Leadership and Operations Management: Theories, Analysis, and Factors

This report examines the difference between managers and leaders, highlighting their distinct roles and characteristics within an organization. It delves into three key management theories: the Hershey and Blanchard Model of leadership, contingency theory, system theory, and chaos theory, analyzing their applications and evaluating their effectiveness in various scenarios. The report then explores key approaches to operations management, including Six Sigma and Total Quality Management (TQM), emphasizing their importance in achieving organizational goals and improving operational efficiency. Furthermore, it investigates the roles of managers and leaders in enhancing operational performance, emphasizing the impact of factors within the business environment, such as PESTEL analysis, and how these factors affect business operations. The report also discusses the application of operation management in different situational contexts, covering various leadership styles and their strengths and weaknesses.

Management and
Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Difference between manager and leader................................................................................1
M1 Three Management Theories................................................................................................2
D1 Analysing and evaluating different theories .........................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P4) Keys approaches to deal with operations of management...................................................3
P5) Importance of operation management to achieve organisation goals...................................3
M3 Roles of manager and leader in improving efficiency of operation management................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................4
P6 Factors within businesses environment.................................................................................4
M4 Factors affect business environment.....................................................................................5
D2 Application of operation management..................................................................................5
Scenario 2.........................................................................................................................................6
Covered in ppt.............................................................................................................................6
Conclusion......................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
This project discuss about difference between managers and leaders further it discuss
about Three Management Theories, contingency theory, system theory, chaos theory, analyzing
and evaluating different theories, keys approaches to deal with operations of management, six
sigma, total quality management, importance of operation management to achieve organization
goals, roles of manager and leader in improving efficiency of operation management, Factors
within businesses environment, PESTEL analysis, factors affect business environment,
application of operation management, role of managers and leaders in different situational
context, different styles of leadership,strength and weaknesses of different approaches
P1 Difference between manager and leader
Leaders guide and give instructions to their followers. They have skill known as
leadership. Managers’ possess discipline known as management (Asam and et.al., 2015). They
are responsible for activities of workplace. Leaders and managers both are equally important for
an organisation. They influence workforce to work willingly to achieve business objectives.
Some differences between roles and characteristics of manager and leaders are as follows:
BASIS MANAGER LEADER
Definition Management direct and control group of
employees. They coordinate efforts of
employees to complete tasks successfully.
Leadership is skill that
motivates and influence people
to work effectively. They
guide employees to contribute
their efforts towards success of
organisation.
Personality
style
They solve problems with reason and logic.
Managers focus on building of business
department.
They handle all unpredictable
changes and inspire others to
deal with changing business
environment.
Approach to
task
They use their knowledge and experience to
create teams. Managers coordinated activities
of team to work in a smooth way.
They analyse problems and
create new solutions with their
charm and experience. They
make people enthusiastic.
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Organisation Manager deals with people who are in lower
rank and are known as subordinates
Leaders deal with people who
support and admire them. They
are known as followers.
M1 Three Management Theories
These theories are adopted to increase profitability of an organisation (Radnor and Upton
2015). Managers do not follow single theories. They implement theories according to situation.
They follow different strategies and plans in business. Managers usually combine different
theories for good results. Three theories of management are as follows:
Hershey and Blanchard Model of leadership : This model suggest that a leader must act as per
the situations within the organisation. The situational theory of leadership provides four
principles upon which a leader must lead employee. These are Directing people towards a
particular direction, coach them for performing task with efficiency, support the employees
wherever they feel unconfident and lastly to delegate them the authority in taking decisions for
their development and growth.
Contingency theory: this theory states that managers decision are based on current issues or
problems. They adapt different strategies based on situation. Marks and Spencer makes suitable
move to deal with present circumstances. This theory motivates workers to involve in business.
System theory: This theory suggests different principle that affect working of employees.
System is made of different section that works in groups to successfully achieve target.
Managers inspect different activities of workplace. Managers of Marks and Spencer coordinate
efforts of employees to achieve over all goals of organisation.
Chaos theory: change in situation is mandatory s in organisation. However, there are some
situations that can be controlled and managed. This theory suggests that change is unavoidable
and cannot be controlled. Organisation makes new situations more complicated. They spend
resources to maintain stability in an organisation.
Examples of different situations where manager and leader act differently :
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Bringing change in organisation : Sometimes changes such as technological changes,
organisational changes in its structure etc., are needed to incorporate in the organisation for
coping up with the dynamics of the business environment. In this situation, a leader would apply
chaos theory and would talk to each employee and make them understand that why such changes
are necessary, how these changes would benefit them in the future.
Whereas a manager would simply instruct the workforce that these changes are to be
incorporated in the organisation, without telling them why they are being incorporated, reasons
behind such changes etc.
Decision making situations : A leader whose style is contingent would involve its team
members in its decision making process, where the outcome of such decision affects whole
organisation. When the situation demands creativity factor in the organisation, a contingent
leader asks its employees to exercise authority and freedom in their workings for encouraging
them to be creative. This would the help the leader in fostering creativity in M&S.
However, a manager would exercise established principles and methodology of others for
meeting such situations.
D1 Analysing and evaluating different theories
System theory target on end result of process. Leaders use this approach to encourage
employees to follow plans systematically and achieve end results. They synchronise different
activities of an organisation (Ahuja, 2015). Leaders influence behaviour of employees to deal
with activities related to operational management.
Contingency theory effect success of leadership style. This provide flexibility to adapt
any style of leadership. Leader is required to focus on completion of task at the same time they
motivate followers to achieve goals of organisation. Suggestion of employees play an important
role in decision-making process. Leaders must trust on capabilities of employee. Leaders guide
employees to shape themselves according to organisation structure.
Chaos theory of suggest leaders to have innovative ideas. Changes in business
environment are very common. Preparation of strategies are done by leaders to deal with
changes. They spend energy to deal with difficulty of organisation. theory suggests leaders to
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adopt flexible style to deal with complex situations of organisation. It suggest managers with
different strategies to handle changing relationship of organisation. This is the most general
form.
TASK 2
P4) Keys approaches to deal with operations of management
Operation of management has same role like businesses management. They combine and
coordinate different activities of work place. Different approaches are used for growth and
development of businesses; some of them are as follows
 Six sigma: this strategy deals with continuous development and improvement. This
technique improve quality of product and process (Schnepp, Vidal, and Hawley, 2017).
This process identifies reason of defect. This is also known as quality management. This
helps in measurement of collected data. Technique measure standard output with actual
output and identify causes of difference in these results.
Leaders collect information and data from trusted sources. They compare data with
future outcomes. The operational manager focuses on reducing the defects in the production
process by mentoring employees regarding how the work has to be done accurately for ruling out
the possibility of errors in the manufacturing of products and services. This would also help the
manager in achieving cost efficiencies in the operations that would reflect in company's reduced
per unit cost of product.
 Total quality management: this concept is widely used by many businesses. It deals
with long-term growth and success of businesses. Focus of this technique is customer
satisfaction. All members of organisation participate in various processes of management.
Managers focus on customer satisfaction with continuous improvement of strategies.
Leaders motivate employees to actively participate in achievement of organisational
goals. They gather data from different sources and interpret them. They carefully analyse
data to take decisions (Siryani, Mazzuchi, and Sarkani, 2015). This process is performed
continuously to achieve accuracy in decision. Customer can be satisfied by providing
high quality product at the most reasonable prices that could meet their specifications
and needs. Managers and leaders have to provide goods and services that serves the best
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to customers. A lot of market research is required for understanding changing needs of
customers upon which whole production process depends.
P5) Importance of operation management to achieve organisation goals
Operation management is very important to achieve goals of organisation that satisfies
long-term perspective. It designs, control and operate set of system that deliver final products to
customer. This manages daily procedure of an organisation. Planning, staffing, organising,
directing and controlling are the basic elements of operation management.
This helps an organisation to make good use of resources to convert raw materials to
finished goods. Management assure that goods are made according to customer's requirements.
This is very important part of an organisation because it manages and controls entire activities of
businesses. They utilise resources in the best possible way to deliver good services and products.
Operation management provides good quality of products. It focuses on delivering the
best services in economic costs. It deals with maximising over all profitably of firm. This
maintains good relations with suppliers. They provide customers with quality services to satisfy
their demands. This is very crucial and complicated process. This increase profitably and
productivity of organisation. Operation management is expensive and complex process.
M3 Roles of manager and leader in improving efficiency of operation management
Leaders encourage employees to work together as a team to achieve goals and objective
of organisation. They supervise performance of employees. Managers must provide employees
with virtual network. They can give instruction and take feedback from theses website. This give
employees flexibility of expressing there ideas. It increases performance of employees.
Management offer employee with flexible working hours. They provide platform for growth and
development. Leader must put end on hierarchy system present in lower level of management.
Employees can freely communicate there ideas and opinion. Mangers delegate there work to
subordinate. They can provide employees with healthy working environment. Leaders can offer
incentive plan to employees to increase there performance (Smith and Yanagisawa, 2018).
Operation management encourage employees to work hard and achieve target.
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TASK 3
P6 Factors within businesses environment
PESTEL analysis is very common tool used by business to identify different business
factors.
Political factor : this consist of government policy which effect working of businesses. It deals
with all trade and fiscal policy.
Economy factors : all factors like exchange rate, interest rate, etc. are consider as economical
factors that has direct impact on profit of firm.
Social factors : it focus on social environment. These factors continuously change according to
need of customer. Change in educational, cultural and lifestyle are social factors.
Technological factors : this depends upon technological changes. Main focus is on digital
development.
Environmental factors : businesses are part of society. It is primary responsibility of
management to full fill needs of society (Gollenia, 2016).
Legal factors : organisation are suppose to follow all rules and regulation listed by law. Mangers
are aware of change in law and legislation.
M4 Factors affect business environment
Businesses are not affected by single factor. All circumstances and factors collectively
influence working of business.
Economic factors : national economy has influence on businesses decision of organisation. If a
country has high per capita income it will increase selling of product. Developed countries have
big market.
Political and legal environment : businesses are closely linked with these factors. Businesses
conduct there activities according to legislation. Government policy has effect working of
business. It is mandatory to follow all rules and regulation mentioned in law.
Social and cultural environment : many companies are spending part of profit on social
development. It help in gaining loyalty of customers. Organisation has responsibility toward
society. They serve society to improve public image.
D2 Application of operation management
Operation management focus on increasing profit of the firm . They minimise cost of
operation and increase quality of product. They design products according to requirement of
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customers. Customer satisfaction is main focus of manger. They provide framework for
employees. They influence behaviour of different departments. They compare standard product
with current output. They use different tools and techniques to make plan effective. Business use
there resource effectively. Different cost efficiency measures are adopted by managers to reduce
cost. It focus on over all profitability of firm. Managers develop and implement different
strategies to increase productivity of organisation. This process is very complicated and
expensive. Managers has to critically evaluate business environment (Opresnik, and Taisch,
2015).
Scenario 2
Covered in ppt
Conclusion
This project conclude that managers and leaders are very important for organization.
They guide and motivate employees. Leaders use different styles in different situations. There
are different factors that affect working of businesses. Mangers and leaders make different plans
and strategies to deal with these factors. It is very important to coordinate business activities.
managers and leaders understand requirement of there subordinate and guide them to achieve
there target successfully.
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REFERENCES
Ahuja, R.K., 2017. Network flows: theory, algorithms, and applications. Pearson Education.
Asam, S and et.al., 2015. Climate Change Adaptation Guide for Transportation Systems
Management, Operations, and Maintenance (No. FHWA-HOP-15-026).
Fu, M.C. ed., 2015. Handbook of simulation optimization (Vol. 216). New York: Springer.
Opresnik, D. and Taisch, M., 2015. The conceptualization of sustainability in operations
management. Procedia CIRP, 29, pp.532-537.
Radnor, Z.J., and Upton, D.M. eds., 2015. Public Service Operations Management: A Research
Handbook. Routledge.
Schnepp, R., Vidal, R. and Hawley, C., 2017. Incident management for operations. " O'Reilly
Media, Inc.".
Siryani, J., Mazzuchi, T. and Sarkani, S., 2015, March. Framework using Bayesian belief
networks for utility effective management and operations. In 2015 IEEE First
International Conference on Big Data Computing Service and Applications
(BigDataService) (pp. 72-78). IEEE.
Smith, S., and Yanagisawa, M., 2018. Benefits Estimation Model for Automated Vehicle
Operations: Phase 2 Final Report (No. DOT-VNTSC-OSTR-18-01; FHWA-JPO-18-636).
United States. Joint Program Office for Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Uhl, A. and Gollenia, L.A. eds., 2016. Business transformation management methodology.
Routledge.
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Asam and et.al., 2015 Radnor and Upton eds., 2015 Ahuja, 2017. Fu, ed., 2015. Schnepp, Vidal,
and Hawley, 2017. ISiryani, Mazzuchi, and Sarkani, 2015, Smith, and Yanagisawa, 2018Uhl
and Gollenia,eds., 2016. Opresnik, and Taisch, 2015.
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