Leadership and Management: Analysis of Roles, Theories, and Models

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of leadership and management, focusing on the company Rays of Sunshine. It begins with an executive summary highlighting the importance of leadership and management in achieving organizational goals. The report then delves into the roles and characteristics of managers and leaders, including a comparison between the two. It explores various management theories such as Scientific Management, Administrative Theory, and Human Relations Theory, and leadership theories like Action-centred Leadership, Transformational Leadership, and Transactional Leadership. The report further examines the functions of managers, including planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling, and the roles of leaders, such as inspiring trust, creating vision, executing strategy, and coaching potential. It also discusses situational and contingency leadership theories, and concludes with recommendations for effective leadership and management practices. The report emphasizes the practical application of these concepts within the context of Rays of Sunshine's mission to support children facing serious illnesses.

MANAGEMENT
AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager...............................................1
P2 Role of leaders and managers functions implement in various situation...............................4
P3 Various models and theories of leadership approaches.........................................................6
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................8
RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................8
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................8
P4 Key approaches to operations management and role of managers and leaders.....................9
Role that managers and leaders play in operations management..................................................11
P5 Importance and value of operations management in meeting objectives of business .......11
P6 Factors of business environment that influence on operational management and decision-
making by managers and leaders..............................................................................................11
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................14
RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

TASK 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Leadership and management is a very main activities which accomplish various types of
activities by this company are able to meet their goals and objectives within a given period of
time. In this report it is based on Rays of sunshine which is registered in United Kingdom. They
grants the children wishes who are in the age of 3 to 18 years old are living their life with serious
illnesses. Characteristics and roles of both manager and leader along with that theories and
models of leadership. Comparison between both manager and leader.
INTRODUCTION
Management and leadership are the main part of every organisation as it is necessary for
managing business activities properly (Barratt, Choi and Li, 2011). Leadership is as potential to
impact as well as drive efforts of groups towards achieving objectives and goals. Management
concentrate on planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling of enterprise activities.
P1 Different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Who is a manager?
Manager play a very vital role within company. He is a marketer, planner, producer and
coordinator. As company success is always depend on manager as it help in proper use of all
resources of firms and help in meeting enterprise goals and targets. Rapidly changing in
techniques of marketing, production methods, technology etc. and manager should cope up with
all the modifications effectively.
Who is a leader?
Leaders are those who impact on work as well as behaviour of others within team efforts
towards meeting of particular goals in an given conditions. It is rightly said that all managers are
leaders but all leaders are not managers (Slack, 2015). Person become leader by his own personal
qualities.
Characteristics of a manager
An effective manager should have talents as well as resources for supporting and find out
best from their employees. Their are some of qualities of Rays of Sunshine managers are given
below:
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 Self motivation: An manager will not able to motivate others if he or she cant encourage
themselves. They have to keep on motivating themselves and make others motivate to do
work with you. Know when to delegate: Manager should know that some of their work should delegate
some of power to other for identifying the employees will of doing a task as well as
provide them work so it will aid in succeeding a project. Team player: Manager have to be a part of team if he or she have to achieve success for
achieving goals and objectives of organisation (Heizer, 2016). They have to keep on
coordination properly with their team members.
Characteristics of a leader
Leaders are having traits of multidimensional within himself which make him effective as
well as appealing their behaviours. Some of characteristics of Rays of Sunshine leaders are given
below: Communication skills: The leaders much able to communicate procedure as well as
policies effectively, precisely and clearly. They are useful in motivating and persuasion. Foresight and Vision: Leaders should not maintain impact unless he initiate it for
looking forwards. They have to visualize conditions as well as frame logical
programmes. Will-power and self confidence: Leaders should have confidence for earning confidence
of their workers. They should have conditions by having full will power as well as
trustworthy (Peng and Lai, 2012).
Comparison between managers and leaders
PARTICULARS LEADER MANAGER
Meaning A leader is a people who
encourage his employees to
meet a particular targets.
Manager is who manage the
company as well as he is
responsible in controlling,
directing, coordinating and
planning of activities.
Vision/goal setting Growth as well as
development.
Achieving of required
outcomes.
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Strategy Pro active Reactive
Governance/power Leaders are having power to
take decisions of their
employees and organisation.
Managers are having power to
manage all the department
activities.
Focus /thinking process People Procedure and process
Employee relations Leaders made relations with
their managers.
Managers made relations with
their employees.
Risks Leader help in minimising of
risks.
Managers take risks.
Management theories
It is the ideas collections that give framework for proper management techniques, are
applying in latest working places to encourage as well as bring out best of workers. It is an
managers common place to use these theories for meeting companies goals or productivity. Their
are some theories which are applied in Rays of Sunshine are given below: Scientific theory of management: According to Fredrick Taylor, this theory is also known
as classical management theory it emphasizes efficiency of employees. In this, rather that
scolding workers for each mistakes they should give rewards to employees for enhancing
productivity within the company (Galindo and Batta, 2013). Administrative theory of management: According to Henri Fayol, it means that various
activities are performed for meeting common aim of company can be classified as well as
identified into various groups of divisions like as accomplishing of work properly. Fayol
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has provided a 14 principles of management with intent of improving managers
functions. Human Relations theory: According to Elton Mayo, systems of management became
more emphasizes individual capacities to act creatively as well as autonomously, human-
centered and bring out good from employees. This theories emphasize importance of
employees requirements from organisation as well as using policies purpose from mutual
benefits.
Theories of leadership
Knowledge of management supports by different theories of leadership. As Rays of
Sunshine focus on constant relations within group performance as well as leadership behaviours.
Some of theories are given below: Action-centred theory of Leadership: According to John Adair, it is a condition in which
peoples in groups are trying to meet goals. Their are three components in this theory are
persons in groups are performing task, meeting of goals or work and every particular
person of team involved in work. Transformational theory of leadership: This theory create a high performance of their
working employees has they are becoming very important as well as business leaders aid
in inspiring the employees to go beyond their work requirements. This theory found at all
business levels like as divisions, departments, teams and company as a whole. These
leaders are thoughtful thinker, risk taker, inspiring daring and visionary (Yang, Hong and
Modi, 2011).
 Transactional theory of leadership: This theory consists directing as well as motivating
followers primarily by appealing their own self-interest. The power of this leadership
theory comes from their formal responsibility as well as authority within the company.
Important goal of employees is to follow instructions of leaders.
P2 Role of leaders and managers functions implement in various situation
In Rays of Sunshine, Leaders and managers play a very crucial role within the company.
They make some of strategies to keep the children happy who are suffering from serious
problems and having a limited life (Sarkis, Zhu and Lai, 2011). As they plan all the activities and
functions by managers and leaders take decisions accordingly. Managers functions and leaders
roles are explained in brief below:
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Functions of Managers
(Source: Functions of managers, 2018) Planning: In this Rays of Sunshine mapping out exactly how they have to meet their
targets and goals of the company. For example: Firms goals is to provide best services to
children. Manager will decide the important steps for children comfort and indulgence. Organising: After this plans are decided then managers have to organise their team
members who will work as per decided plans. For example: Company will organise their
employees who will work as per decided plan above. Staffing: After that they will see the requirement of peoples so they will decide to
recruiting, selecting, training and workers development. For example: As per decided
plan they want to hire more workers then they will conduct a interview for interested
workers (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2012). Directing: Managers require to do more after following all above functions for meeting
goals. In this they will motivate, encourage, guide and communicate. It need managers
assist, coach and issues within workers. For example: they motivate their staff members
to keep on giving their best within the company. Controlling: At last, they continuously keep on analysing the outcomes of decided plans
are achieved or not. For example: Plan of making a of giving a best comfort to the
children is achieve or not if not then they have to find out reasons and overcome with all
deviations.
Roles of Leaders
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Illustration 1: Functions of managers,
2018

There are four main leaders roles that are highly predictive of success. It is important
because of leaders are leading themselves as well as teams are alignment with these leaders role
for an effective leadership. Some of roles are given below:
(Source: Roles of leaders, 2017)
 Inspire trust: They are credible leaders are others select to follow them. They are one
with competence as well as character.
 Create vision: Leaders should clearly define goals to their team members as well as the
way they will reach there.
 Execute strategy: Continuously meet outcomes as well as by others adopting a process
of discipline with the company (Dekker, Bloemhof and Mallidis, 2012).
 Coach potential: Unleash ability of every person within their team members to
improve their level of performance, solutions if problems and careers growth.
P3 Various models and theories of leadership approaches
Situational Theory: According to Hersey-Blanchard theory, their basic premise are of various
situation demands vary from kinds of leadership. In this context, set of attitudes as well as values
with which group or particular person deal in a activity process and regard as a appreciated
outcomes and planned activities. Their are 5 components of this theory are structure of
interpersonal relationship within team, characteristics of group as whole, groups physical
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Illustration 2: Roles of leaders, 2017

constraints, group environment characteristics from which member come and perceptual
representation.
Strength
 It is frequently and well known adopted for training leaders.
 It is an practical method which is easy to understand as well as apply across various
settings. It is prescriptive as well as show them to meet leadership effectiveness.
Weakness
 This method is not having a strong research findings body to justify propositions as well
as assumptions set by this approach.
 It is not clear to employees that how they can move from low to high department levels
as well as commitment modifications over time for employees. It do not give guidance how leader can adopt this approach in team settings.
Contingency Theory: According to Fred Edward Fiedler, it emphasis importance of situation as
well as leaders personality in which they operate leaders (Wu and Pagell, 2011). Their are three
factors in this theory are power position, structure of task and relations of leader members.
Strength
 This theory is reliable and valid approach to meeting effective leadership. In this theory it is proved to have a powers of predictive in analysing kinds of leadership
is most likely to be effective in some specific context.
Weakness
 In this LPC scale validity is not correlate with others standard control of leadership. It fails in adequacy.
Systems Theory: Attention starts to concentrate on company as a system with various interlinked
sub-systems. It also attempts to synthesis approaches of classical with later methods of human
relations that concentrate on social as well as psychological approaches, emphasis human
requirements. It concentrate on interdependence as well as complexity of relations. It is regularly
communicating of activities that form emergent whole.
Strength
 It concentrate on meeting overall and individual targets of the company.
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 Uniformity in making decisions such that no particular sector gets treatment of
preferential. Dynamic and adaptive.
Weakness
 Nature of inter-dependence is not defined.
 It do not cater to particular functioning style within company.
CONCLUSION
As per above report it has been concluded that roles and functions of leaders as well as
managers also compare within both managers and leaders. In this, different theories and models
are of leadership are given. Their are some of roles of leaders as well as functions of managers
along with that also explain the approaches of leadership.
RECOMMENDATIONS
According to Rays of Sunshine, I would like to recommendation of leadership theory
that is situational theory as they have to take a changes as per situations of their organisation. So,
firm should maintain this theory within their organisation for proper and effective functioning of
companies activities or functions.
TASK 2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Operations management is an department help in systematic working of functions or activities
within the company. Fruitapeel has 50000 square manufacturing plant which are located in
Lancashire. Their plant have capacity of 400 tonnes for a week. This assignment involve internal
environment of business along with that key approaches of operations management which
include lean production, six sigma and TQM.
INTRODUCTION
Operation and management is a one of most important department which are completed several
kind of activities through this firm are able to achieve their goals and objectives in limited period
of time appropriately (Brandenburg and et. al., 2014). In this report select Fruitapeel that is
leading fruit as well as confectionery sauces production firm. They are offer numbers of product
to their clients and develop high brand value at market place. In this assignment section covers
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has six sigma and internal business environment. Also includes efficiencies of operational
management and macro environmental elements.
P4 Key approaches to operations management and role of managers and leaders
Six sigma
It is a data-driven approach, statistical based, disciplined and rapidly improving of methodology
for removing defected goods and services. It is a process mean which is average of six standard
deviation from nearest limits of specifications. It gives enough buffer within specifications limits
as well as variations. Their are six phases which are given below:
(Source: Phases of six sigma, 2018) Define: In this it define the process of improvements. A process of high level map as
well as understand the requirements of buyers. It is an very typical phase as it outlines
team project that concentrate by themselves. Measure: After that it find out the quality of problem. They start in gathering data that
concentrate on both process and control customers care. They mainly concentrate on
improving quality and reducing lead time (Fernie and Sparks, 2014). Analyse: In this they find out the reason of the problem. It verifies both data and
process analysis as well as apply and accomplish solutions. Improve: Then they apply as well as verify solutions. In this, the group brainstorms
solutions, changes in process pilots, apply solutions, gather data to measuring
improvements. Control: At last, they maintain their solution of the problems. They keep on monitoring
the plan for updating success.
Advantages
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Illustration 3: Phases of six sigma, 2018

Time management, It aid in improving customers loyalty, motivate employees, strategic
planning, supply chain management etc.
Lean production
It is an method to management that concentrate on ensuring quality and cutting out waste.
It is implemented in all Fruitapeel aspects like as by manufacturing to distribution, from design.
Its purpose is to cut the costs by making enterprise responsive to market requirements and
efficient. Features of lean production
 It is the process of just-in-time as this part moves to manufacturing operations. It
immediately process as well as move to next operations.
 Its layout is based on the flow of goods. Manufacturing is based on forecasts, planning by demands of buyers or inflexible work
flow.
Advantages
Create flow, remove waste, improve customer service and productivity, innovation,
improve lead times and stock turns etc.
Total quality management
It is achieved as well as become part of over all company culture. It concentrates on
continuous improvements in quality of services and products given by Fruitappeel (Sedaghati
and Kavousi-Fard, 2014). Its objectives of TQM is doing rights things time to time. Some of
principles of TQM are given below: Focus on customers: TQM helps in determining the quality of given products to
customers. It aid in wants and demands of customers within a market place. Workers involvements: They are Fruitappeel internal buyers. This help in products and
service of an company largely analyse goods quality and services. Process centred: It is a process handling as well as thinking are a main part of TQM. It
aid in guiding peoples support and principles process based on its objectives related to
strategy, vision and mission.
Advantages
Emphasizing requirements of markets, aid in checking waste and non-productive
activities, useful in achieving competition, aid in developing a proper system etc.
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Role that managers and leaders play in operations management
An operations management play a very main role in Fruitapeel, other company or
government. They precise works of an managers which depend in large part on nature as well as
business size but she require a higher range of Fruitapeel as well as interpersonal skills to
success. Roles of managers and leaders within operations management are managing resources,
management of finance, goal setting, communication etc.
P5 Importance and value of operations management in meeting objectives of business
Business objectives
Fruitapeel objectives is to provide customer service, innovative quality goods as well as a
creative flair in the domain, Fruitapeel will work closely to meet the perfect good for their buyers
value.
Importance and Values of operations management
Operation management is useful for Fruitapeel for meeting business objectives are to
create a high efficiency level as possible as it can within company. It is important in converting a
raw material as well as labours into useful innovative products and services properly by earning
higher level of profits within the company (Strande and Brdjanovic, D. eds., 2014.).
Decisions taken by managers of operations
Decision taken by Fruitapeel within the organisation are decisions of programmed and
non programmed, day to day as well as strategic decisions, also take personal and operational
decisions, also take decisions of groups and individual and many more decisions are taken by
operations managers within Fruitapeel.
P6 Factors of business environment that influence on operational management and decision-
making by managers and leaders
Business environment are having various factors that impact on operations of
management. Their are some of factors of business environment are given below: Corporate Culture: It refers to shared beliefs, standards, attitudes and values that
characterise Fruitapeel members as well as it define nature of the organisation. It is
rooted in an company targets, techniques, approaches to labour, structure, customers,
greater community and investors. This decisions making is made by managers within
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organisation culture as they have to manage the culture of company so that they can
coordinate with each employees effectively within the organisation. Corporate Values: The principles or philosophies which give guidance to Fruitapeel
internal environment that organise and its relations with shareholders, partners and
customers (Rushton, Croucher and Baker, 2014). It is usually give sum up of Fruitapeel
statements and mission statements of companies core values. Managers take decision to
communicate their values to others partners of Fruitapeel. Corporate Ethics: It is an moral principles that guide the way of enterprise. Working in
an ethical way within organisation as it include wrong as well as right and then they have
to choose a right decisions. Managers apply the ethics within company of Fruitapeel as it
have to followed by all the members of the company. They have to follow all the ethics
as they can violate the ethics made by leaders or managers within the organisation. Corporate social responsibility: It is an main part of Fruitapeel world as its aid in
banding as well as promoting a company as well as meeting the objectives of enterprise.
Corporate social responsibility practices need to coordinate that impact on operation
management systems. Managers as well as leaders of Fruitapeel is organising a business
functions and activities for portraying and marketing unique recognition. They have to
need some of particular person practices for society welfare. Fruitapeel has to perform
activities of CSR in different domain like as environment population, social care, health,
women empowerment etc. there is having a huge history of corporate social
responsibility conducted by managers which has increased the company value in this
competitive world (Ford names Shirinov CEO of Russia JV, 2017). Expectations of stakeholders: Their are particular person who are involved within
enterprise. They can also impact on the activities of enterprise. This is fundamental for
employees of Fruitapeel who require to take decisions by considering others
requirements. Every as well as each stakeholder needs their shares as they had
empowered main amount of capital within business. It is needed to undertaken various
functions as well as effective stakeholder analysis for meeting enterprise results and it aid
in avoiding resistance.
leaders and managers can improve efficiencies of operational Management to successfully
achieve enterprise objectives
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Managers and leaders has their own strength and weakness which are affected
organisation performance at market place. Some of the important abilities of management which
are as follows: Governing mechanism: Operational management has centralise governing mechanism
which are translates all organisation role in business operations activities. Managers are
able to establish inter – office communication utilisation through this whole task
completed effectively in limited time period. Inventory control: Manager and leaders has play important role for managing all
inventory at work place through this firm are able achieve goals as well as economic of
scale effectively. It is a manager responsibility to purchase raw material on that time
when it needed and firm are able to control all inflow as well as outflow of entire
inventory. Through this, Fruitapeel are able to achieve goals and objectives in limited
period of time (Sedaghati and Kavousi-Fard, 2014). Quality control: It is a operation manager responsibility to maintain their quality of
product and and services so that customer are highly satisfied and firm achieve clients
loyalty toward their goods as well as services appropriately. Leaders has also check
quality of commodities and maintain it to produce high superior outcome. Supply chain management: It is process of finishing, detailing and many more in which
manager and leader both has played important role resulted firm achieve goals.
Evaluate the application of operations management and factors that influence on the wider
environment
Their are various factors that impact on business environment in wider terms some of
factors are given below: Sustainability: it is an other components which require to undertake before judgement as
well as consider in term of better manufacturing. It is an main ascertain that adopt the
resources in an proper way so they can plan for coming generation.
 Intrapreneurship: It is simply defined as those persons who create hazard and try to solve
the problems of company. Fruitapeel manager should be more focused on taking
decisions which would be in regard of negative decision as well as judgements which can
demotivate them.
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CONCLUSION
As per above report it has been concluded that operations management is very important
in every companies. In this they had discuss the objectives of business as well as they also have
to analyse the factors of business environment which impact on operations management
decisions. Their are some of set objectives that are achieved by the managers. Their are also
having various strategies of operational management like as Six sigma, lean management and
total quality management.
RECOMMENDATION
In this report I would like to recommendation that organisation of fruitapweel should
adopt the approach of six sigma within the company for their betterment and higher level of
productivity.
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REFERENCES
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overview of aspects, issues, contributions and challenges. European Journal of
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challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers.
Galindo, G. and Batta, R., 2013. Review of recent developments in OR/MS research in disaster
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Heizer, J., 2016. Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India.
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practical guideline and summary of past research. Journal of Operations
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Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014. The handbook of logistics and distribution
management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers.
Sarkis, J., Zhu, Q. and Lai, K. H., 2011. An organizational theoretic review of green supply chain
management literature. International Journal of Production Economics.130(1). pp.1-15.
Sedaghati, R. and Kavousi-Fard, A., 2014. A hybrid fuzzy-PEM stochastic framework to solve
the optimal operation management of distribution feeder reconfiguration considering
wind turbines. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems. 26(4). pp. 1711-1721.
Slack, N., 2015. Operations strategy. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strande, L. and Brdjanovic, D. eds., 2014. Faecal sludge management: Systems approach for
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Wu, Z. and Pagell, M., 2011. Balancing priorities: Decision-making in sustainable supply chain
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Yang, M. G. M., Hong, P. and Modi, S. B., 2011. Impact of lean manufacturing and
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Online
Ford names Shirinov CEO of Russia JV. 2017. [Online]. Available through:<
http://europe.autonews.com/article/20170711/ANE/170719955/ford-names-shirinov-ceo-
of-russia-jv>.
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