Literature Review on Leadership and Performance in Organizations
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Literature Review
AI Summary
This literature review examines the multifaceted relationship between leadership styles, employee performance, and organizational culture, drawing on a range of scholarly articles. The review explores how different leadership approaches, including transactional and transformational leadership, influence employee outcomes such as creativity, motivation, and overall performance. Several studies highlight the mediating role of organizational culture, demonstrating how cultural values and practices can either enhance or hinder the effectiveness of specific leadership styles. The analysis delves into the impact of leadership on various aspects of employee experience, including career development, job satisfaction, and the provision of services to individuals with intellectual disabilities. Furthermore, the review considers the application of leadership theories in diverse contexts, such as business, healthcare, and educational settings, providing insights into the universality and adaptability of leadership models. The findings underscore the importance of aligning leadership practices with organizational culture to foster a positive and productive work environment, while also recognizing the need for continued research to refine our understanding of these complex dynamics.

Running head: Literature Review Resources 1
Analysis of Existing Research
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Analysis of Existing Research
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Literature Review Resources 2
Number Article Information: Added to
RefWorks?
Y or N
(optional)
1. Kark, R., Van Dijk, D., & Vashdi, D. R. (2018). Motivated or demotivated to
be creative: The role of self‐regulatory focus in transformational and
transactional leadership processes. Applied Psychology, 67(1), 186-224.
YES
Permalink
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apps.12122
Annotation
The article supports how the leadership style can play a crucial role in
improving the employee's creativity organization. Besides, the source
articulates how the aspect of self-regulatory focus (SRF) impacts the
employee's creativity attention in any company. To confirm these elements, the
authors tried to carry out an experimental study. During the whole process,
findings were categorized into two sections with the first section comprising
empirical research (N=189) and the other part of the survey consisting of the
Number Article Information: Added to
RefWorks?
Y or N
(optional)
1. Kark, R., Van Dijk, D., & Vashdi, D. R. (2018). Motivated or demotivated to
be creative: The role of self‐regulatory focus in transformational and
transactional leadership processes. Applied Psychology, 67(1), 186-224.
YES
Permalink
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apps.12122
Annotation
The article supports how the leadership style can play a crucial role in
improving the employee's creativity organization. Besides, the source
articulates how the aspect of self-regulatory focus (SRF) impacts the
employee's creativity attention in any company. To confirm these elements, the
authors tried to carry out an experimental study. During the whole process,
findings were categorized into two sections with the first section comprising
empirical research (N=189) and the other part of the survey consisting of the

Literature Review Resources 3
field study (N= 75 that is both employees and managers of a particular
organization).
From the study, it was evident there was a positive relationship between types
of leadership and aspect of creativity in the organization. The idea is that self-
regulatory focus correlates with the employee's creativity as well as the
leadership style in an organization. The article cites how the SFC will help the
leaders in an organization to deter those actions and practices that can prevent
creativity in an organization. Leaders are the ones determining the creativity of
workers in a company. Through this analogy, it means that leaders have to
reflect positive attributes to employees all the time.
2. Reference
Gagné, M., Morin, A. J., Schabram, K., Wang, Z. N., Chemolli, E., & Briand,
M. (2019). Uncovering Relations Between Leadership Perceptions and
Motivation Under Different Organizational Contexts: A Multilevel
Cross-lagged Analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1-20.
YES
Permalink
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10869-019-09649-4
Annotation:
Transactional and transformational leadership have raised the alarm in the field
of leadership research. According to the article, various sources determine the
directional influences that are found between perceptions of managerial
field study (N= 75 that is both employees and managers of a particular
organization).
From the study, it was evident there was a positive relationship between types
of leadership and aspect of creativity in the organization. The idea is that self-
regulatory focus correlates with the employee's creativity as well as the
leadership style in an organization. The article cites how the SFC will help the
leaders in an organization to deter those actions and practices that can prevent
creativity in an organization. Leaders are the ones determining the creativity of
workers in a company. Through this analogy, it means that leaders have to
reflect positive attributes to employees all the time.
2. Reference
Gagné, M., Morin, A. J., Schabram, K., Wang, Z. N., Chemolli, E., & Briand,
M. (2019). Uncovering Relations Between Leadership Perceptions and
Motivation Under Different Organizational Contexts: A Multilevel
Cross-lagged Analysis. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1-20.
YES
Permalink
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10869-019-09649-4
Annotation:
Transactional and transformational leadership have raised the alarm in the field
of leadership research. According to the article, various sources determine the
directional influences that are found between perceptions of managerial
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Literature Review Resources 4
behaviors with the multiple aspects of work motivation. Besides, the report
argues that only a few items have tried to elaborate on the contextual impact of
the influences. The study revealed that transformational leadership (TFL)
always leads to better results as compared to transactional leadership strategies
(TSL).
Based on the findings obtained, some of the employees in an organization tend
to relate the leadership behaviors with their motivational principles. The idea is
that TFL all the time refers to the issue of the autonomous motivational
strategies in an organization. On the other hand, the TSL is based on the
controlled principles in the controlled motivational orientations in any
organization. Therefore, the study has concluded that TFL improves controlled
working motivation in any organization. At the same time, the TSL is more on
the organizational situation, whereby it applies when a company is in crisis.
3. Reference
Profiroiu, A. G., & Hurdubei, R. (2018). The universality of behavioral
competency models. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets,
13(3), 113-119.
YES
Permalink
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=698859
Annotation
behaviors with the multiple aspects of work motivation. Besides, the report
argues that only a few items have tried to elaborate on the contextual impact of
the influences. The study revealed that transformational leadership (TFL)
always leads to better results as compared to transactional leadership strategies
(TSL).
Based on the findings obtained, some of the employees in an organization tend
to relate the leadership behaviors with their motivational principles. The idea is
that TFL all the time refers to the issue of the autonomous motivational
strategies in an organization. On the other hand, the TSL is based on the
controlled principles in the controlled motivational orientations in any
organization. Therefore, the study has concluded that TFL improves controlled
working motivation in any organization. At the same time, the TSL is more on
the organizational situation, whereby it applies when a company is in crisis.
3. Reference
Profiroiu, A. G., & Hurdubei, R. (2018). The universality of behavioral
competency models. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets,
13(3), 113-119.
YES
Permalink
https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=698859
Annotation
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Literature Review Resources 5
Business culture is very crucial in any organization. The article cites that
organizational culture is fundamental for the success of the business and
performance of the employees. The study carried out by the report reveals the
impacts of corporate culture on the organizational entities. The article
incorporates an analysis of a literature review that thoroughly evaluated
behavioral competency frameworks.
In any organization, there are those values and principles that are used to
develop the organizational culture. According to the article, the whole process
of building a corporate culture is complicated and lengthy. Based on the
literature review analyzed, the approaches to competency modeling in any
company follow various paths and lines. The whole idea is that competency
modeling can be constructed by a job analysis method and also through an in-
depth understanding of the business strategy within the industry.
Culture always affects competencies and behaviors within the company. The
analogy is that all companies ought to demonstrate communication, customer
focus, as well as adaptability. The analogy is that organizations have to invest
more effort into competency modeling, thus building values for business
success.
4. Reference
Saeed, M., & Mughal, Y. H. (2019). Role of Transactional Leadership Style
upon Performance: Mediating Role of Culture. Journal of Managerial
YES
Business culture is very crucial in any organization. The article cites that
organizational culture is fundamental for the success of the business and
performance of the employees. The study carried out by the report reveals the
impacts of corporate culture on the organizational entities. The article
incorporates an analysis of a literature review that thoroughly evaluated
behavioral competency frameworks.
In any organization, there are those values and principles that are used to
develop the organizational culture. According to the article, the whole process
of building a corporate culture is complicated and lengthy. Based on the
literature review analyzed, the approaches to competency modeling in any
company follow various paths and lines. The whole idea is that competency
modeling can be constructed by a job analysis method and also through an in-
depth understanding of the business strategy within the industry.
Culture always affects competencies and behaviors within the company. The
analogy is that all companies ought to demonstrate communication, customer
focus, as well as adaptability. The analogy is that organizations have to invest
more effort into competency modeling, thus building values for business
success.
4. Reference
Saeed, M., & Mughal, Y. H. (2019). Role of Transactional Leadership Style
upon Performance: Mediating Role of Culture. Journal of Managerial
YES

Literature Review Resources 6
Sciences, 13(1).
Permalink
http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/jms/default_files/JMS/13_1/05.pdf
Annotation
Leadership in an organization is an element for improving the performance of
the workers. The article, in particular, focused on analyzing the relations
between the performance of employees and the full range of leadership styles.
Besides, the study also aimed at investigating the impact of the culture on the
organization. During the research, questionnaires were used to collect data
based on the aim. More than 319 surveys were obtained, and a regression line
drawn to analyze the relationship between the variables identified. The results
also revealed how culture relates to transactional leadership styles and the
aspect of employee performance.
From the results, it is evident good leadership improves the success of the
business. Besides, the integration of effective leadership with business culture
results in improved performance within an organization. The study, therefore, it
has widened the knowledge of administration in various ways. It has entirely
revealed an understanding of leadership styles, culture, and performance of
workers in a business context. Through the experience, it has closed the
methodological gap.
Sciences, 13(1).
Permalink
http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/jms/default_files/JMS/13_1/05.pdf
Annotation
Leadership in an organization is an element for improving the performance of
the workers. The article, in particular, focused on analyzing the relations
between the performance of employees and the full range of leadership styles.
Besides, the study also aimed at investigating the impact of the culture on the
organization. During the research, questionnaires were used to collect data
based on the aim. More than 319 surveys were obtained, and a regression line
drawn to analyze the relationship between the variables identified. The results
also revealed how culture relates to transactional leadership styles and the
aspect of employee performance.
From the results, it is evident good leadership improves the success of the
business. Besides, the integration of effective leadership with business culture
results in improved performance within an organization. The study, therefore, it
has widened the knowledge of administration in various ways. It has entirely
revealed an understanding of leadership styles, culture, and performance of
workers in a business context. Through the experience, it has closed the
methodological gap.
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Literature Review Resources 7
5. Reference
Van der Meer, L., Matthews, T., Ogilvie, E., Berry, A., Waddington, H.,
Balandin, S., ... & Sigafoos, J. (2017). Training direct-care staff to provide
communication intervention to adults with intellectual disability: A
systematic review. American journal of speech-language pathology, 26(4),
1279-1295.
YES
Permalink
https://pubs.asha.org/doi/abs/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0125
Annotation
Intellectual disability is attributed to various aspects, such as communication
impairments. The article summarizes how multiple studies have elaborated on
how training to the direct-care staff affects communication intervention,
especially to adults with intellectual challenges.
To support the aim of the study, the authors used a systematic approach for
analyzing 22 studies. The whole method used elements that were related to
intellectual disability. In particular, 437 staff were used with 254 adults’
participants who had an intellectual disability.
From the findings, it was observed that direct care staff plays a crucial role in
analyzing the intellectual disability aspect of society. The analogy is that direct
staff training helps individuals to learn practical communication skills that are
helpful to adults with intellectual disabilities. Those professionals educating or
5. Reference
Van der Meer, L., Matthews, T., Ogilvie, E., Berry, A., Waddington, H.,
Balandin, S., ... & Sigafoos, J. (2017). Training direct-care staff to provide
communication intervention to adults with intellectual disability: A
systematic review. American journal of speech-language pathology, 26(4),
1279-1295.
YES
Permalink
https://pubs.asha.org/doi/abs/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0125
Annotation
Intellectual disability is attributed to various aspects, such as communication
impairments. The article summarizes how multiple studies have elaborated on
how training to the direct-care staff affects communication intervention,
especially to adults with intellectual challenges.
To support the aim of the study, the authors used a systematic approach for
analyzing 22 studies. The whole method used elements that were related to
intellectual disability. In particular, 437 staff were used with 254 adults’
participants who had an intellectual disability.
From the findings, it was observed that direct care staff plays a crucial role in
analyzing the intellectual disability aspect of society. The analogy is that direct
staff training helps individuals to learn practical communication skills that are
helpful to adults with intellectual disabilities. Those professionals educating or
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Literature Review Resources 8
training individuals for direct care support have to anticipate a positive outcome
all the time.
6. Reference
Lee, Y., & Lee, J. Y. (2018). A multilevel analysis of individual and
organizational factors that influence the relationship between career
development and job performance improvement. European Journal of
Training and Development.
YES
Permalink
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EJTD-11-2017-0097/
full/html
Annotation
In any organization, career development occurs in a vertical movement.
According to the article, career development in companies is supported by
various elements. The study aimed to analyze how the individual aspects, as
well as organization elements, will affect the career development and job
training individuals for direct care support have to anticipate a positive outcome
all the time.
6. Reference
Lee, Y., & Lee, J. Y. (2018). A multilevel analysis of individual and
organizational factors that influence the relationship between career
development and job performance improvement. European Journal of
Training and Development.
YES
Permalink
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EJTD-11-2017-0097/
full/html
Annotation
In any organization, career development occurs in a vertical movement.
According to the article, career development in companies is supported by
various elements. The study aimed to analyze how the individual aspects, as
well as organization elements, will affect the career development and job

Literature Review Resources 9
performance in business enterprise. To support the purpose of the study, the
article, in particular, has used a multilevel analysis process of collecting data.
From the findings, it is definite that organizational commitment, as well as job
satisfaction, are the critical factors contributing to career development. Besides,
other elements such as training and coaching have been identified as the
fundamental concepts aiding career advancement in any organization.
Additional features such as job rotation they reduce the rate of career
advancement in organizations.
On practical implications, the article cites that leaders in all organizations ought
to appreciate the training, coaching as well as organizational commitments as
actions necessary for career development. The entire executive unit in an
organization has to keep on planning effective interventions gearing career
development.
7 Reference
Hodge, K. A. (2019). Examining the leadership styles of superintendents in the
developmental disability system in the state of Ohio (Doctoral
dissertation, Youngstown State University).
Yes
Permalink
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1558726760636661
performance in business enterprise. To support the purpose of the study, the
article, in particular, has used a multilevel analysis process of collecting data.
From the findings, it is definite that organizational commitment, as well as job
satisfaction, are the critical factors contributing to career development. Besides,
other elements such as training and coaching have been identified as the
fundamental concepts aiding career advancement in any organization.
Additional features such as job rotation they reduce the rate of career
advancement in organizations.
On practical implications, the article cites that leaders in all organizations ought
to appreciate the training, coaching as well as organizational commitments as
actions necessary for career development. The entire executive unit in an
organization has to keep on planning effective interventions gearing career
development.
7 Reference
Hodge, K. A. (2019). Examining the leadership styles of superintendents in the
developmental disability system in the state of Ohio (Doctoral
dissertation, Youngstown State University).
Yes
Permalink
http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1558726760636661
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Literature Review Resources 10
Annotation
The county boards in Ohio supporting the disabilities programs have
experienced significant changes. These changes have enabled the boards to
have a definite vision and mission, thus helping in providing the necessary
services needed by disabled individuals. According to the article, for these
aspects to be fulfilled, the boards have been working on areas such as
leadership styles and leadership behaviors.
The source cites how leadership questionnaire form was used to collect
information on how the change of leadership behaviors and styles have changed
the county boards. To comprehend how these leadership elements have
changed the environment, a systematic review of some of the leadership
theories was done. The most methods analyzed in the article included
evolutionary theory, transformational theories, the laissaiz- faire theory, and
also the transactional theory.
The findings obtained articulated that both transformational and transactional
styles are essential for inducing a change in an organization. The study has,
therefore, supported that county boards managed to use the methods identified
to improve the human service needed for developmental disabilities.
8 Reference Yes
Annotation
The county boards in Ohio supporting the disabilities programs have
experienced significant changes. These changes have enabled the boards to
have a definite vision and mission, thus helping in providing the necessary
services needed by disabled individuals. According to the article, for these
aspects to be fulfilled, the boards have been working on areas such as
leadership styles and leadership behaviors.
The source cites how leadership questionnaire form was used to collect
information on how the change of leadership behaviors and styles have changed
the county boards. To comprehend how these leadership elements have
changed the environment, a systematic review of some of the leadership
theories was done. The most methods analyzed in the article included
evolutionary theory, transformational theories, the laissaiz- faire theory, and
also the transactional theory.
The findings obtained articulated that both transformational and transactional
styles are essential for inducing a change in an organization. The study has,
therefore, supported that county boards managed to use the methods identified
to improve the human service needed for developmental disabilities.
8 Reference Yes
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Literature Review Resources 11
LoPorto, J. (2019). Competency Development and Implementation among
Direct Support Professionals in New York State.
Permalink
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6607/
Annotation
In New York City, all people depend on direct care professionals (DSPs) for
care and other related services 24 hours. According to the article, the DSPs aim
to ensure all people, including those with disabilities, can access appropriate
services. Most of the people with developments disabilities (DD) and those
individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) needs maximum support all the
time.
Therefore, the article focused on analyzing how effective the DSPs provide
these services to the people in New York. The significant purpose entirely
focused on how NYS DSP competencies in New York relates to the aspect of
morale and job satisfaction. From the findings, it evident that lack of training,
poor communication skills, and lack of confidence reduces core competencies
needed in the provision of these services to people in New York.
In the conclusion section, the article has indicated that organizations have to
focus on how to train DSPs to access NYS DSP skills needed in the
implementation of core competencies. For all these to happen, an organization
has to create an appropriate environment free from strict policies that could
LoPorto, J. (2019). Competency Development and Implementation among
Direct Support Professionals in New York State.
Permalink
https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6607/
Annotation
In New York City, all people depend on direct care professionals (DSPs) for
care and other related services 24 hours. According to the article, the DSPs aim
to ensure all people, including those with disabilities, can access appropriate
services. Most of the people with developments disabilities (DD) and those
individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) needs maximum support all the
time.
Therefore, the article focused on analyzing how effective the DSPs provide
these services to the people in New York. The significant purpose entirely
focused on how NYS DSP competencies in New York relates to the aspect of
morale and job satisfaction. From the findings, it evident that lack of training,
poor communication skills, and lack of confidence reduces core competencies
needed in the provision of these services to people in New York.
In the conclusion section, the article has indicated that organizations have to
focus on how to train DSPs to access NYS DSP skills needed in the
implementation of core competencies. For all these to happen, an organization
has to create an appropriate environment free from strict policies that could

Literature Review Resources 12
hinder effective communication with individuals with DD/ID in society.
9 Reference
Lepenioti, K., Bousdekis, A., Apostolou, D., & Mentzas, G. (2020).
Prescriptive analytics: Literature review and research challenges.
International Journal of Information Management, 50, 57-70.
Yes
Link
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401218309873
Annotation
The article cites the importance of business analytic in businesses. The idea is
that business analytics all the time play a fundamental role whereby it aims to
help companies to make decisions that add business value. In today's field of
business, organizations are entirely focusing on predictive analytics. The
analogy is that organizations need to be projective on what is anticipated to
happen in the future.
The study analyzed various literature sources articulating different elements
related to the idea of business analytics. From the findings, it was identified that
prescriptive analytics plays a crucial role in an organization. The idea is that a
rigid method of business analytics is standard, and most of the managers have
hinder effective communication with individuals with DD/ID in society.
9 Reference
Lepenioti, K., Bousdekis, A., Apostolou, D., & Mentzas, G. (2020).
Prescriptive analytics: Literature review and research challenges.
International Journal of Information Management, 50, 57-70.
Yes
Link
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0268401218309873
Annotation
The article cites the importance of business analytic in businesses. The idea is
that business analytics all the time play a fundamental role whereby it aims to
help companies to make decisions that add business value. In today's field of
business, organizations are entirely focusing on predictive analytics. The
analogy is that organizations need to be projective on what is anticipated to
happen in the future.
The study analyzed various literature sources articulating different elements
related to the idea of business analytics. From the findings, it was identified that
prescriptive analytics plays a crucial role in an organization. The idea is that a
rigid method of business analytics is standard, and most of the managers have
⊘ This is a preview!⊘
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