Management and Operation: Leader and Manager Roles Analysis

This report delves into the critical distinctions between leaders and managers, exploring their diverse roles and functions within the context of business operations. It begins by illustrating and differentiating the characteristics of leaders and managers, emphasizing their unique responsibilities and approaches. The report then examines how these roles are applied in various situational contexts, such as crisis management and the implementation of new technologies. Furthermore, it applies various leadership theories, including situational, systems, and contingency leadership, to analyze their effectiveness. The analysis extends to the key approaches to operation management, highlighting the interplay between leaders and managers. Finally, it assesses the impact of the business environment on operational decision-making, providing a comprehensive overview of leadership and management in a business setting.

MANAGEMENT
AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
P1. Illustrate and differentiate the different roles and characteristics of leader and manager....1
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................4
P2. Examine the roles of leader and function of manger apply in different situational context. 4
P3. Apply different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency.........................................................................................................6
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................7
P4. Analyse the key approaches to te operation management and also highlight the role of
leaders and manager....................................................................................................................7
P5. Elaborates the importance and value of operation management..........................................8
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................10
P6. Assess the factors within the business environment impact on operation management.....10
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
A concept of management and operation are two different aspect where management is
the process of controlling the raw material into furnished goods and services. As management
and operation are two different terms, to handle all the internal activities or to manage the work
culture through planning, organising, directing and controlling (Abapour and et. al., 2015).
While, operations are to apply the action of functioning or something is involving the practical
form of application of principles.
By determining the organisation from retail industry is Marks and Spencer's company is
the major British multinational retailer with headquarters in London, United Kingdom. The
company is basically deals with textiles, home products and food products to sell internationally.
It was founded in 1884 by two founders name as Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer. They
having number of employees 80,000 are actively participate with annual revenue generates 27.4
million pounds. In this report the topics are to be taken as differentiate the roles and
characteristics of leader and manager even in various situational context (Al-Ali and et. al,
2015). By implies of leadership theory, key approaches and importance of operation
management along with impact of business environment on decision making by leader and
manager.
Task 1.
P1. Illustrate and differentiate the different roles and characteristics of leader and manager.
Leaders: They are most impactful personality who influence to others and having a
effective nature of working competency is developed. This trait of behaviour that induces of an
individual by which they could motivate to others in suitable direction is provided to overall
accomplishment goals and objectives (Caniani and et. al., 2015). As they have clarity and proper
understanding about their aims and others too where they utilise different leadership approaches,
methods and styles leads to the leader to meet their objectives and motivate to others. As per the
relation of Marks and Spencer's, their leader are having effective responsibility as it help to
enhance better assist to other employees where they can reach to their targets in effective
manner.
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Managers: As they are individual who analyse and control overall situations with
different set of activities that happens in organisation premises to performed in systematic way.
A manager perform all its responsibility through which working operation and function is
enhanced in adequate way. Marks and Spencer's manager systematic performed all their duties
as well as they enhance to provide optimum instruction to related with work aspect along with
proper training and development by which accomplish of work become more easier and flexible.
Comparison between Leader and Manger in terms of their role and functions:
Basic Leaders Manager
Roles  The leaders are having their
proper clarity of their vision
and objectives is more
adequate through which
applies their roles as giving
instruction to individual and
team member to get a
separate pathways to
finishing with his completion
of all objective and goals is
more adequate (DiFazio and
et. al, 2016). As the leader of
Marks and Spencer's
company they strategic
design the framework in
better and positive way to
implement all the tactics to
commenced.
 There is one responsibility of
leader as they identify the
team strength and weakness .
It is must to leader for
getting a knowledge about
 Managers has played more
responsibility in which they
have designed and formulate
in various set of policies,
roles and guidelines, so the
work should presumes in
compliances oriented
format. Similarly, the
manager of Marks and
Spencer's improvised the
policy that is followed by
the individual with better
execution as performed
ethically.
 The specific job and
responsibility is assigned is
delegated by different
responsibility as per the
capabilities on which the
work rewards and
completion of task get
analyse (Ellis and et. al,
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their member capabilities
where a leader can delegate
the task as per member
strength and weakness.
Leader of Marks and
Spencer's are allotted the
work responsibility to
improve the team member
weakness for increase their
strength.
 They helps to resolve the
conflicts which made up
their different personalities,
work traits and innovation
but somehow the conflicts
prevails. The particular team
leader is having
responsibility to solving the
grievances. The leaders of
Marks and Spencer's tries to
analyse the situation and
consult the team member's
problems which they facing.
After that they provides them
solutions to resolve their
conflicts.
2015).
 Managers are very
professional oriented
personality as they measure
the performance to each
individual personality.
Functions  Leaders are being very
mature and confidential traits
as they keep induces in their
personality which they easily
attracted and modify the
 A proficient manager is the
most basic part that manager
ensures about overall task
and and activities is
improvised according to the
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others attribution for all
other.
 A leader must have better
communication skills,
interpersonal, which make
other influence in positive
way (Hitka and et. al., 2018).
The proper communication
would helps to convey the
messages in proper oriented
manner. Through this
communication effectiveness
enhance the more clarity of
work which the goal and
objectives is attained to
ordinary manner.
time.
 The interpersonal skills
induces in managers which
helps to making proper
interaction with each other
in terms of communication,
observation and presentation
of soft skills is implemented
on the basis of according to
the condition.
Task 2.
P2. Examine the roles of leader and function of manger apply in different situational context.
The involvement in critical situation of business as they implies various form of
operation and function of manager processed their working to implies overall complex situation
is converted intro simpler and flexible one. As per this ability of business to gain the competitive
advantages from the competitive marketplace. Therefore, certain roles of leaders and manager of
functions is based in different conditions is defined below as:
Situation 1: Crises Management:
As per the situation in which the management of company performs task by approaching
effective sets of standard of change of task in each other facility. In their scenario, the business is
facing continuous threats due to which is profit ratio is also get decreased. In this the leaders of
Marks and Spencer's perform significant role and that explained below as:
Role of leader:
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 According to this situation, the leadership is utilises their styles and to control that, to
consult with the members or employees who are facing barriers and type of grievances to
desolve the crises in desirable manner (Lathrop and et. al., 2019).
 By presenting the different form of tactics of business information to provide the better
understanding of it and delegate the assigned work as per the capabilities that develop
the market place.
 To making proper decision making to getting solve the problem capabilities to get the
developed the crises management in systematic way.
Function of manager:
 In the crises situation, where Marks and Spencer's uses to gather all the optimal
information with the different framework as it developed on the basis of planning and
scheduling. After the forming of plans manager instruct to all subordinate should abide
all the procedures where it helps to solved their problem.
 The managers commence to play different type of responsibilities through which various
set of activities is processed so as to manage the situation crises (Manzini and et. al.,
2018). As having some skills which makes the manager more proficient and it inspire to
others with their excellence communication that helps to provides messages to others
where they could get proper understanding about goal clarity.
Situation 2: Enhancement of New Technology:
To increase the mobility of business the role of technology plays an important factor to
support as to reduces the manpower and time consuming at the time of production or
manufacturing of product in any organisation. And also, with the influence of new technology it
makes the working process flexible and effective as well. Similarly, in Marks and Spencer's they
plans to enhance new technologies as resources which increase the performance accuracy in
perfect way that explains their role of leaders and manager function in given below:
Role of leader:
 By enhancing the technology in working premises of Marks and Spencer's, employees
might get disappointment or unclear about to utilisation of particular resources (Miki.
and Natsumeda, 2017). In this situation, leaders plays an important role to making the
worker or employees for better understanding about technologies and by using of that
what benefits they will attain that helps to increase their performance in better way.
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 Leader will also implies the techniques and strategies to utilisation of resources which
helps to reduces the work load which provide the benefits to the employees. They can
timely accomplish the task before the time.
Function of Manger:
 Manger of Marks and Spencer's will instruct about how new advanced technology get
impact positive in the organisation growth as well as employees performance.
 The major function of Manager they construct the policies or rules and regulation in
behalf of technology involvement where employees follows all instruction and uses that
in proper compliances format.
P3. Apply different theories and models of approach, including situational leadership, systems
leadership and contingency.
Leadership is defined as the process of channelising an individual energy or a group
towards the achievement of a specific goal. A good leader is the one who creates a vision for
future and motivates people to engage with that vision (Niinomi and et. al, 2017). Leader who
involves the opinions of his organisation's member in decision making process and possess the
quality of honesty, positivity, empathy, commitment and confidence always comes out with a
good result. Marks & Spencer is a retail industry which was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks
and Thomas Spencer. Leaders of Marks and Spencer should possess these qualities to manage
his team member to achieve the target.
Situational leadership is based on the relationship between leaders and the followers. To
deal with this form of leadership ,firstly leaders of Marks and Spencer should interpret the
response of their environment. The strength of this theory it creates an account for multi-
directional influence, allows leaders to drive behaviour change and also accelerate the pace and
quality of employee development (Pavlineri., Skoulikidis and Tsihrintzis., 2017). Disadvantages
of this type of leadership are it can be ineffective sometimes, as might possible Marks and
Spencer cannot manage his member due to unavoidable circumstances, it also focus more on
immediate needs than long term need.
System leadership theory was developed by Dr Lan Macdonald which is described as this
implementation of this theory is done to create the condition where people at all levels can work
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productively to their potential. Mark and Spencer leaders uses organisational strategy,system
designs and social process for dealing with systems leadership. The advantages of this theory is
leaders of Mark & Spenser can use the wide variety of new ideas of their team members to
establish their organisation, this diversity of perspective can help to deal with the trending taste
of customers to meet up their satisfaction. Marks and Spears can innovate their products to
attract customer.
Contingency theory of leadership is effective only if the leadership style suits the
particular situation. If Mark & Spencer is adopting this theory they have to rethink as it can be
effective in one circumstance and ineffective in another one. To be productive in this case
leaders should examine if the leadership style suits that situation (Peng and et. al., 2015). This is
beneficial only when the leaders of Mark & Spencer have enough power to give out reward and
punishment , the result of this leadership is depend on the factor of amount of trust and
confidence that team members have on their leader. The disadvantages are if the tasks of the
team member is unstructured it won't give a good result, it is the kind of leadership where no
matter how successful a leader is , there will always be a situation that will challenge them.
Task 3.
P4. Analyse the key approaches to te operation management and also highlight the role of leaders
and manager.
The business operation faces many complex situation which related to the operation
management as well as it approaches that helps to manage all the different activities in formative
manner. It contains both negative and positive factor of business changes that increases the
ability of business. The key approaches of operation and management is explains in context of
Marks and Spencer's company such as:
 Six Sigma: According to this approach of operation management, it derives about the
heavily advanced and statistical method which appreciate and reduces the product of
product variation. This process is provide new way to pursuing the working approach
that helps to deduct the previous errors to improvising the work quality. In the relation of
Marks and Spencer's the role of leader is to making focus the task that improve the skills
and knowledge of employees where manager would form the strategic framework or
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form new guidelines related with work. This approach helps to the Marks and Spencer's
company for manufacturing the production quality is advances that reduces in
appropriate manner.
 Lean Principles: It is important principle of operation management in which the focus
towards the eliminates the wastages to the overall cost of production for minimised
(Reim and et. al., 2016). According to this approach, it implies in Marks and Spencer's
with this appropriate changes to enhancement on the basis to satisfy the customers. The
role of leader in this scenario, to collect the information from employees related with
their issues and manager will handle the cost and further financial activities. Total quality of Management: It is managerial approach for an organisation
perspective, as they focuses towards the quality. It also measure as per the participation
of employees in particular task and determine towards long term success through
customer satisfaction to all its member that enhance of the organisation in the society.
The efforts through total quality management comprises the improvisation of tools and
techniques of quality control.
The roles which plays by leader and manager forms better coordination with the approach of
operation management as explained below:
 Leaders would plays important role as all employees get under supervision as well as
they will get to learn new tactics as in other hand manager also plays its responsibility
with this detailing to accessed the performance of employees in terms of generating better
productivity. In perspective of Marks and Spencer's where leader provide optimum
direction and manager will handle the performance of manpower.
 To improve the standard quality of work by leader and manager as it raises the
sustainability in competitive market place.
P5. Elaborates the importance and value of operation management.
The description of operation management is form of administration for business practises
to create the effective possibility within the organisation. It is mainly focuses towards the
converting the material and workers into goods and services as efficiently with generating profit
maximisation to the organisation (Ruan and et. al., 2019). Marks and Spencer's is the
multinational retailer company where it deals with home and clothing branded products and
services to having purpose for selling the product to the premium customers. By using of
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operation management in Marks and Spencer's, it will help to maintain constant focus by which
redundancy and complexities are getting reduces and enhance the working efficiency of
production. There are some importance of operation management that explains below:
 Product quality: It is the first step, where operation management measures the quality
of products and services which suits to the customer as per the deliverables. When the
quality of a product is highly optimised it will generates the high competition in the
market between rivalry (Peng and et. al., 2015). In the context of Marks and Spencer's,
their product quality is very effective because the managers are systematic operates the
operation management activities.
 Organising: According to this different function and operation of business is getting
advanced in appropriate way as the overall working process is enhanced the better
accuracy. By all activities is proper organised in Marks and Spencer's where the
managers are monitor all the functions which support to the operation of business
effectively.
 Customer satisfaction: This is the most important factor if the operation management
is effectively ensures about that customer getting satisfaction (Reim and et. al., 2016). In
Marks and Spencer's, they produced high quality of product as somehow it matters that
customer should get satisfaction as well as to make them treated in proper manner.
 Controlling: According to this process in which the working process is highly managed
as in optimum form of measurement is in systematic manner. Within the respective of
Marks and Spencer's is help to use to control the negative performance or errors which
create conflicts as to develop the task.
As from above the operation management key approaches the Marks and Spencer's
follows as well as the suitable approach would be Total Quality management as it helps to
manage the producing process through it will generates the high level of customer satisfaction
is developed and it make more easier to attain the attention of market place. Marks and Spencer's
has planning to achieve 30%-50% of market share. To making the market share objective fulfil
they need to requires optimum utilisation of resources.
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Task 4.
P6. Assess the factors within the business environment impact on operation management.
The external environment is construct of all the external factors or influences that having
impact to the business operations. One of the most effective method Pestle is the part of external
environment that helps to access the macro- environment that may helps to increase the
organisation performance.
Pestle analysis :
 Political: According to this factor it includes the government policy, foreign trade,
political stability and instability in overseas market, tax policy etc. As the political
condition of United Kingdom is stable where Marks and Spencer is having 1500 stores,
various corporate policies is provide benefited to the company but some other like
Brexit market creating conflicts to the company for trading in other country (Ruan and
et. al., 2019).
 Economical: In this factor, it emphasis about how organisation presumes their business
in profitable way. The factors are involve economic growth, interest rates, inflation and
disposable income etc. As Marks and Spencer, as they are known to be giant reatiler
business where premium product displayed but the current situation of UK market is
fluctuating and people are prefer the local market. This can be threat to the Marks and
Spencer company.
 Social: To measure factor of population growth, age distribution and other as it is
segregated into demographic group. For Marks and Spencer's focuses to their product
in UK and other countries to high class family and youngster as they are very dominant
towards their product quality. They basically target their public with the factor of
demographic such as age, race, caste, gender etc. Marks and Spencer's are currently one
of the most top providers to ready with their meals in United Kingdom.
 Technology: This factor emphasis about the technological changes that enhance to
impact their productivity. As in perspective of Marks and Spencer, new retailer stores
are changing the and adapting new technologies where their research and development
is very effective and some advanced resources which exists in UK market increases the
mobility and productivity of Marks and Spencer's company.
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 Environment: As in this factor is consisting to the increasing scarcity, pollution
targets, pursuing the business in ethical way and better sustainability (Van and et. al,
2017). For, Marks and Spencer , as they introduced high quality brand but due to the
environmental effect that leaves the brand behind. As the company make sure that the
product should eco-friendly with environment to increase the company brand value.
 Legal: The factor which includes safety and health issues related and others that have
to abide by the company to sustain as well as it will support to enhance the successful.
As for Marks and Spencer are indulge with many legal disputes (Welch and Long,
Masimo Corp, 2015). The factor of legal disputes to can create the negative image of
brand value for long term existence.
CONCLUSION
From above discussion on the topic of Management and Operation has come to conclude
that in first part there is explantation about role of leader and function of manager along with
different situational context as crises management and new technology enhancement in the
organisation. Different theories of leadership describes as well as with individual leader traits
and qualities, key approaches of operation management where the role of leader and manager
plays to handle internal activities. By describes about the importance of operation management
that reflects about the monitor and controlling in production activity to attaining the business
objectives. At last the explanation of business environment to opting Pestle analysation in United
kingdom perspective to attaining competitive advantages.
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