Leadership and Management: Operational Strategies and Analysis Report

This report examines the principles of leadership and management within an organizational context, specifically using Mark and Spencer as a case study. It begins by differentiating between the roles of leaders and managers, highlighting their responsibilities in maximizing efficiency and achieving organizational objectives. The report then explores various leadership theories, models, and approaches, including situational leadership, autocratic, democratic, and transformational leadership styles. It further delves into key approaches to operation management, such as dynamic and system approaches, and the roles leaders and managers play in these areas. The importance and value of operational management in achieving business objectives are discussed, along with factors within the business environment that impact operational management and decision-making. The report emphasizes the application of these concepts to real-world scenarios, providing a comprehensive overview of effective leadership and management strategies.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK1.............................................................................................................................................3
P1 The roles of the leader and the function of the manager........................................................3
Roles of leadership helps to maximize the efficiency and to achieve organizational objectives.
Following are the several roles of leadership :................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 The roles of a leader and the function of a manager apply in the different situation............5
P3 Theorise, models, approaches of leadership..........................................................................6
TASK3.............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Key approaches to operation management and role that leaders and managers plays..........8
P5 Importance and value of operation management in achieving business objective................8
P6 Factors within business environment which impacts operational management and decision-
making by the leaders and managers..........................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCE.................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Operations management is an management which is been done in the organisation so that
the day to day work can be operated and managed in the organisation. The strategies are made in
an organisation to do the work so the management done in all the process is operational
management and planning, organisation, supervising are also included in the operational
management(Alderton and Saieva., 2013). For operating the management in the organisation
there is are m any many principles. That principles and the strategies has to be followed so that
the operation can be managed in the organisation. So the works can be done in an proper way.
Mark and Spencer is an organisation which use to provide the customers an clothings in an vast
variety so they have to follow many such things to grow.
TASK1
P1 The roles of the leader and the function of the manager.
Marks and Spencer is a British multinational retail company established in 1884,
headquarters in London and U.K. and is founded by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in
Leeds. It deals in selling apparels, home products and food products. It became the first British
retailer firm to make a earning before tax of about £1 billion. It has approximately 82,904
employees working under M&S(Benjaafar., Land Daskin., 2013).
It has flat organisational structure as in this type of organisational structure, management
has limited levels between front line employees and administrative level. This structure is
beneficial to the organisation as this encourages employees in good decision making process.
Leader- A leader is a person who leads the group or an organisation and is in a superior position
to influences and motivates its employees.
Manager- A manager is a person who manages people, controls and administers the
organisation.
Comparison
BASIS LEADER MANAGER

Roles  Leaders are required in
all levels of
management.
 They are the
representatives of the
organisation.
 They initiates actions
to achieve the
organisational goals.
 Organises tasks and
allocates the right roles
for the right person.
 Motivates and
communicate to their
subordinates.
 Improves quality and
processes.
Characteristics  Vision, strategy and
execution.
 Effectiveness
 imitate vision
 progress
 Goals, project and
tasks.
 Efficiency
 follow vision
 process, results
Roles of leadership helps to maximize the efficiency and to achieve organizational objectives.
Following are the several roles of leadership :
 Motivates
 provides guidance
 building confidence & morale
 builds work surroundings
 achieving co-ordination
Functions of manager are as follows:
 Planning, involves planning of how to achieve a specific goal to increase the sales.
 Organizing, after planning manager organizes the team according to the plan.
 Staffing, after organizing manager decides to recruit, select, train and develop employees.

 Leading, includes motivating, guiding and solving the problems of the
employees(Brandenburgand Seuring,., 2014).
 Controlling, refers that all the plans are on track or not.
Leadership Theories : Following are the theories of leadership
 Great Man Theory
 Trait Theory – this theory believes that people either born as a leader or are made with
certain qualities like leading people, initiating work and sense of responsibility.
 Behavioural Theory
 Contingency Theory
 Transactional Theory – this type of theory is characterised by negotiating between the
leader and the managers.
 Transformational Theory.
TASK 2
P2 The roles of a leader and the function of a manager apply in the different situation.
Leader is the person who use to manage the team which he/she is leading, the leader has
to look after the team which they are having and they have to make many plans and strategies to
make the good working team and in decision making the leader is suppose to take decisions
according to the situation which is occurred in their team(Bureauand Hua., 2010). The manager
is an person which use to manage all the things in the organisation so the manager has to take
decisions according to all the things. And they have to make the decisions in favour of all the
peoples and which will be beneficial for the organisation. An managers plays and important part
in an organisation as they are the people who manages all the things so it is important to have
the manager who has the good quality in them. They should do all changes and should make the
policies according to the rules and regulations.
In the organisation the peoples use to do many things and they have to face many risks.
The leader use to manage the risk which is been occurred in the team and they use to manage
only that risk and the managers has to face the risk of the whole business has the manager use to
manage the organisation. Leaders are responsible to solve the problems which are facing by there

team or any individual team member the leader will only solve there problems, and the managers
has to solve all the problems which are faced by any of the people of the organisation the
managers has to solve the overall problems of the mark and Spencer organisation(.Closs.,
Speier,and Meacham., 2011).
The managers duty is to manage all the thing in the organisation and they have to manage
all the peoples and they have to build the teams properly and in an good manner as they can
work together in an proper way. The leader should have the ability to build an good team which
will manage all the things and can do the things properly. The managers should have the capacity
to manage and control the conflicts which are been occurring in there team. And the managers
use to make the proper plans and should solve the conflicts in the whole organisation. They have
to see the problems in between all and should make better way to solve so that there will issues
occur regarding it, as the manager use to manage all the things so they has to take an proper and
perfect solution which will give satisfaction to all no one should affect by that(Dobrzykowski
and et. al., 2014).
P3 Theorise, models, approaches of leadership.
Situational leadership model is which been developed by Paul Hershey and Ken
Blanchard while they were working in on the management of the organisational behaviour. This
model based on the two fundamental concepts which are the leadership style and on the
individual or the groups performance readiness level. This should be followed in an organisation
to manage the organisational behaviour(Drake and Spinler., 2013). Some of the Leadership
styles are: Autocratic leader are the that type of leader which does not make any discussion
before decisioning any of the things. They are the people who are very rude and they does not
have any kind feelings about anything. Democratic leaders these are the leader which use to
make the environment better and they use to follow the basic rules and they use treat all the
people equally. Laissez faire are the leader who use to give the lots of freedom to there team and
they are been allowed to the works according to them. Transformational are the type of leader
which are been changed to the any time and can be do anything they want.

The basic principles of the system leadership is an management discipline which are the
interaction and the linkage between the components and the comprise of the entity which use to
define the system. Contingency theory states the effectiveness of the leadership which use to
depend upon the situations and the there many factors(Ergun and et. al., 2010). An leader should
have many qualities in them so that they can be able to manage his team so they can do better in
the organisation and can help in achieving the goals and the objectives of the organisation. There
are some theories and models and some of the approaches so the leader should know about that
properly so that the leader do his work properly and on fix time so that they organisation can get
profit and they do no have to face any problems. The different types of leaders can affect the
organisation so it is important for the leader to have the good quality in then as they can make
many changes in their teams so they should provide them the proper training and the classes so
that they can learn leadership skills. It is an organisation's duty to make them learn many things
while leading an team.
TASK3
P4 Key approaches to operation management and role that leaders and managers plays.
Dynamic approach is an approach which use to change according to plan and according
to the situation. It is not an fixed approach it changes by time and the situations. The leaders use

the dynamic approach in there team when they need to have changes. The managers use to apply
the dynamic approach in the organisation on some of the following things who's nature use to
change. System approach is used as to evaluate the market elements, it can affect the market
element and it can affect the profitability of the organisation(Holmström., Främlingand Ala-
Risku., 2010). The key role of the leadership in an operational element the leader use to work
with its team on the daily base and they have to manage the things and to operate the things and
the works which are been done on the regular bases so that the work can be done in the proper
way and they would not have to face the problems in the organisation and it can make the
changes in the working conditions of the people in the team as individually or as an group and
the m anger in an operational activity he use to make the changes and has to look after the things
going in the organisation day to day and they have to manage it so that they do not pay attention
on the work then it will make loss to the organisation as it can create problems to the peoples as
well as the organisation(Holsappleand Lee-Post., 2010). All the approach are very beneficial for
the organisation so that they can make the changes and they make the things better in the
organisation so that they can achieve their objectives and the goals, the mark and Spencer should
follow the all the approaches, theories and the models in there organisation so that they can be
able to achieve their goals.
P5 Importance and value of operation management in achieving business objective.
The operation management are the important feature of any of the organisation as it is
been consider in the organisation to achieve the success. It also helps mark and Spencer in
managing the system affectively so that it can be able to achieve the overall goals and the
objectives in an given time period(Kusluvan and et. al., 2010). It is good to have do the
operational management in the organisation as that can be able to make many things run in an
correct manner and it can help the management to help in achieving the goals and the objectives
in an particular time and and it can be able to minimize the risk in an organisation while doing
any task. The operational management helps the organisation to provide the more efficiencies in
doing the work and doing any task as it can covert then material and the labour to the goods and
service. It use to design and do process in the productions of the controlling and the checking.
The operation management is differ from the organisation to the organisation all the
organisation have the different operation management as the companies use to to the different
kind of work and in different form. Some of the importance of the operation management are:

operational management helps to use the human resource so that they can achieve their goals
and the objectives and they can be able to achieve their target with the help of the human
resource(Kusluvan and et. al., 2010). The operational management use to do their task in the an
proper time. They have the best resources which they have with them as that they can get help
with it to achieve their target. Operational management can help the company to reduce the risk
which are been involved in the project. It can be able to make the changes in the organisation as
it uses the best resources and by this the risk factors can be reduced in the projects in which they
working while developing. It can provide a lot of help to the organisation and its benefit is that it
is different form the other one so there is no chance to have the management in an all the
organisation. In every organisation operational management is been used so that they could make
their organisation grow properly. So it is important for mark and Spencer to use the operational
management in their organisation which can help them in doing their work properly and they
would able to achieve their objectives(Lewis, and Brown., 2012).
P6 Factors within business environment which impacts operational management and decision-
making by the leaders and managers.
Business environment plays an important role in the organisation because it can make the
changes in the functioning and in many such things there are basically two types of environment
which are:-
1. Internal environmental factors.
2. External environment factors.
Internal environment factor are the factors which are inside the organisation and that factors can
affect the internal environment of the organisation so it is important to know about the internal
environment factors. Some of the internal factors are like:
 Owner- Owner is that person who owns the company and who make the organisation to
be successful he is totally responsible for the things going in the business and he is liable
for the loss and all(Nagurney Masoumiand Yu, M., 2012). They have the rights to do the
change in the organisation according to them. The owner can be individual and can be in
group, owners can also can impact by the operational management.
 Board of directors- the board of director is an person who is been chosen to do the task
which are been selected by the shareholder so that the task can be done properly and in an

perfect time. Directors are the person who is the executive authority and they have the
power to make the performance to make the some task.
 Employees- employees are the main asset of the organisation has they are been chosen to
do the work which has to be done in an organisation to make it successful they are the
main resources of any company as they can do all the things without them they can be
able to do any of the things so if it is good then the organisation can run properly and if it
is not doing their task properly then the company cant make any profit(Nagurney
Masoumiand Yu, M., 2012).
External environmental factors are the factors which are outside the organisation and it effects
the outer environment as they can create problem in the work. Some of the external environment
factors are :
 Competitor: the competitors helps the organisation to achieve their objects and help in the
growth of the organisation, because if there are many competitors in the market then the
organisation gets the power to compete with them so that will boost and increase their
powers to make the proper growth. So sometimes it is good to have the competitors in the
market.
 Costumers- In an organisation the customers are been prefer as an god as because of them
only the organisation use to grow so the customers are been given special treatment. The
customer's are the those who pay to organisation to get the products and the services.
 Suppliers- The suppliers are those who supplies the material to the company so that they
can make it as the final good which they then provide to the customer's in the form of
goods and services so that the needs and wants of the customer's can be fulfilled.
CONCLUSION
From the above project it is been concluded that all the organisation should have the
proper management so that they can do their task properly and the operational management is an
things which can make betterment in the organisation so that they can be able to make the
change in the organisation. Marks and Spencer should follow the operational management so that
they can do the task properly and can be able to achieve the objectives and goals so that they can
be able to do the work properly. The internal and the external environment factors can effect the
business environment so it is important to know about the factors so that they can make changes
according to it. So the Marc and Spencer should follow each and every steps and should know

about the things so that they can make improvements in the company to achieve their goals and
objectives. They should know about every polices which is to be implemented in the
organisation so that they should not face any problems, the company should the good leader and
the and good manager who can be able to manage the things.

REFERENCE
Books and Journals
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aquaculture with particular reference to salmonid aquaculture operations. Aquaculture Research.
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management: Synthesis of a research program. International Journal of Production Economics.
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Holsapple, C.W and Lee-Post, A., 2010. Behavior-based analysis of knowledge dissemination
channels in operations management. Omega. 38(3). pp.167-178.
Kusluvan and et. al., 2010. The human dimension: A review of human resources management
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