Report: Leadership, Corporate Governance, and Organisational Resources

This report comprehensively examines the interconnectedness of leadership, corporate governance, and resource management, particularly within the context of a multinational retailer, Tesco. It begins with an introduction to the core concepts, emphasizing the significance of an integrated approach for achieving competitive advantage and value creation. The report delves into corporate governance, defining it through email correspondence, and exploring its importance, advantages, and key principles like fairness, transparency, and accountability. Different corporate governance models, including the Anglo-American, Continental, and Japanese models, are analyzed, highlighting their structures and impacts. The report then shifts its focus to leadership, discussing traditional, contemporary, and regenerative leadership styles, along with relevant leadership theories such as trait and behavioral theories. Furthermore, it addresses the specific leadership challenges posed by the pandemic, such as maintaining business growth and fostering employee well-being. The report incorporates practical applications and insights, making it a valuable resource for understanding effective leadership and organizational management in the retail sector.

Leading and managing
organisational
resources

INTRODUCTION
Leading and managing organisational resources refers to the relationship between
operations management, leadership , information system and finance. It is an integrated approach
used by the firms in order to achieve the competitive advantage and creation of value. It is
important for organisations to manage and control resources for addressing the issues related to
them (Al-Htaybat, and von Alberti-Alhtaybat, 2018). Tesco is a multinational leading retailer
company of UK and was established in 1919. It deals in varieties of products which includes
food items, beauty and personal care products. In this report, there will be brief discussion of
corporate governance email formatted. There will be discussion about challenges, opportunities
in integrated leadership, financial and operational management. Also apply theories and models
to improve performance through effective leadership.
MAIN BODY
Corporate Governance
To: [e-mail]
Subject: Corporate Governance
Dear XYZ,
I hope your doing well. According to me the corporate governance is important in organisation.
A structure that enables us to manage and lead organisations is referred to as corporate
governance. According to the IUFC, corporate governance refers to the interactions between the
management, board of directors, controlling shareholders, minority shareholders, and other
shareholders (Kovermann and Velte, 2019). The type of interaction between self-serving
managers and disengaged owners on the one hand, and their existence and importance on the
other, is still up for debate, despite the traditional concept of corporate governance
acknowledging their existence. The two main parts of corporate governance are:
 The long-term partnership between a company's management and owners, as well as the
rewards for managers, checks and balances, and open lines of communication between
investors and management.
 Transactional connections that involve questions of disclosure and authority
The need for checks and balances, which is supported by the aforementioned two factors, tends

to indicate that firm owners are wary of the actions of their managers. Furthermore, there is a
hostile relationship between management and investors (Adnan and et. al., 2018). Five factors
that make up corporate governance are important to take into account for both management and
investors. Corporate governance is significant because it establishes a set of guidelines and
procedures that control how an organisation functions and how it balances the interests of all of
its stakeholders. Financial viability is a result of ethical business activities, which are a result of
sound corporate governance. That might then draw investors. Having a board of directors that
meets regularly, maintains control over the company, and has well defined roles is a sign of good
corporate governance. A strong risk management system is also guaranteed. One of the pillars of
any successful company is good corporate governance.
The advantages of corporate governance
 Creating transparent rules and controls, directing leadership, and coordinating the
interests of shareholders, directors, management, and employees are all aspects of good
corporate governance.
 It fosters trust among stakeholders, the public, and public officials.
 Investors and stakeholders can gain a comprehensive understanding of a company's
direction and business ethics through corporate governance.
 It encourages opportunity, returns, and long-term financial viability.
 It might help with capital raising.
 Share prices might increase as a result of good corporate governance.
 Financial loss, waste, dangers, and corruption may all be reduced as a result.
 It is a strategy for perseverance and long-term achievement.
The Principles of Corporate Governance
Despite the fact that there is no limit to the number of principles that can exist, the following are
some of the more well-known ones (Greuning and Brajovic-Bratanovic, 2022).
Fairness- The board of directors is required to give shareholders, employees, suppliers, and
communities fair and equal treatment.
Transparency- Shareholders and other stakeholders should get timely, accurate, and
understandable information from the board regarding matters including financial performance,
conflicts of interest, and hazards.
Risk Management- Risks of every kind must be identified, along with the best methods of

control, by the board and management. To control them, they must follow those guidelines. They
must let everyone who needs to know about the dangers' status and existence.
Responsibility- Overseeing corporate concerns and managerial actions falls under the purview of
the board. It is necessary that it is informed about and concurs with the business's successful,
ongoing performance (Lagasio and Cucari, 2019). The hiring and recruitment of a CEO is a part
of its duty. Acting in a company's and its investors' best interests is required.
Accountability- A company's operations and their outcomes must be justified by the board of
directors. The evaluation of a company's capability, potential, and performance is its and the
company's leadership's responsibility. It must inform stockholders of important matters.
Corporate Governance Models
The Anglo-American Model:
This paradigm can be expressed in a variety of ways, including the shareholder model, the
stewardship model, and the political model. The fundamental model, nevertheless, is the
shareholder model. The shareholders and board of directors are in charge under the shareholder
model. Despite being acknowledged, stakeholders like suppliers and employees have no power.
The management's job is to administer the business in a way that maximises shareholder interest.
Importantly, the right incentives should be made accessible to match management conduct with
shareholder/owner interests. The model takes into account the fact that shareholders support the
company financially and have the option to stop doing so if they are unhappy. By doing this,
management can continue to operate successfully and efficiently. Both insiders and independent
members should be on the board. Despite the fact that historically the CEO and board chairman
might be the same person, this approach aims to have two different people fill both positions.
The board, company management, and shareholders must stay in constant communication for
this corporate governance model to succeed. The attention of the shareholders is drawn to
important issues. Shareholders are asked to vote on important choices that need to be made. The
regulatory agencies in the United States frequently favour shareholders over boards and top
management.
The Continental Model:
According to the Continental Model, there are two groups that represent the ruling authority.
They are the management board and the supervisory board, respectively. The management board
under this two-tiered structure is made up of employees of the company, such as executives.

Outsiders, including stockholders and union representatives, make up the supervisory board. The
supervisory board may also include members from banks with investments in the enterprise. The
two boards continue to exist entirely independently. A nation's law determines the size of the
supervisory board. Shareholders are not permitted to alter it. With this form of corporate
governance, national interests have a significant impact on firms. One can anticipate that
businesses will support government goals. This model also values stakeholder involvement
highly because it can help a company's ongoing operations be supported and strengthened.
The Japanese Model:
The big shareholders known as Keiretsu, who may have investments in common companies or
business contacts, management, and the government are the main participants in the Japanese
model of corporate governance (Ahmed and et. al., 2020). No position or voice is given to
smaller, independent, individual stockholders. These major players work together to define and
regulate corporate governance. Insiders, including corporate executives, typically make up the
board of directors. If profits drop, Keiretsu has the power to fire board members. By way of its
laws and policies, the government has an impact on how business management conducts itself.
Given the concentration of power and the focus on the interests of those in positions of power,
this paradigm makes corporate transparency less likely.
Given below are these principles of corporate governance.
Ethics- The conduct of a business must be moral. The culture of the organisation is harmed when
ethical standards are violated, and stakeholder value is reduced.
Openness- To people whom the company owes obligations, it entails communicating its rules
and actions. Adequate disclosures result from transparency, protecting business interests without
jeopardising them. Because Enron did not share its losses with the shareholders, the value of the
shareholders was destroyed in this situation.
Accounting for actions- It represents the fact that the Board of Directors is answerable to the
shareholders and that management is answerable to the Board of Directors, the shareholders, and
management. A performance boost comes from accountability.
Trusteeship- The Board of Directors is subject to the trusteeship concept, which requires them to
behave in ways that preserve and increase the value of the company's stockholders and other
stakeholders.
Empowerment- By genuinely vesting decision-making authority at the most suitable levels in

the organisational hierarchy, it fosters creativity and innovation across the organisation.
Treating all Stakeholders Fairly- This refers to treating all Stakeholders Participating in the
Corporate Governance Structure in an Equal and Fair manner.
Oversight- This refers to the presence of a system of checks and balances. It should stop power
abuse and enable prompt management responses to change and dangers.
External Audit- It must be unbiased and thorough (Naciti, 2019).
Regulatory Regime- These duties must be supported by an appropriate regulatory regime.
Whistle Blower Policy- Organizations ought to adopt a whistle blower policy. The Narayan
Murthy Committee particularly suggested this.
TASK
Leadership: traditional perspective, regenerative leadership and contemporary leadership in
technological sector
To: [e-mail]
Subject: sustainable leadership in organisation
Dear ABC,
I hope you are doing well. As per my point of view, leadership is the most important element
for the organisations. Leadership is the ability of a person to influence the behaviour of others.
It is important for managers and leaders of the organisations to have the leadership skills and
quality in them. Every organisation employees need proper guidance and motivation from their
superiors in order to contribute their efforts towards the working of the organisations.
Employees are considered as a success factor for the organisations, it is necessary for managers
to have good interpersonal relation with their employees. There are the following types of
leadership discussed below:
Contemporary leadership- Contemporary leadership is the ability of a person to inspire person
and use personal influence to achieve the organisational goals. According to my point of view,
these types of leadership will work in the organisation in motivating, guiding and directing the
employees. Managers and leaders of the firms should use this type of leadership for employees
contribution towards organisational working (Dahlgaard-Park, Reyes, and Chen, 2018). The

main focus of this type o leadership is to increase the business position in the market. By
following such type of leadership managers will able to maintain their relation with their
subordinates and creates the healthy working environment inside the business. Contemporary
leaders are mostly respected by their subordinates and this type of leadership structure usually
to be effective. I would like to suggest that company should follow such type of leadership in
their organisation in order to have effective working of the business. It can helps in building the
proper coordination, communication within the team members which results in positive
outcome of the organisation.
Theories of leadership
Trait theory of leadership- This theory indicates the qualities and traits of the individual that
makes the individual a leader. This involves the qualities related to various factors like physical,
personality and intelligence (Gilbert, and Kelloway, 2018). Person with right traits leads the
organisation success and improves the performance level. Individual with effective traits helps
in maintaining the healthy working environment and helps in influencing the employees to give
their best efforts towards the working of the organisation.
Behavioural theory- This theory focuses on the behaviours and actions a leader hold and that
another person can able to imitate the same actions. This mainly target on the behaviour rather
then the traits (Malikhah, 2021). It helps in analysing the reason of employees motivation like
social needs, self-actualisation and conflicts. Effectives action of leaders helps in directing,
controlling and staffing the resources of the organisation that enhance the productivity of the
business.
Leadership challenges in pandemic
Growth- It was difficult for leaders of the organisation to maintain the growth of the business
same as compare to past business growth (Conz, and Magnani, 2020). Leaders face various
issues like lack of team coordination, employees availability, financial stability and resources
availability. For achieving the sustainable growth of the business leaders need to understand the
buyers needs and market trends. In order to reboot business growth leaders should focus on
building innovative ideas for meeting consumer’s needs.
Uncertainty- Uncertainty is the most critical factor for business. This factor can restrict the
growth and success of the business. During pandemic the market situation regarding the
customers demand, suppliers and trader’s situation was full of uncertainty. It is important for

the business managers and leaders to analyse the situation of the market first and then take their
steps in market.
Availability of resources- At the time of pandemic the organisational was not working
effectively. Due to improper availability of resources the organisation was not able to perform
well. It was difficult for leaders to maintain coordination and control within the firm.
Employees engagement- Leaders of the organisation responsible to manage relation with their
employees because employees are success factor for firms . At the time of pandemic it was
tough involves employees in the working of the organisation because business were not
performing well and some employees were terminated from organisation.
Leadership in technological sector
Leadership in technological sector refers to the ability of a person to mange the software, IT
infrastructure and resources (Azorín, Harris, and Jones, 2020). On this type of factor the
organisational objectives and strategies depends. According to my point of view, organisational
should have the technological leader in the organisation in order to have the information
regarding the latest market trends and applications. This helps the firm to stay competitive in
the market by using the innovative ideas and techniques for product development.
Technological sector leaders of the firms are responsible for managing the coordination with
other departments like the finance, human resource, marketing and operational because the
functioning is depends on all theses departments.
I would like to suggest that leadership should be followed in every organisation. It helps the
managers and leaders of the organisations to influence the behaviour of other people in
organisation. Also it is considered as a best tool for maintaining effective team. Leaders
maintain proper coordination and communication network with their employees that helps in
performing the tasks easily. To reboots the growth of the organisations after pandemic, it is
important for the organisations to study about the market trends and customers needs. Also
involves highly skilled labours and innovative techniques in developing the products.
I wish you a very good luck. I hope my suggestions will work and creates advantage.

CONCLUSION
Corporate governance refers to the governing principles that an organisation adopts to guide
all of its activities, including remuneration, risk management, employee treatment, reporting of
unfair practises, handling of environmental impacts, and more. A corporation that adheres to the
principles of good corporate governance will act in a way that is honest and transparent and that
benefits all of its stakeholders. Investors may use it to highlight a possible investment. Scams
and insolvency are frequent outcomes of poor corporate governance, which causes a company to
collapse. In conclusion, it can be concluded that transactional leadership is based on the idea of
social exchange between leaders and followers. This is supported by the debate and examples
presented above. As leaders who set the goals and followers who follow those goals, they both
actively participate in this trade process. When an organisation makes corporate and strategic
improvements to their business operations, this strategy is typically used. In order to accomplish
the desired outcomes, they then require adherence to the appropriate regulations and policies
from their staff. It is widely acknowledged that the best strategy for bringing about
transformative changes is the transformational leadership style. The followers must collaborate
with the transformation process in order for it to succeed.

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