Leadership and Management: Roles, Theories, and Operational Approaches

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management, focusing on the roles and characteristics of managers and leaders, and comparing their differences. It examines various leadership theories, including situational, system, and contingency leadership, and their application within the context of a case study on Pret a Manager. The report further explores the functions of management, such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling, and discusses how these functions are implemented within the company. It also analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to leadership and explores the impact of factors within the business environment on decision-making and operational management. The report delves into operational management approaches, including Six Sigma, Total Quality Management, Just-in-Time inventory, and Kaizen, evaluating their importance in achieving business objectives. Finally, it concludes with an evaluation of different leadership theories, offering insights into effective leadership strategies and their application in real-world business scenarios.

Management and Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1.Roles and characteristics of manager and leader and comparison between both of them.....1
M1. Analyse and differentiate between role of leader and function of the manager..................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2. Role of leader and function of manager in a different situational context............................3
P3. Different theories and models of approach...........................................................................4
M2 Strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to situations within work environment 5
D1 Evaluate and analyse different approaches and theories to leadership.................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
P4Approaches of the operational management...........................................................................5
P5Importance and values of the operations managements in achieving the objectives of the
business.......................................................................................................................................7
M3 Leaders and mangers improves the efficiency of the operational management successfully
to meet the objectives of the business.........................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P6 Factors within business environment that impact decision making by leaders and managers
and upon operational management..............................................................................................8
D2 Application of operations management &factors impact upon businesses environment......9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Management and leadership is plays an critical role in the achievement of the
organisational goals utilizing the various resources of the organisation. Management includes
various function which are managed by the manager of the company such as planning,
organising, directing and controlling. Leaders are responsible towards achieving the desired level
of results through guiding and directing the employees at the work place(Kerzner and Kerzner,
2017). Report will define and compare the roles and characteristics of the leader and manager.
Study also examine the role of leader and functions of the manager in the Pret a manager
company and also apply the various theories of leadership in the business environment of the
Pret a manager such as situational leadership, system leadership and contingency leadership
theory.
TASK 1
P1.Roles and characteristics of manager and leader and comparison between both of them
Manager: The success and failure of every company is largely depends upon the ability of the
manager because it refers to a person who design and manage the work of enterprise at the work
place in an pre determined manner. It plays an important role in organising and co-ordinating the
entire activities of the company towards the accomplishing the desired level of results. It also
plays an significant part at the work place in terms of ensuring that the resources of the
organisation are utilise in the effective manner towards increasing the profitability of the
firm(Northouse, 2018). It also perform various function of the management for maintaining the
healthy working environment at the work place of the enterprise.
Leader: leader is define as the person who influence and direct his subordinates towards
achieving a specific goal of the enterprise. Leader plays an crucial role in leading a group of
peoples towards accomplishing the common goal through developing a clear vision and
providing the information about that to the employees of the organisation. It also plays an
important role in ensuring that proper balance is created and maintained between the
responsibilities of the members of the team towards attaining the agreed goals and objectives.
Leaders also motivate the employees by its leadership styles and communication skills and
informing about the vision of the company. The main objective of leaders is to inspire and direct

the employees in terms of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of working(Kwok and Xie,
2016).
Difference between leader and manager
Leader
 Leader focus on the employees of the
organisation.
 The nature of the leader is unique
which always present their real image
in the company.
 Leader always focus on the horizon of
the task.
 Leaders influence and direct the
employees according the companies
policies(Khanna, 2015).
Manger
 Manager focuses on the system and
structure of the company.
 The nature of the manager is command
oriented that always present the
organisational image as their own
image.
 The manager always focus on the
bottom line of the task.
 Manager helps in designing the various
policies of the company and
communicate it to the leaders.
M1. Analyse and differentiate between role of leader and function of the manager
Behavioural theory of management: The main focus of this theory is on human relation in the
company which helps in addressing the human dimensions at the work place. Through this
manager can effectively identified the human behaviour at the work place in term of motivations,
conflicts and expectations. Through this manager can efficiently plays the function of
management such as directing to employees towards the attainment of the organisational goal
effectively. The manager also perform the co-ordinating function of the organisation for better
outcome through applying the behavioural theory of management(Lee, 2017).
Management by objective: Through applying this management theory, manager improves the
performance of the Pret a manager company through clearly defining the objective that are
agreed by the management and employees of the organisation. With the help of this theory
manager and employees sit together in develop the common goals for achieving the desired level
of results. Manager can increase the involvement of the employees in the decision making

process in order to make them more responsible towards their work through implementing this
theory in the business environment.
Transformational theory: In this theory leaders work with the teams to identified the required
changes at the work place. Through applying this theory in the business environment leaders
focuses on creating the valuable and positive change in their employees. Transaction leaders
plays an important role in gaining compliance through providing rewards and incentives to its
employees. A leader also posses a long term perspective in the nature which indicate that the
leader is more visionary in nature which shows that the leader follow the transformational
leadership in the organisation(Ghasabeh, Soosay and Reaiche, 2015).
TASK 2
P2. Role of leader and function of manager in a different situational context
The role of leader and function of the manager plays an important role in making the
organisation work in the desired direction towards the achievement of organisational goal.
Manger has various functions such as planning, organising, directing and controlling as well as
different traits and styles of leadership that helps in proper management of the business
operations. Pret A manager is facing the situation where the prices of raw material and
equipment are increasing on a rapid phase and in such situation, managers effectively manage
the functions and leader plan and implement the various strategies which handle the cost of
manufacturer in terms of increasing the sales and revenue of the company. The contemporary
theory of management is applied by the Pret A Manager for dealing with the current situation of
the increased cost of food products(Northouse, 2018). The manager of Pret A manager can plan
the strategies such as selection of supplier who provide the raw materials at the lower cost. The
Clive Schlee(CEO) in Pret A Manager, using their trait to motivate to employees to adopt the
advance technology for reducing the cost of manufacturing and also eliminate the resistance to
change among the employees through creating the an work place environment of trust with the
effective communication skill. The first Pret a manager shop has its own kitchen where fresh
ingredients were delivered in a every morning and the food was prepared throughout the day.
The second situation of Pret A manager in which management has to decide the training
and development arrangement for improving the skill of employees so that they can work more
productively towards the attaining the business objective(Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2015). The

leader of Pret a manager follow the trait theory in this situation which focus on relationship
oriented approach for improving the employee retention as well as increasing the moral of the
employees in order to motivate employees towards the work which results in improving the
brand image of the Pret A Manager.
In this situation manger of the Pret A manager company identified the various training
need of the employees regarding his task for improving their employees skills for effective
performance of the employees, whereas, leader of the Pret A Manager identify the long term
training need of the employees for the scope of personal and professional development of the
employee for higher personal growth of the employee in the enterprise.
P3. Different theories and models of approach
Situational leadership theory: This theory was first developed by the Paul Hersey and Ken
Blanchard which define that organisational leader can adopts various leadership styles according
to the situation. Situational theory models includes two main factors such as directive and
supportive behaviour. In the directive stage leaders take decision by themselves without taking
advice from anybody and in leaders with supportive stage firstly receive the inputs from the team
members and evaluates their suggestion into his own decision making which results in improving
the decision making process of the enterprise(Thompson and Glasø, 2015).
System leadership: This leadership approach help the leader of the company in terms of
thinking about their own perspective and organisational but it also focus into a broader approach
to develop the firm as well as stakeholder to change the system and structure of the
organisational process.
Contingency leadership: This leadership style defines that there is no such best leadership style
which is best suitable for the organisation. It is the most important theory which includes the two
model such as task oriented and relationship oriented, both of this models improve the overall
performance of the company.
Through applying contingency leadership theory, Pret A manager company increased
the productivity of the employees by applying its task oriented model which helps in developing
the work culture of the organisation. It also includes the relationship oriented model which
encourage the interest of the employees towards the accomplishing the business objective of Pret
A manager.

M2 Strengths and weaknesses of different approaches to situations within work environment
The main strength of situation theory is it helps leaders and employees in motivating and
boosting as sometimes it involves all the workers in their decision making process by which
employees feel respected and an important part of the company. On the other hand weakness of
this theory is it tends to focus on the short term strategies because it focuses on the current
situations and scenario.
Strength of system theory is it provides an effective framework for the interpretation of
realities system. Whereas, weakness of this theory is it is very complicated to implement because
it has various interrelated processes and parameters(Steelman and Wolfeld, 2018.).
Strength of contingency theory is it provides the best way to access leaders style that can
be useful for Pret a manager. On the other hand it has some weakness as it is reactive in nature
and not proactive.
D1 Evaluate and analyse different approaches and theories to leadership
Transactional leadership theory is very useful for the company because it promotes
equality because regulations and rules remains the same for all type of workers. It is followed by
various companies whose main aim is to motivate their employees through benefits in order to
achieve goals.
Situational theory believes that there is no other bets way and leadership model that can
suit for the company. This can be applied in Pret a manager shop when they feel to increase the
productivity. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling
and efficiency of their business.
TASK 3
P4Approaches of the operational management
Operational management is an area where management is concerned for different
functions which is related to the management such as designing and controlling the process of
the production(Antonakis and Day, 2017.). There are some approaches which help the manager
of the Pret A Manger for better controlling and also managing all the resources of the
organization such as the six sigma approach, total quality management, just in time inventory
approach and also the Kaizen approach;

 Total quality management:- it is a continuous process for reducing and detecting the
eliminating errors for manufacturing and streamlining the chain of supply management.
This approach can be defined as the act of observing and analyzing the activities and
process of the measurement for Maintaining the desired level for the success of the Pret
A Manger. It also involves the process of the implementing and creating, planing and
strategies for improving the quality of the Pret A Manger. The main aim is customer
oriented and also focuses on the customers. It also holds the parties for involving the
process of production for accountable process for the overall quality of the final goods
and services(Rosenbach,, 2018.).
 Six sigma approach:- it is a set of techniques and also the tools for the improvement of
the process. It is type of strategies which improves the output of the quality and also the
process of find out and removes the causes of detects and minimizing the variability in
the manufacturing and also the processes of Pret A Manger. The main aim and objective
of the Pret A Manger is to achieve the maximum satisfaction for eliminating the
customers errors and defects in the process of the products and also improves the
investments and sales.
 Just in time inventory:- It is a system and approach of the management strategy which
aligns the raw materials in orders from the suppliers directly with the schedule of the
productions. It is strategy of the Pret A Manger for raising the efficiency of the
employees and also decreases the waste of receiving the products when they are needed
in the production process of the Pret A Manger.
 Kaizen approach:- it is an approach for creating the continuous improvement and also it
is based on the ideas which is small and also focuses on the small improvements in the
manufacturing of the goods and services. The main aim and objective of the Pret A
Manger is to bring continues improvement of all the functions and it also involves all the
employees of the company for making the assembly line of the workers(Kim and Barak,
2015).
Roles of leaders and mangers
Coach:- its important for every leader to take the responsibility for developing and providing the
information about their roles and also prepare about their future roles which has to play.

Facilitator:- Its important and necessary for every leader to make everything easier for the team
members in Pret A Manger because from it helps in processes for better flow and it also boosts
the productivity of the company.
Strategist:- The role of the leader is much more important than other in Pret A Manger it makes
strategies for making and completing the task and also all the member's perform better for better
results in the company. It also gives direction and guidelines for reaching the desired goals and
objectives.
Provide a vision:- It is one of the most important role of the leader where it can provide vision
of the Pret A Manger it is related to the strategies which has been made by the leader because
vision and goals of the company are more focused and understand the roles of the individual
which help to drive the success and also get the best results(Heizer and et.al., 2017.).
Decision maker:- its important to engage individuals with works and also taking feedback from
it. as a leader it will be decisive and also the make the hard choices toward Pret A Manger . All
the decision is taken by the leader with their experience. Its responsibility of the leader to take
the right decision in the critical situations.
Inspire and motivate:- its necessary for leader of the Pret A Manger to be a good influencer and
also guide others for participating in the common effort. From using of the effective
communication and the techniques of the motivation for facilitate the actions by their teams. It
important for leader to give motivation and also inspire the individuals from their work and
effective communications.
Effective time management:- it is one of the important role of the leader because part of the
effective leadership also includes the effective time management. Its necessary for leader of the
Pret A Manger for fielding the complaints and also erecting on the problems on time and also
utilizing the time in very effective manner.
Listener:- Its important for leader to listen everyone's problems and also identifies the solutions
of it. Leader of the Pret A Manger is talk less and listen more which is useful for the individuals
for sharing the information and problems with them.
P5Importance and values of the operations managements in achieving the objectives of the
business.
The values and importance of the Operational management involves irrespective of the
nature of the operations of the Pret A Manger for planing, staffing, controlling, directing and also

the organizing etc. it also improves the overall activities and productivity and also the ratio is
termed as the input and output which termed as the productivity. There are variety of activities
which takes place within the organization which contributes in manufacturing the products and
also aligning the customers. There is an optimum utilization of all the resources for leading the
enormous profits of the Pret A Manger. The efforts of the employees required efficiency utilize
and also converted the goods and services for handling the problems and issues(Hitt, Xu and
Carnes, 2016).
M3 Leaders and mangers improves the efficiency of the operational management successfully to
meet the objectives of the business.
There are so many things which can evaluate for managing the operational management
successfully for meeting the objectives of the business such as leader of the Pret A Manger is
always delegated to their roles and responsibilities ans it also matches the task to the individuals
skills. Its important for leader and manager to communicate effectively with the individuals
which helps the employees to get motivating and encouraging towards their work. Its
responsibility of the leader and manager to provide training and learning facility top the
employees for achieving the specific task and Also the goals and objectives of the Pret A
Manger(Khanna, 2015).
TASK 4
P6 Factors within business environment that impact decision making by leaders and managers
and upon operational management
There are various external factors that affects business environment and business
operations of Pret a manager sandwich shop chain. These environmental factors also impact
decision-making process by leaders and managers. Various external factors includes political,
social, economic, technological, legal and environmental.
Social factors: Social factors that can affect Pret a manager shop business operations
includes the attitude and behaviour of society. Most of the people are becoming health conscious
so they prefer healthy food. Attitude of people towards migration has negative impact on the
company because it wants to bring international talent in order to manage operations in the
country. The culture affects directly as manager of a company designs and produces their
products according to the culture of that place (Ferrell and Fraedrich, 2015).

Economic factors: Economical factors also have positive and negative impacts on
company such as exchange rate, interest rate, consumers income, labour market conditions etc.
Skill levels of workforce can have impact on business operations as good skill level of
employees can improve services in managing people. It can also helps in satisfying customers
that will directly impact on its productivity and profitability.
Technological factors: Technological factors like uses of new and advance technologies
by competitors of Pret shops can provide am idea and good insight that what their competitors
are thinking. Innovations in services and products offering and supply chain disruption because
of technology can have negative as well as positive impact on its business operations.
Environmental factors: Environmental factors can be defined as sustainability that is an
approach by which the company focuses on to meet the needs and demands of present people
without affecting and compromising the needs of future generation. Extreme weather and
changes in the conditions of environment can add the cost of operations of the Pret shops that
can decrease sales and profitability (Fozer and et.al., 2017).
Legal factors: There are some laws that need to be consider before operating in the new
market. Legal factors includes discriminatioM2 Strengths and weaknesses of different
approaches to situations within work environment
Political factors: Political factors includes governmental policies and system that can
affects the objectives and nature of the company. Pret shops operates in various countries and for
them it is very important to maintain a relationship and political stability. Political instability can
create riots and conflicts which have negative impacts on tits operations.
All these factors impact decision-making process. Leaders and managers have to sure that
all the laws are being followed by them. If they do not follow laws then it directly impacts on
their ability of decision making process. Unethical behaviours mislead the society which is
against social factors and it may decreases sales of Pret shops so it is important for manager and
leaders to keep all the factors in mind.
D2 Application of operations management &factors impact upon businesses environment
The business environment get affected by implementing operations management and
these factors. For example corporate social responsibility approach of Pret a manager can help
them in preserving the local culture of a place (Jayaweera, 2015). This policy and by following
laws and rules can also helps them in preserving the values of a community and society. The