, leaders
and managers resolve disputes among personnel of BA to ensure smooth achievement of
organisational goals (Laud, Arevalo and Johnson, 2016). Thus, managers do staffing by
recruiting, training, and developing workers.
Directing/Leading: It is most essential part of leadership and management where they plan and
organise by leading them. Also, leading includes inspiring, communicating, directing, and
encouraging. Thus, leaders and managers guide workers to avoid disputes and do not delay their
jobs.
Coordinating: By creating an efficient team the leaders make them feel comfortable and share
their views generously (Schermerhorn et.al., 2019). Thus, it is essential for leaders and managers
to reconcile interests of employees to ensure voluntary co-operation from them.
Reporting/Controlling: After other functions are placed in right direction managers has to keep
an eye on ongoing tasks. Hence, controlling is continuous function where managers take
corrective actions to minimise negative deviations in by analysing them and reduce chances of
future deviations.
The mentioned organisation has been facing challenges market due to strikes by their employees
and rise in fuel prices is major problem for them. Moreover, services by workers are turning out
to be poor at present and reducing customer base and profit margins. Thus, functions of
managers must be revaluated by them to look upon the lacking in planning and organising.
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Contract of fuel hedging can be made by the company with oil producers to be certain for some
date range (Liu and Jones, 2016). Moreover, managers may replace striking workers with new
workforce temporarily to ensure uninterrupted functioning.
P3 Models and theories of approaches
Leadership & management is very complex procedure that requires leadership qualities and skills
in order to connect with people and deal with their expectations. With the evolution of leadership
theories and approaches the qualities and behavioural success of leaders are focused upon. Thus,
these theories identify needs and expectations of employees by effective leadership styles for
different circumstances (Lee, 2016). Hence, main approaches of leadership theories are
illustrated here under.
Situational Leadership
The situational leadership theory mentions four main styles of leadership i.e. directing,
supporting, coaching and delegating. Each style is adopted by leaders to manage their group
workers as per different situations and needs of team. Moreover, leaders are able to give
assurance to workers regarding their expectation and duties.
Figure 2: Situational Leadership
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(Source: Todorov, 2017)
Directing style is adopted by leaders employees have lower competence and higher
commitment directing leaders offer clear set of instructions to them and spend more time
working with them.
Coaching style is leader driven and adopted when followers has developed a little
competence and improved commitment (Browne et.al., 2016). Thus, leaders encourage
team and improve relations with them by spending significant time and efforts.
Supporting style is follower driven approach where they are competent but little less
committed. So, leaders participate with followers to support them to ensure work is
performed at required level.
In this style workers are fully empowered as they have higher competence and
commitment. Also, minimal supervision is required by followers as they are motivated,
empowered and competent enough to perform tasks.
System leadership theory
System theory facilitates managers and leaders to create some levels for their team so that they
can work with complete potential. Also, the approach makes use of sound principles regarding
human behaviour to generate systems design and leadership organisational strategy. By
employing this approach the leaders of BA would be increasing employee productivity after
analysing their behaviours (Jaques, 2017). Also, the discoed theory focuses on creativity and
modernisation in business to accomplish some goal or objective.
Contingency theory
The contingency approach describes that there is no best way to organise a business and perform
decision making. It also defines specific factors those are dependent and independent while
studying organisational behaviour. Independent variables are those that cause changes in
dependent variable and dependent variable are response affected (Bachrach and Mullins, 2019).
Enthusiasm and headship are major independent variables and output, turnover and malingering
are chief dependent variables.
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M2 Strengths and weaknesses of approaches
Organisational success is dependent upon skills and abilities of leaders where they guide
followers in right direction through efficient procedure. It can be said that every approach or
style adopted by leaders and managers have different objectives and results. Thus, strengths and
weaknesses of each approach are tabulated below.
Situational Leadership
Strengths Weaknesses
 Recognises the need of flexibility
 Allocation of resources is appropriate
 Creative Approach (Muenjohn et.al.,
2018)
 Creates comfortable environment for
employees
 Focused on short term goals rather than
long term needs
 Challenging to define maturity
 Market evaluation is lacking
Systems Leadership
Strengths Weaknesses
 Creates adaptability for environmental
changes
 Decisions are made as per micro and
macro environment
 Dynamic and focus on multiple
dimensions of management
 Not always practical
 Inter-dependence is not clear
 Does not cater to contingencies
Contingency theory
Strengths Weaknesses
 Random issue and variety of solutions
 Effective market research and
innovative approach
 Research is costly (Schedlitzki and
Edwards, 2017)
 Undertrained and unskilled workforce
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D1
While looking at above study and stated theories and approaches it is evident that organisation
shall adopt situational theory for managing its functions. It is noticeable that the approach is
flexible and easy to follow in different types of situations for different type of employees. Also,
Contingency theories are multifaceted and it is difficult to decide which style shall be suitable.
Another theory suggested is systems leadership and transactional theory of leadership. But,
transactional approach becomes de-motivating for employees due to its punishment system for
employees for performances and rewards for goof performances. It creates sense of partiality is
few employees.
TASK 3
P4 Approaches to operations management for Brakes
Operations management is management practices that create higher efficiency level possible
within organisation. It comprises of scheduling, systematising and supervising processes and
making enhancement for higher probability (Machadoet.al., 2017).In this regards Brakes is a
company dealing in non-specialised wholesale food industry focus on specific goals. They are
aiming on marketing to increase the sales and HR practices to keep their personnel happy. Thus,
major approaches of Operations management are is important because it leads to better output,
competitive advantage and increased revenue. To manage operations of the Grocery Store main
approaches can be Supply chain management (SCM), Business Process management (BPM) and
Kaizen.
BPM
It is the discipline of OM in which numerous techniques are used by managers to examine,
determine, improve, optimise and mechanise business processes. It explains the process of
studying, identifying and monitoring change within organisation to ensure smooth functioning of
the same. Besides, it is one of best techniques of OM that includes structured methods and
procedures (Viriyasitavatet.al., 2018). By employing this approach the organisation would be
capable of making continual improvements through change and improve existing process.
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Figure 3: Business Process Management
(Source: CM Mitchell Consulting, 2019)
SCM
It is the method of controlling flow of organisational offerings in market including the processes
of converting raw materials into finished products. Besides, it engages active streamlining of
business supply-side activities to exploit competence and customer value (Copacino, 2019).
SXCM activities and strategies are backbone of trade that covers effective market coverage and
making offerings available at various locations to support customer services.
Figure 4: SCM
(Source: Ckradmin, 2018)
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Kaizen
The word ‘Kaizen’ means ‘improvement for better’ that creates a culture of continuous
improvement in manufacturing process of operations department. It can be stated that it is the
development approach that creates a powerful engine for improvement within organisation. The
system of Kaizen is based on proactive solutions, letting go off perfectionism and assumptions
(Chung, 2018). It follows a systematic procedure from setting goals to reporting results within
teams.
Role of leaders and managers in operations management of Brakes
The role and responsibilities of Operations managers are to implement the right processes within
organisation. The leaders and managers of Brakes articulate operations strategy, improve
performance, procure resources/material, and securing compliance. The operations management
of Brakes is based on production, IT, budgeting, marketing and procurement process. Besides,
they collectively ensure the store functioning well.
P5 Importance and value of OM to meet business objectives
The mentioned practice of management ensures overall productivity of the organisation by
ensuring timely fulfilment of consumer demands. Moreover, OM looks upon every aspect from
manufacturing to product delivery. Thus, it is essential for the managers of Brakes to understand
the importance of implementing operations management within organisation to achieve more
through it. As well, OM creates value for the operations and its related activities within
organisation. Moreover, main aim of operation managers is to make certain timely delivery of
products and effectively turn raw materials into finished products (Mahadevan, 2015). Brakes is
the food and distribution company offering food, drinks and other related products through their
distribution centres. They have customer base from schools, hospitals, and independent dining
restaurants. Thus, they have developed a great supply chain management in organisation to
manage costs of production and distribution. Moreover, they have online ordering system for
their clients along with their stores at different locations in UK. Also, OM manages the brand
reputation and integrity of their offerings. For satisfying the purpose of operations department
manufacturing timelines are synced with appropriate OM strategies and policies.
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M3Importance of managers and leaders in improving OM
Empowering remote employees to work productively: Managers and leaders of the organisation
are held accountable for empowering their teammates while working remotely. They allow
members to in virtual environment by working through virtual private networks (Perry, Rubino
and Hunter, 2018).Therefore, it is requisite for leaders and managers to be more productive by
establishing task progress and using project management tools like MS project, zoho project.
Clearing Labour redundancies: It is most decisive step for leaders and as well as store
managers to decide whom to choose as a part of business and whom to be not. Thus, they have to
critically assess their roles and their skills to make sure that best staff is not replaced instead of
redundant job and workers. In that case it is crucial for managers to abolish hierarchical
boundaries and communicate with their employees to get clear picture of required information.
Budgeting and forecasting: Store managers are also responsible predicting future business
performances. Thus, they calculate future expenses and prepare budgets (Arunraj and Ahrens,
2015). Funds available to the department and their strategy are all part of corporate retail
strategy.
TASK 4
P6 The factors of business environment that impacts OM decision making
The organisation is operating in highly competitive environment of the industry. Food industry
of UK is vast, providing employment to many people and also provides prospect to international
investors and buyers. Thus, there are numerous factors in business environment that affects its
performance.
Factors affecting OM decision making
Global Competition: The retail market is highly competitive and the grocery market of UK is
covered by big four grocers i.e. Tesco, Sainsbury's, Asda and Morrison (Chauveand Renckens,
2015). The organisation in mainly serving UK and is not much affected by global business
boundaries. But they have great brand recognition in the country itself.
Customer Service and cost Challenges: Main issue faced by grocery stores are serving multiple
shoppers at the same time and facing different minded people. Besides, employing trained and
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skilled people is essential to reduce impact of negative service quality (Matsumotoet.al., 2016).
Also, inaccurate pricing, quality defects, and reduced product flexibility are cost challenges for
the organisation.
Expansion of advanced technologies: Advancements in technology is constant in present
industry trends. In-store IT hardware, software, supply chain environments has become part of
retail IT systems. Since, shoppers use peer review before making any kind of purchases to get
assurance by other consumers.
Growth of Service sector: Increased growth of service sector including bars, restaurants and
hotels has been affecting retail industry (Guardian News & Media Limited, 2019). Consumer
spending is higher in bars and restaurants and it is indicating that the sector is expanding.
Social Responsibility issues: CSR is popular practice in food inducts that includes management
of relationships between organisation and its stakeholders. It is extremely significant decision for
the organisation to implement sustainable CSR activities as food industry decides fate of many
species (Hofman, Moon and Wu, 2017).
Impacts on decision-making
Business surroundings are dynamic and add new factors that affect food industry. The list of
factors cannot be exhaustive looking at current scenarios. The factors those affects business
operations impacts the decision-making by managers and leaders. To ensure that Brakes is
running smoothly and gaining substantial profit they have to focus on above mentioned factors
and their impacts of business operations (Welford, 2016). In that case considering very essential
business aspects and factors affecting them is important for them.
M4 Impacts of different factors on OM
Costs challenges and customer service is major factor for the organisation dealing in grocery
stores. Global competition is the factors that impact business ability to find people for excising
jobs, technological adaption and product pricing. Also, competition from similar and substitute
business is chief issue for the local marketer (Welford, 2016). As weal, impacts of technological
advancement reduces the sales of company since consumers want fast service in today’s’ world.
Since, implementation of latest technology is not possible for the organisation always.
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D2
Implementing coherent development strategy within organisation based on continuous quality
improvements the store managers shall be enabled to improve customer services. It can be stated
that to ensure sustainable development they must perform CSR activities. Those activities can be
reducing carbon-footprints to alleviate changes in climate; get better labour work rules; embrace
fair commerce; engaging in charitable efforts for community. Also, it can be critiqued that
another factor is ethical responsibility that is again a part of CSR implementation in the
organisation. Thus, the store would be able to gain attention of customers in industry and attract
people that are concerned about their health and safety. Also, acquiring organic foods would be
more bifacial for the organisation. As well, adding new technologies to improve customer would
improve brand image.
CONCLUSION
By summing up the report it is inferred that leaders and managers are important part of business
functions and its success. It is noticed that appropriate leadership and management within
organisation results in improved business operations and reputation in industry. Moreover,
implementation of Operation management within organisation helps managers to achieve
suitable growth and productivity. It is also evident from the study that suitable OM approaches
shall be implemented within organisation to reduce impacts of business environmental factors.
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