Leadership and Management: Roles, Theories, and Operations

This report delves into the critical areas of management and operations, emphasizing their significance in organizational success. It begins by comparing the roles and characteristics of leaders and managers, highlighting their distinct contributions to team building, strategic direction, and employee motivation within the context of Marks and Spencer. The report then explores the roles of leaders and managers in diverse situations, focusing on planning, organizing, directing, staffing, and controlling. It also examines various leadership theories, including situational, system, and contingency approaches, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, the report addresses key approaches to operations management and their impact on achieving business objectives, including the significance of operations management. Finally, it analyzes business environment factors that influence managerial and leadership decision-making processes, providing a comprehensive overview of effective leadership and management practices.

Management and
Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................4
TASK 1....................................................................................................................................................4
P1 Compare and various roles and characteristic of a leader and manager................................4
M1...............................................................................................................................................5
TASK 2....................................................................................................................................................6
P2 Role of leader and the function of a manager in various situation.........................................6
P3 Various theories and models of leadership ...........................................................................7
M2...............................................................................................................................................7
D1................................................................................................................................................8
TASK 3....................................................................................................................................................8
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that leader and manager play......8
P5 Significant and value of operations management in accomplish business objectives............9
M3...............................................................................................................................................9
TASK 4..................................................................................................................................................10
P6 Business environment factors that impact on decision making process of manager and leader
...................................................................................................................................................10
M4.............................................................................................................................................11
D2..............................................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management and operations is one of the important area in every organization which
helps in managing all the operational activities of the company in effective manner. Basically
is an activity of converting raw material into finished goods which deliver to end user of the
company. It helps in improving overall performance of the company by providing quality
services to their customers (Operations Management, 2017). One of the best advantage of
effective management and operation process is to increase profitability level in market place.
Along with this it helps in managing entire organizational activities in order to attain
desirable end results and subjective in suited time scale. This assignment is discussed about
Marks and Spencer, which is one of the biggest as well as popular retail company in UK. It
provide clothing and home products to their end users in order to get their high satisfaction
level. This report define different function of manager and leaders. Different approaches and
theories of leadership is also discussed in this project. Along with this, operational
management is also important which also mentioned in this assignment.
TASK 1
P1 Compare and various roles and characteristic of a leader and manager
An individual is a person who lead as well as motivate team and individuals for attain
their target is called a leader. They play important role in Marks and Spencer to enhance
overall productivity in market place. In organizational context, leader give improved benefits
to encourage their worker in which they put their positive efforts to achieve optimistic
outcomes in most effective manner. Leader have best ability to enhance morale of the team
members in which they easily take all the situation and discover worse answer for resolve
complex situation in appropriate manner.
Role of leader in M&S: Team building: Build an effective team is one of the important role of a leader in
which all the people work as a team for achieving organizational goals and objectives
in limited time period.
 Require at all level: Leaders are the important person on which they set all the
policies and action at all level so that company easily get higher success at market
place.
Manager is also an important element for Marks and Spencer on which they manage
all the organizational activities. With the help of this company reach their target in
appropriate time period. Manager also provide better direction to their employees for
achieving all the target in effective manner. One of the important role of manager is to
improve overall performance of the employees at workplace so that workforce put their
strong efforts to achieve organizational objectives (Bahmani-Firouzi and Azizipanah-
Abarghooee, 2014). For this manager set policies and strategies at workplace in which all the
employees follow it and attain positive results.
Role of a manager in Marks and Spencer: Provide training: For enhance profitability of the company, manager organize best
programs for their employees in which they give training which leads in improving
their performance level in most effective manner. With the help of this they achieve
all the target of the company.

 Monitoring and controlling: Effective monitoring and controlling is one of the
important responsibility of a manager (Cloudt and Willems, 2011). It helps in
improving overall performance of the company and achieve desirable goals.
 Motivate: Providing better path as well as way to the workforce is important role of a
manager in which all the employees perform effectively and achieve their target.
Characteristics of a manager and a leader in Marks and Spencer: Positive attitude: Manager and leader have a positive attitude which help them in
providing better support to their work force and also encourage them for achieving
their targets. Confidence: It is also important for manager and leader because having confidence
aid in getting any kind of challenges and difficult condition in impelling style. Motivator: Both are best motivator because they give various benefits and advantage
to their workforce as per their performance so that employees perform best and
achieve positive results (Cruz and Rincon, 2012).
 Creative: To achieve desirable target it should be effective in which leader and
manager find creative way. Also with this having this kind of characteristic helps in
improving brand image a market place.
Difference between leaders and manager:
Leaders Managers
 Strategies can be made by leaders
which employees follows.
 Support, direct and motivate
subordinates so that they can become
more effective at workplace.
 They are the person who manages all
the operational activities and
departments of a company.
 Main motive is to hit targets in a
shorter period of time so that profit
can be earned at maximum level.
M1
Role of leader Functions of manager
Main motive of a leader is to improvise
working efficiency of their subordinates.
Staffing, managing, coordinating and
organising are some of main functions of
managers in an organisation.
Motivating their subordinates so that they
become more confident by which targets can
get hit in effective and efficient ways.
Skills and knowledge of staff members can
get enhanced in order to increase productivity
level of an individual at workstation.

TASK 2
P2 Role of leader and the function of a manager in various situation
Manager and leaders play important role in business because both are motivating their
workforce to enhance their show in systematic manner. With the help of this company easily
improve their performance in market place by providing better services to their customers in
most effective manner. In Marks and Spencer context, it is one of the important for the
company to enhance employee’s performance by providing better guidance so that they put
their strong efforts to achieve its target which leads in improving overall performance of the
company. In this some role of leaders in various situation are as follows: Motivate employees: Leader play important role in motivating their staff members in
which they provide positive rewards and incentives in order to encourage their morale
so that employees perform their best and achieve its targets. Set clear vision for organization: It is important duty of leader to set clear vision for
the company in which measure their employee’s capabilities in order to define their
future activities. With they help of this they provide them better path to reach their
vision in most appropriate manner.
 Give better direction: Leaders are the responsible for providing direction to their
employees so that they easily reach their target and achieve effectively. With the help
of this they achieve positive results in effective way (Fayol, 2016).
On the other side some effective function of manager which perform in the organization in
different situation in bellow: Planning: It is main and important role of manager to plan entire aspects which aid in
accomplish organizational cognitive content and subjective in regular way (Handschin
and Petroianu, 2012). It is more important for the Marks and Spencer to plan all the
future activities which helps in reach their target. With the help of this they improve
their performance level in effective way. Organizing: According to this function the administrator of the institution liable for
allocating all the resources in all the department in which they easily execute their
activities to achieve its goals and objectives in limited time period. Directing: It is also important which evaluate by the manager after allocating the
resources in which they provide effective way to the worker so that they easily attain
their target in suitable mode. Staffing: As per this function manager select skilled employees for their vacant job
position in order to achieve their organizational goals and objectives (Lindström and
et. al., 2012). Leading: With the help of this function manager effectively lead their staff members
and also provide motivation to complete their task in effective manner and achieve
positive results.
 Controlling: It is more important in which manager compare the results of employees
with business activities to take best as well as action. With the help of this manager
easily modify overall performance of the firm at market place.

P3 Various theories and models of leadership
Leaders and manager both are most important pillar of business organization in which
they contribute their best and provide higher success to the company in market place. Both
are responsible for improving employee’s performance at workplace in which leader give
better motivation and guidance them. With the help of this worker execute their best and
achieve predetermined target and goals which leads in enhancing overall productivity of the
Marks and Spencer in most effective manner. For this leaders use various leadership theories
to encourage employee’s morale and also make them capable for accepting all kind of
situation is systematic manner. All these theories are as follows: Situational theory: It is important and oldest explanation which is define by the
company implement all the task in effectual manner. It is relating with employee’s
skills and abilities towards the work. As per this leader set their policies and
procedures according to the situation for example company face increasing
operational cost. In this case leader us new and innovative techniques to produce
quality services and at the same time reduce operational cost. With the help of this
firm easily achieve their desirable goals and objectives and enhance their goodwill at
market place effectively. System leadership theory: This theory is more important for the company in which
leader find better solution to resolve all the issues which arise at workplace (López
and et. al., 2015). In this, it is significant duty of a leader to resolve all the issues and
make positive work environment within the organization so that employees easily
produce and offer quality services to their customers and get their higher satisfaction.
For improve better performance leader communicate with their team members about
the condition and provide them better path to perform their job and achieve its target
in systematic manner (Nakayama and Bucks, 2012).
 Contingency leadership theory: It is an important and effective theory which is
relation with the employees. This theory used by the manager according to the
situation and conflict situation. According to this manager of the company effectively
take best decision and also maintain better relationship among all the employees. It is
kind of situational theory which define ideas, opinion and employee’s views which
lead in rising the entire action of the organization by taking best action.
M2
Strengths and weaknesses are being mentioned beneath: Situational leadership:
Strengths Weaknesses
Suggestions can be accepted by employees in
order to achieve goals in an effective way.
Under this, functions cannot be done in an
effective way.
System approach:
Strengths Weaknesses
A systematic path can be created by Management cannot afford failure into this

management in order to hit target in most
effective way.
type of approach.
Contingency approach:
Strengths Weaknesses
It can help management to give jobs to staff
members as per their capabilities.
Complex issues cannot be resolved by this
type of approach.
D1
As per Pinkerton, (2011), motivating subordinates is the main aim of leaders. In this,
they can use many sort of theories and approaches by which goals and objectives can be
gained in a shorter period of time. With the help of this, employees may become more
confident and will start working with interest as it is essential for a firm to hit targets. System
technology can be used by leaders in order to pull out the outcome which includes various
rules and regulations. Away from this, it also includes an approach named as situational,
under this, decisions can be made by leaders according to the position or condition.
TASK 3
P4 Key approaches to operations management and the role that leader and manager play
Operations management is one of the important process for Marks and Spencer to
manage all the manufacturing activities in effective manner which leads in providing quality
services to their customers and get their higher satisfaction. It aids in increasing profitability
of the company in wider market. In this context there are some key approaches are as follows
in below: Total quality management(TQM): The main advantage of using this approaches is to
enhancing the positive standard of the product and services. It I more effective for the
company to eliminating all the dispute within the operational activities. With the help
of this manager reduce unnecessary cost of the production and at the same time it
increases overall profitability of the company at market place. For successfully
executing this approach training is one of the important need of the employees so that
they will perform their best and maintain the better standard of the company and its
products also (Nong and et. al., 2013). Just-In-time: This approach is related with inventory of the company in which
company reduce the chances of arising waste of the available resources. It helps in
improving the working performance of the employees so that they easily forecast the
demand which lead in maintaining better quality of goods and services. As per this
manager design efficacious production process to produce attractive products to their
end users to achieve their high satisfaction in most effective manner. Lean production: It is one of the effective and systematic approach which is used by
the Marks and Spencer’s manager to reduce the wastage and at the same time increase
the profitability level in most effective manner. With the help of this manager reduce
work load over the employees so that they easily maintain the quality service which

leads in satisfying customers’ needs as per their requirements is most effective
manner. Six sigma: It is effective approach which is used by the manager to maintain the
sustainability and also reduce errors and deviation within the operational process
which helps in enhancing the overall quality of the products and services (Peng and
et. al., 2015). The main advantage of using this method is to produce quality services
and provide their customers which helps in getting higher satisfactions by them. It
directly impacts on enhancing the performance of the company at market place. Queuing: It is also important to define the better sequence in which company
manager all the products and effective manner and reduce the wastage of the products
and services within the organizational activities (Pinkerton, 2011). It direct contribute
in satisfying customers demand as per their demand.
 Continuous improvement: It is an effective and regular concept in which company
define their effective production process to develop positive performance which helps
in making quality products and services to their potential customers. With the help of
the profitability of the firm is automatically increased in market place.
P5 Significant and value of operations management in accomplish business objectives
Operational management is an effective area which covers production designing,
controlling of goods and services. It helps in converting material into goods and services in
order to achieve maximum profitability in most effective manner. It also helps in increasing
the overall productivity of the company which directly contribute in achieving higher
success. In this context, importance and values of operations management are discussed in
below which help in achieving business objectives in particular time scale: Increase profitability: Operation management define effective study in which
manager manage all the organizational operations activities which helps in
eliminating wastage of the resources. In this company effectively use their financial
resources in order to achieve positive outcomes. If company cut-down their
production cost than they easily enhance their profitability level in most effective
manner (Rushton, Croucher and Baker, 2014). Customers satisfaction: One of the best advantage of operation management is to get
higher satisfaction level of the customers by providing quality services in effective
manner. Marks and Spencer focus on their quality so that they attain loyalty of the
customers which leads in increasing profitability in significant manner.
 Improve quality standard: Effective operations management of Marks and Spencer
helps in rising entire performance of the company. It help to company in making as
well as deliver prime services to customers in which they attain better satisfaction. It
aid in increasing the company goodwill at market place.
M3
Marks and Spencer has made so many decisions which created favorable condition for
them at marketplace. They improved quality of their products in order to give proper
satisfaction to their customers. This can be stated as long term investment which will give
return for a longer period of time. Delivering goods to consumers as per their needs and
wants may lead organisation to develop positive image at marketplace.

TASK 4
P6 Business environment factors that impact on decision making process of manager and
leader
Business environment is an effective combination of internal and external factors
which largely affect the organizational function and decision making process. In this, all the
factors are crucial for the firm to measure the overall execution of the company at market
place. In Marks and Spencer context, it is an essential duty of a manager to evaluate the
impact of business environment on the organization which helps in improving productivity in
most effective manner. Internal and external factors both impact on business in positive and
negative manner. Internal factors are the controllable and existing within the company so that
manner easily control and reduce negative impact (Strande and Brdjanovic, 2014). On the
other side external factors are uncontrollable by the company due to this it is an crucial
responsibility of a manager to assess its impact in appropriate manner. With the help of this
company easily acquiring larger market share from its rivals (Verma and Gangele, 2012).
There are some internal and external factors are as follows:
Internal factors: All these factors are including within the business which directly impact of
decision making process of manner and leaders. Are as follows: Customers: End users play important role in increasing the profitability of the
company. so that it is important duty of manager is to provide quality services to their
customers at affordable price. With the help of this company achieve higher
satisfaction by them which lead in increasing overall sale of the company in most
effective manner. If company fails in satisfying customers need than they reduce their
brand image at market place. Employees: Workers are the important pillar of the company who perform for the
enterprise to achieve positive success at market place. So that it is more important for
the manager to motivate them and encourage towards the work which lead in
achieving positive results. If they perform their best than they easily achieve their
target and increase overall profitability of the company. in appropriate manner.
 Suppliers: It is more important for Marks and Spencer to select the best supplier who
effective provide best quality raw material at minimum rate so that they deliver high
quality products to their customers in order to get higher satisfaction by them. If
suppliers fail in providing best material than company reduce their customers number.
It directly impacts on overall profitability of the company in negative manner.
External factors: All these factors are outsider of the company which is uncontrollable by
the company. It largely impacts on decision making activity of the manager and leader. All
are as follows: Legal factor: It is one of the important factors which directly impact on the
organizational performance. Because UK government set some rules and regulation
which is more crucial for the company to implement their activities in effective
manner (Wu, 2012). So that it is important to consider all the policies within the
activities to reduce the chances of arising conflict situation and maintain positive
environment t workplace. Political factors: All the political aspect are continuously changed so that it is
important for manager and leader to analysis all the impact on the company because it

directly affect the decision making process of the company. it defines some rules
which have to follow by the company in order to maintain their sustainability and also
define ethical performance at market place.
 Technological factors: for achieving best success, it is more important for the
company to use new and innovative technologies for their production process. It helps
in providing better serves to their customers in order to achieve their higher
satisfaction level. It also helps in reducing the operational cost and at the same time it
maintains better quality of the products. With the help of technological factors
company easily improve their performance and good will at market place (White,
2016).
M4
Environment of an organisation can be affected in both ways directly and indirectly
and these are as follows:
 Making changes are essential for a company to run business for a longer period of
time.
 Training and development programmes at workplace can be given to employees in
order to become more effective and efficient.
D2
According to Wu, (2012), there are ample number of factor which may put impact on
operational management of Marks and Spencer. Mainly, internal and external elements are
their which directly affects administration of operations. Technological, political, legal are
some internal factors of external elements and on the other hand, customers, suppliers,
employees are the components that affects behaviour of organisation through internal level.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be concluded that management and operation
is core study for Marks and Spencer which helps in achieving organizational goals and
objectives in systematic manner. For managing and leading organizational activities manager
and leader play important role in which they easily enhance overall performance of the
company at market place. Along with this, leadership theories is also effective for the
company which helps in enhancing the employees performance at workplace. With he help of
this employees perform their activities in order to achieve higher success. Furthermore,
operational management is also play significant role in which company easily achieve its
desirable goals and objectives. In this internal and external environment is also affect the
overall business activities which leads in achieving competitive success at market place.
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Online
Operations Management, 2017. [Online]. Available
through.<https://managementhelp.org/operationsmanagement/>.