Leadership and Management: Centralization, Technology Analysis Report

This report delves into the crucial differences between leaders and managers, exploring their distinct behaviors and roles within an organization, illustrated with examples from Morrisons plc. It contrasts the responsibilities of leaders, who inspire and set direction, with those of managers, who plan, organize, and control. The report then critically examines the advantages and disadvantages of centralized and decentralized organizational structures, highlighting their impact on decision-making, communication, and employee management. Finally, it analyzes the transformative effects of technology on work processes and team dynamics, emphasizing the importance of rapid communication and the evolution of business interactions, with a focus on the importance of technology to enhance business communication. The report references academic sources to support its analysis and provides a comprehensive overview of these key aspects of leadership, management, and organizational structure in the modern business environment.

LEADER AND MANAGER

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
1. The difference in behaviour of a manager and leader. With relevant examples.....................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................5
2. Critically explaining the advantages and disadvantages of centralised and decentralised in
management................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7
3. Examining how technology is changing the work people perform and the teams that they
work in........................................................................................................................................7
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
In the context of business unit, leaders and managers play an important role in motivating
personnel as well as attainment of organizational goals. Leader help in setting a vision, set a
direction and helps in motivating and inspiring employees towards the goals of the organisation.
Where, manager helps in planning, directing, organising and controlling different business
activities in organisation. The present report will help in understanding the difference in
behaviour of a leader and the manager. The study will also discuss the how leader and manager
influences the behaviour of personnel within an organization. Further, the assessment will help in
understanding the centralisation and decentralisation structure along with the advantages and
disadvantages. The report will also shed light on the manner in which technological aspects
impact business.
MAIN BODY
1. The difference in behaviour of a manager and leader. With relevant examples.
Leaders and manager plays a significant role in the success of an organisation. Leaders is
the person who encourage and inspire his sub-ordinates, to work efficiently in order to achieve
the organisational goals. On the other hand, manger act as a link between the management of the
company and with the person associated with the company which are there employees,
shareholder, supplier, customer governments etc. of the Morrisons plc . The behaviour of a
leader and manager differ with their role, functions and situation in an organisation.
A leader posses positive role in organisation where he explore the hidden talent in his
subordinates and provide them better guidance to enhance their skills in order to achieve the
organisational goals. While manager sometimes criticizes its employees just to make them doing
their work properly.
A manager in Morrison plc is the person who will engage in the major functions of
management which are planning, organising, directing , controlling and coordinating different
activities of business (Crawford, 2014). A leader is a person who performs the function such as
encouraging, motivating, inspiring etc. Both the leader and manager are essential for the
successful business organisation. A good and effective leader and manager will help the
organisation and remains it to be comparative in the industry.
The differences between leader and manager behaviour are:

LEADER MANAGER
Leader possess a behaviour that can help his
subordinate to achieve a goal of Morrisons plc
Manager behaves as instructor in order to
manage the activities of the Morrisons plc
Leader has the quality to foresight the future
activities.
Manager has the intelligence to achieve the
future activities.
Leader helps in directing his subordinates. Manager helps in planning how to manage the
employees in Morrison plc (Mascarenhas,
2011).
Leader behaves in order to promote change Manager behaviour help in immediate react to
that change.
Behaviour of a leader helps him for focusing
on employees and his sub-ordinates
Behaviour of manager assist him focus on the
process and procedures.
Leader behaves so as to make his team grow
and develop.
Managers behaves in order to complete the task
and obtaining the end results.
In the context of the Morrison supermarket plc, the difference between the behaviour of
a leader and manager can be illustrated with a recent example of adopting digital technology in
business activity. Manger of the organisation will make plan to efficient implement of the
technology. He possess his functions as a manager of planning, organising, directing and
controlling (Nguyen and Hansen, 2016). He will plan to provide training to the employees,
recruiting the skilled employees, prepare budgets etc. While the leader will possess his key
behaviour of encouraging, motivating, inspiring and develop the willingness power in his
employees and subordinates. A leader will coach his employees instead of instructing or
directing them for the new technological implementation. A leader will motivate them as the new
technology will help in increasing their skills and further growth.
Critical analysis:

However, it can be critique that, where the behaviour of manager and leader will help in
managing and inspiring employees towards adopting the changes in company. The negative
behaviour can hamper the employees performance in company and fro taking an effective
policies and plan for the new operations. A leader behaviour of taking risk is essential in opening
gates for new opportunities for company. However, if the leader has lack of productivity and has
fear of taking new prospective is a sign of ineffective leadership. It will affect the working and
productivity of their subordinates as well.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Mascarenhas, O. A., (2011). Business transformation strategies: The strategic leader as
innovation manager. SAGE Publications India.
Nguyen, N. and Hansen, J. Ø., (2016). Becoming a leader-manager: a matter of training and
education. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal. 30(6).
pp.10-12.
Crawford, M., (2014). Developing as an educational leader and manager. Sage.
2. Critically explaining the advantages and disadvantages of centralised and decentralised in
management.
Centralised organisation structure:
It can be refer to the management structure in an organisation which follows the
hierarchy decision making structure. In the hierarchy organisational structure, all decisions,
rules, policies are strictly handled by the top management of an organisation or at the executive
level (Piercy, 2014). The manager and the employees that comes in the lower chain of
commands are limited in making decision and have to follow the decisions and plan made by top
executives. The centralised organisation has some advantage and disadvantages:
Advantages of centralised organisation:
 Uniformity in action: There is uniformity in business activities as all the control are in
the hand of the central administration. The executives will timely supervise the work too
ensure the uniform performance in the organisation.

 Better co-ordination: centralisation structure helps in facilitates the better coordination
in various business activities. Supervision and direct control from the central authority
helps in reducing the risk of conflict in company (Johne, 2018).
Disadvantage of centralised organisation:
 Local inefficiency: Centralisation can lead to delay in decision making process which
can impact the local business unit in different locations. The difference in the local
weather business issues, community’s problems and store issues could requires an urgent
solution (Piercy, 2014). High centralization organisation requires local manager to contact
a top leader in many situations, as they have limited authority. Limited communication: A centralised structure of organisation can result in less
communication with the executive managers. With the high authority of control,
employee may not be permitted to direct contacting with the head-office as they are
inclines to follow the hierarchy chain of command.
Decentralised organisation structure:
In this organisational structure, decision making and the management functions are many
times done by the managers of the different department and business unites in different locations.
However, in the large organization, decisions taken by top authority only becomes more difficult.
To overcome such difficulties, establishing decentralisation structure becomes essential (Pollitt,
Birchall and Putman, 2016). Decentralised gives authority to the middle level and lower-level
managers to take day to day decisions rather than directly being centralised by the top level
management of the organisation.
Advantages of Decentralised organisation structure:
 Reduce the burden on top executives: It relives the burden from the top management to
perform various functions for different organisation. It helps in reducing the over burden
from the top level management so that they invest that time to plan and make strategies
for growth and development of the organisation as a whole. Employee management: In decentralisation, it is possible to maintain close and better
employee management with the help of small administrative units for a business as a
whole(Miśkiewicz, 2017).

Disadvantage of decentralised organisation:
 Problem in co-ordination: Decentralisation creates problem in proper coordination as
authority to take decisions lies widely throughout the organisation to different
departmental managers.
 Financial burden: It required trained employees and skilled worker in order to maintain
and control various function in different departments (Brotchie and et.al., 2017). It
requires more financial burden that can be out of the budget for that business unit.
Critical analysis:
However, it can be critique that centralised and decentralised organisational structure is
important for the organisation. But the centralised structure is ineffective in a large size
organisation as the departmental manager has no authority of taking decisions even in emergency
needs. However it can be said that, decentralised structure will create a financial burden in order
to maintain different function in organisation.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Goffee, R. and Scase, R., (2015). Corporate Realities (Routledge Revivals): The Dynamics of
Large and Small Organisations. Routledge.
Hair Jr, J. F. and et al., (2015). Essentials of business research methods. Routledge.
Miśkiewicz, R., (2017). Organisational structure in the process of integration on the example of
iron and steel industry enterprises in Poland. Difin.
Piercy, N., 2014. Marketing Organisation (RLE Marketing). Routledge.
Pollitt, C., Birchall, J. and Putman, K., (2016). Decentralising public service management.
Macmillan International Higher Education.
Johne, F. A., (2018). Industrial product innovation (Vol. 21). Routledge.

3. Examining how technology is changing the work people perform and the teams that they work
in.
In the era of hyper competitive world, organisation is expanding on interactional level in
order to grow and make profit worldwide. It is essential for the company to spread its business
operations in more than one country. It can be possible with the help of effective technology that
will assist the organisation to interact with each other in several part of the world. However, the
traditional approach for communicating in business are preferred like personal meetings, face to
face interacting of managers, employees and with customers. But in order to expand the business
in global platform, traditional method will set the company's progress back step. In the fast-
paced nature of business makes it essential for the businesses to adopt the new technology in
order to remain competitive in the corporate world.
Importance of technology for interacting with people
Technology has created an important effects on the business operations. Technology has
both tangible and intangible benefits which helps in increasing the revenue of the company,
growth and developmental on the company. Besides that, with the breakthrough evolution of the
technology in past two decades, technology has changed the face of information and business
communication throughout the organisation. It helps in operating business activities efficiently
and helps in interacting the employees in business with the help of information and
communication technology (Keeble and Wilkinson, 2017). With the advancement in the internet,
it makes it possible for the one business unit in an location to contact and communicate with
other business unit more effectively with less time. It helps in improve the quality of
performance. The technology has changed the business in many ways but the most important
effect is the ease of business communication. It helps in communicating to of employers with
other employers in the business environment. The importance of technology in changing the
business communication are as follows:
 Rapid and remote communication: With the help of internet, it makes it easier to
access the business communication to spread the information from one business unit to
another within less than a minute. The internet software of instant messenger such as
Skype, spark has make it easier in communicating with other employees in various
locations.

 Visual appealing: The technology has also make it easier in visually communicating to
the other manager, executives, or customer with the help of different video calling
software. It is less time consuming, more efficient and cost saving for the company.
 Improved customer relationship: it has not improved the communication with the
employees but it also helped in communicating to the customers and clients of the
organisation as well. Customer can now directly contact the employer through e-mails,
social media apps like twitter, writing blogs (Hair Jr et al., 2015). It is beneficial for the
company as it assist them to get the direct feedbacks from the customers about the
product and services they offer. The communication technology also plays a great role in
building relationship with the customer which will help in retaining customers. It will
also help the organisation to make it brand image in all over the world.
With the drastically increase in the information and communication technology,
organisations have realised that retention of competitiveness calls for adaptability the different
business communication tools in their business effectively (Dodgson, 2018). These tools help in
effective communication of the employees with managers, other employees and to the clients of
the organisation. It helps in increasing the efficiency of the business operations, motivates the
employees in order to increase their performance and productivity.
 EzTalks meeting: It is one of the most effective tools of business communication. It has
high-definition video and clear audio features that helps the employees to face to face
communicate with other employees anywhere in several business units. It also helps in
keeping online visual meeting with more than two person at the same time. It makes the
business operations easier that helps in delivering quick results.
 Internal videos and blogs: the great tools of business communication are important in
engaging the employees in order to take their feedbacks about the business operations
and activities in organisation. Employees gets motivated when their opinion are being
listened and valued. The internal videos and blogs will helps the employees to share their
view, complaints, feedbacks and it would be beneficial to the company as well to know
the view of their employees and the area where improvement are required.
 Discussion forums: sharing information in the workplace has been credited in order to
increase the employee’s motivation and their skills (Roztocki and Weistroffer, 2015).

The discuss forum is a great tool that helps the employees to ask questions, give opinion
and discuss the best way of tackling of the projects. It is an effective communication tools
to increase the bond of employees and the management.
 Emails and instant messaging: Email is considered as the main form of communication
as it helps in sharing informational documents throughout the organisation. It is relatively
fast and very cheap. The instant messaging is more convenient than telephone which
helps employees to communicate with one other easily.
Information and communication technology helps in increasing the performance
of employees a team and the productivity of the team in organisation. In recent times, it is not
necessary that in order to work in a team all employee need to be in one physical world (6 Ways
technology is changing the way we work , 2018). Informational and communication technology
makes it easier for the employees to work efficiently which helps increasing the performance
level of employees. The role of technology in increasing the performance of an employee are:
 better communication helps the employees in getting the information from other
employees faster which helps them to increase their efficiency in work as they
communicate to the manager and to other team member immediately when required.
 Technology has make it easier for the employees to get on line training through internet,
video conferencing with the leader and instructor. It helps in increasing the skills and
performance level of employees
Technology has allowed the team members to better facilitates communication
among team members that has helped in reducing time and expenses of the team work. With the
help of conferencing the employees can interact with each other which will help in better
coordination of the employees and also facilitates in making decisions regarding the on going
project in the team (HOW TECHNOLOGY HAS CHANGED BUSINESS COMMUNICATION ,
2018). This allows one person to make visual presentations, sharing charts, product samples and
other information. With the help of monitor and tracking software, the team leader can evaluate
the progress level of team work which helps in enhancing the performance of the team. Emails,
Watsapp and other applications can easily by accessible in mobile through internet. It helps
sending emails, messaging anywhere, anytime that allows the employees to get information and
work efficiently.

Critically analysis:
Technology is an essential elements which helps in interacting the employees in
workplace. However, it can be critique that technology in workplace has also faced from the
security risk of data and information of the business organisation. Better interaction between the
employees can also leads to increase the chances of arguments in a team. As the team member
can be at different locations, the team leader may find it difficult to resolve the conflicts between
them.
CONCLUSION
By summing up the above report, it can be concluded that leader and manager are
essential in the better operations and management of different business activities in any type of
organisation. The present report has concluded that the differences in the behaviour of leader
and manager and the way it will affect their functions in the organisation with relevant example.
A comparison of differences in leader and manager has been discussed in the report. An example
is quoted which has analysed the difference in behaviour of leader and manager in different
situation. Further, the report has concluded centralised and decentralised organisational structure
which helps in better management of different function in Morrisons plc. Moreover, the report
has analysed the importance of technology in business world. The report has concluded the
importance of technology and business information technology that helps the employees in
interacting in team. Furthermore, the report has underlined the importance of the business
communication in increasing the team and individual performance. The report has concluded
how different tools of business communication helps in increasing the performance of employee
and the productivity of team in the organisation.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Brotchie, J. and et.al., (2017). The future of urban form: the impact of new technology.
Routledge.
Dodgson, M. (2018). Technological collaboration in industry: strategy, policy and
internationalization in innovation. Routledge.
Keeble, D. and Wilkinson, F. (2017). High-technology clusters, networking and collective
learning in Europe. Routledge.
Mascarenhas, O. A. (2011). Business transformation strategies: The strategic leader as
innovation manager. SAGE Publications India.
Nguyen, N. and Hansen, J. Ø. (2016). Becoming a leader-manager: a matter of training and
education. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal. 30(6).
pp.10-12.
Roztocki, N. and Weistroffer, H. R. (2015). Information and communication technology in
transition economies: an assessment of research trends. Information Technology for
Development. 21(3). pp.330-364.
Online
6 Ways technology is changing the way we work . 2018 [Online] Available
Through:<https://homebusinessmag.com/management/working-smarter/6-ways-technology-
changing-way-work/>
HOW TECHNOLOGY HAS CHANGED BUSINESS COMMUNICATION . 2018 [Online]
Available Through:<https://www.tycoonstory.com/technology/how-technology-has-changed-
business-communication/s>