Management and Operation: Theories, Unilever Case Study, and Analysis

This report delves into the core concepts of management and leadership, exploring various theories and their practical applications within an organizational context. It begins by defining the roles of management and leadership, differentiating between their functions, and examining the contributions of key figures such as J. Kotter and P. Drucker. The report then explores H. Mintzberg's management role theory, analyzing interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles. It further investigates leadership trait theory, contrasting autocratic and democratic leadership styles. The analysis extends to hard and soft management skills, the transformation process in operational management, and the evaluation of quality terms, including the four costs of quality. A significant portion of the report is dedicated to a case study of Unilever, analyzing its departmental operations, management team, and the application of management theories in real-world scenarios. The study examines leadership styles, transformation processes, and capacity management within Unilever, concluding with recommendations for future improvements. The report integrates theoretical frameworks with practical examples, offering a comprehensive overview of management and leadership principles.

Management and
Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1&3.......................................................................................................................................1
1 Role of management and leadership.........................................................................................1
2 Management and leadership functions according to J. Kotter..................................................1
3 Process of Management By Objectives (MBO) according to P. Drucker................................2
4 Explain three management role theory by H. Mintzberg.........................................................2
5 Explain leadership trait theory and also discuss two styles of leadership................................3
6 Analysis Hard management skills and Soft leadership skills...................................................4
7 Transformation process in operational management................................................................4
8 Evaluate Quality term and four cost of quality for manager to achieving business objectives5
9 Role of manager in Total Quality of Management approach...................................................5
10 Just in time approach and waste reduction in operations.......................................................6
11 Methods used by the manager to adjust Capacity Management in operations.......................6
12 Conclusion on role of manager and leader.............................................................................7
TASK 2&4.......................................................................................................................................7
1 Introduction of selected organisation........................................................................................7
2 Explanation of department and its role in operation.................................................................8
3 Background of Unilever management team in department......................................................8
4 Two strength and weakness of manager/ leader approach.......................................................9
5 Roles and duties of manager in Unilever Company...............................................................10
6 Real occasion , role of management that follow theories and models of management..........11
7 Theory of leadership style applied by the manager................................................................11
8 Discuss the type of transformation process............................................................................11
9 Impact of Capacity Management in the organisation.............................................................12
10 Recommendation to the management for the future improvement......................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Operation and management is a field of management concerned with controlling and
designing of manufacturing and redesigning enterprise operations in the manufacturing of goods
and services (Saieva, 2013). In other words, management and operation is the administration of
any business concern practices to create the advanced level of efficiency and productivity within
an industry. To understand the concept of management and leadership Unilever has been taken.
This is UK base that helps to convert the materials and labour in to goods and services to
maximize profits of the company. In this report some topics are concerned such as management
and leadership and its functions, management by objectives, leadership traits and style,
transformation process, cost and cost of quality, just in time approach and waste reduction
process and capacity management. These topics helps to differentiate between managers and
leaders by describing their roles.
TASK 1&3
1 Role of management and leadership
Management: Management is the process of coordinating organisational activities for
the purpose of achieving business goals and objectives. It include the whole process such as
planning, organizing, controlling & directing the whole functions and resources that is going to
used in the business (Reddy, Park and Jung, 2016). Management team build strategies and
policies to fulfil their requirement related to profitability.
Leadership: Leadership is the process of leading people for the achievement of business
objective. Leader includes various traits which helps organisation to provide proper guidance &
directions to their workers and motivate them regarding their performance & productivity
(Mahmud, Zahedi and Mahmud, 2017). Role of leadership in the organisation help the people to
lead them toward business achievement.
2 Management and leadership functions according to J. Kotter
According to J. Kotter, management is the process of dealing with people and control the
management activities & functions. Manager of the organisation follow the same process to
achieve their business goals and objectives (Management and leadership functions. 2019).
Management is different from leadership because it focus on following rules, regulations &
policies according to the process (Rastegar, Fotuhi-Firuzabad and Zareipour, 2016). If any
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manager does not have leadership quality, so they can use their power to control people and
motivate them.
According to J. Kotter, leadership is the process of leading group of people or an
individual as an leader of the organisation. Leader focus on creating vision and encourage other
people to follow the same vision. Leadership also include the motivation process which help the
employees to increase their efficiency and effectiveness at the time of performing their duty in
the organisation.
3 Process of Management By Objectives (MBO) according to P. Drucker
According to P. Drucker, it is an performance management approach which balance the
objectives between employees as well as organisation. Management set the various challenges to
motivate employees as well as empower them (Management by objective. 2019). MBO provide
various method to motivate their employees such as provide opportunity to focus to new ideas
and creativity. Innovation, increase the commitment and develop the participation in the business
activity. P. Drucker set various condition which need to be meet by the management. Such as
objective must be qualitative, quantitative, challenging, motivating and provide regular feedback
on their work which help the manager to make management report. There are following steps are
as follow:
 Determine the business objectives.
 Translate the organisational objectives to employees.
 Affect the employee participation.
 Regular monitor on progress.
4 Explain three management role theory by H. Mintzberg
According to H. Mintzberg, individual can enhance their skills through experience
because it is not easy to understand by only in class room lectures. It recommended that
breakdown management role which help them to simplify the organisational complexity
(Management role theory, 2019). There are various management role according to H. Mintzberg
and it is classified into three categories such as:
Interpersonal: - In this categories manager provide related information or ideas, which
help the organisation to build strategies for the achievement of business objectives, and it
includes such as Figurehead, Leader and Liaison. Manager need to become socially or legally
responsible because they need to be inspire others because follower see the manager as a person
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have authority. Leader need to provide leadership to individual, team, department or the whole
organisation and leader also ensure the performance of each employee and responsible for the
whole group. Manager need to connect with internal as well as external people to build
networking ( Yeoman and et. al., 2012).
Informational: - In this categories manager process the information through Monitor,
Discriminator and become spokesperson on behalf of organisation. Manager take regular review
on information and than discussed potential ideas with their team members. After this manager
represent the useful information in the front of people who are outsiders for the organisation.
Decisional: - In this categories it's time to use the information in the process of
Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocator and Negotiator. Manager need to handle
the changes and control within organisation (Anvari-Moghaddam, Monsef and Rahimi-Kian,
2015). Manager need to take charge and assign the resources where it is better to apply and than
negotiate with their team members.
Manager of the Unilever company followed H. Mintzberg management role theory in their
organisation to increase the role of manager and leader to achieve their business objectives and
create new ideas. Interpersonal, informational and decisional functions help the manager to
identify and classify the role and responsibility that is manager need to do for effective work.
Which increase the employees performance as well as productivity of the Unilever company.
5 Explain leadership trait theory and also discuss two styles of leadership
Leadership trait theory is an approach who help the organisation to identify the specific
personality attributes which required to become a good leader in the organisation. Primary it
analyse the trait which define the human behaviour (Zailani and et.al., 2012).There are two
leadership style discussed below:
Autocratic: In this leadership style leader of the organisation have single authority to
take all decision. Autocratic leader not take any suggestion from their team members they work
according to their perception, judgement and often accept the advice from their followers.
Democratic: It is also called participative leadership style because in this style leader of
the company take suggestions from their followers to increase the participation in the operational
activity (Kauppi, 2013). So it is totally depend upon the leader to provide any preference to their
advice or not. Because at the end decision is to be taken by the leader it can be themselves or can
be add suggestion by their followers.
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For example manger of the Unilever company have to take decision in respect of
increasing product quality. So it will take advice from workers because they are very close with
the production. They can give better advice which help the business to improve product quality.
At the time of decision making process manager provide the value of workers advise by using
democratic leadership style (McCrie, 2015). This leadership style help the business to increase
their employees participation in the decision making process.
6 Analysis Hard management skills and Soft leadership skills
Hard management skills include the specific professional ability, which required by the
organisation to perform their duty in the business which help them to achieve goals and
objectives (Gunasekaran, Irani and Papadopoulos, 2014). These skills include particular degree
or certificate, typing speed, computer knowledge and any foreign language. Basically it include
classroom knowledge and techniques learn at the time of on-the-job training.
Soft skills is important for the leader to be learn because it provide motivation and
encourage their team members which helps in increase productivity & passion. It include
leadership skills, teamwork, communication or problem solving skills, work ethics, flexibility
etc. these skills required by the organisation in the leader which is beneficial for the business and
workers as well.
For example Unilever company required a person who have hard skills according to the
profile and also required some of soft skills which is important for the organisation to have in a
person.
7 Transformation process in operational management
Transformation process is the group activities which provide various inputs and after
adding some values and then they provide output for their consumer or clients. There are three
transformation process in operational management which provide high efficiency to the business.
Manufacture: In the manufacturing transformation process include the development of
new product which provide a physical goods for the consumers for example food & beverage
companies (Ramasamy and et. al., 2013). For example Unilever company introduce new product
in the market, it is called product creation.
Supply: In this category, it include the retail sector companies who supply the goods for
further use. In this process ownership is changed from one person to another person (Ashofteh,
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Haddad and Loáiciga, 2015). For example consumer purchase one product from the store, so the
ownership is changed from shop owner to consumer.
Service: In this process company provide the service to their consumers in the various
way for example Unilever company provide consumer care number to solve the query of their
customer regarding their products.
8 Evaluate Quality term and four cost of quality for manager to achieving business objectives
Quality is the need and expectation from the consumer's sides to the organisation and it
will provide the product accuracy (Joglekar and Lévesque, 2013). Consumers take their decision
to buy any product in term of quality because it provide the comparison whether it is valuable or
not. There are four cost of quality in the organisation for the manager which helps to achieve
business objectives and goals.
Prevention cost: This cost help the manger to avoid quality problems and it is associated
with the implementation, design and maintenance of the quality management system (Arenas-
Márquez, Machuca and Medina-López, 2012). It will include quality planning , assurance,
training & development and requirement of product & services.
Appraisal cost: It is related to the measurement and identification of activities that is
related to quality. These cost connected with supplier and consumers.
Internal failure cost: It include the cost which occur before the discovery of products
and services. It includes waste, scrape, rectification and failure analysis is important to analyse
by the manager of the company.
External failure cost: This cost discover by the consumers because it will not identified
by the manager until product is delivered to the consumer and it was not matched with standard
design. So company provide these facilities such as repair & services, warranty claim, complains
and return.
Manager of Unilever company identify four cost of quality which provide an overview
and help them to take necessary decision to improve. Manager build strategies to reduce waste
cost which later help in to reduce the cost of each product (Arghode, Sundaralingam and Joshi,
2016). Which automatically increase the profitability and productivity that is helpful for the
organisation to achieve their business objectives.
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9 Role of manager in Total Quality of Management approach
Total quality management is an approach initiated by the government to ensure good
quality of goods and services. Manufacturing high standards products through continuous
improvement in production structure of the organisation.
 Managers of Unilever established safety and assurance centre to check product's and
process environmental sustainability. Unilever successfully brought down the quality
issues to large extent (Rotaru, Churilov and Flitman, 2014). The company manufacture
innovative products in accordance with customers preferences.
 Getting continuous feedbacks from consumers if they are facing any problems regarding
product's defectiveness, it's usage, or if there is any decrease in quality (Bell, Ndje and
Lele, 2013). They have managed to create an effective customer relationship
management.
 Managers took certificate under food and safety certification scheme.
 Managers consistently focusing in research and development departments to keep up with
changing customer expectations.
10 Just in time approach and waste reduction in operations
Just in time approach is a strategy in which things are scheduled to arrive at the time
required for production. JIT approach aims in identifying and preventing hurdles in the
production processes with an addition to decrease waste by increasing efficiency and to cut the
inventory cost (Bealt, Fernández Barrera and Mansouri, 2016). Unilever orders raw material,
labour and goods to meet consumer demands with minimum delays as well as adopts this
strategy to prevent any delays and to minimize any waste in order to improve quality and
efficiency for achievement of organizational goals.
Waste reduction is a approach in which strategies are applied by the organizations to
improve the production practices. Such approach aims to protect and control the health of the
environment as well as producing more units of output by using the wasteful inputs. Unilever
applies waste control measures to reduce, recycle, recovery of waste to protect the environment
and create sustainable society in order to achieve the objectives and builds an image in the
international market.
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11 Methods used by the manager to adjust Capacity Management in operations
There are three methods used by the organisation to adjust capacity management in the
operations. Which further helpful for the manager to achieve their business objectives and goals
by using these capacity management methods.
Business capacity management: It include the human resources which required by the
various departments for the effective work ( Haimes, 2015). For example in the retail store
operation team required 100 people for managing floor work and handle the customers to make it
easy for them to find anything they want.
Service capacity management: It include the IT services in the organisation to enhance
their workers performance. For example in the retail store company use to generate electronic
bills to save the time of customer as well as staff member. So they can handle other clients on the
same time without wasting time due to use of IT services in the operational functions.
Components capacity management: It include the lower level management work such
as handle the raw material, machinery labour etc. and other components that required at the time
of production. For example, manufacturing company required raw material, labour or machine
for the production because it is an basic components.
12 Conclusion on role of manager and leader
Manager and leader of the organisation play very important & crucial role in the business
to achieve their goals and objectives. By using various management and leadership approach
leader/manager, motivate the employee to enhance their performance and productivity. Manager
follow the various approach such just in time and total quality of management which provide
help to reduce the wastage of inventory by improving product quality.
TASK 2&4
1 Introduction of selected organisation
Unilever is a United Kingdom based public limited company, founded on september2,
1929, by merger of Dutch margarine producer and Lever brothers. It deals in foods and
beverages, beauty products, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever owns over 400
brands like as Axe/ Lynx, Dove, Omo, Heartbrand, Knorr, Lipton, Lux, Magnum, Rexona/
Degree, Sunsilk, etc. This is one of the biggest multinational organisation, its products and
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services are available all over the 190 countries. It increases its products and services according
to customer demand and supply of products and focuses on health and beauty brands.
Unilever is organised in to four sections like as Refreshment (beverages and ice cream),
Foods, Home care and personal and beauty care products. Its main objectives is to be world's
largest manufacturing company while earning maximum profits, environmental growth and give
satisfaction to consumers by increasing in number of sale.
2 Explanation of department and its role in operation
As Unilever is a biggest company which is dealing in beauty care and personal care
products, food and beverages, etc. It divide its department in to HR department, finance and
marketing which plays an important role in operation that is discussed as below-
Marketing department: Marketing department plays a crucial role in operations by
delivering planning, government and supports function to focus on delivering value. Marketing
operation is an organisational method or approach that helps to create demand for products and
services through advertisement or other sources (Vasenev, Hartmann and Doree, 2014). A
marketing department helps to promote the business and increase in sale of its products and
services. It provides market researcher to identify customer needs and wants and organisation's
targets. As marketing manager of Unilever finds the needs and expectations of customer and
provides that kind of products and services. It develops internal policies and procedures that
manages operations function. Operation managers helps to analysis Unilever's finances and
spending and manage resources.
3 Background of Unilever management team in department
Management team is the group of person that operate a great level of enterprise and
perform day to day activities and responsibilities for managing people who are working in
organisation and handling responsibilities for key business function. Unilever is a multinational
place where people brings purposes to life with the effective work and helps to create a better
world and better business decision (Wang and et.al., 2015). It includes marketing manager,
researcher, marketing assistant, brand manager, and marketing officer in its management team.
Marketing manager is the back bone of every business organisation that focuses on
increase in number of sale by increasing in products and services. Marketing management team
of Unilever brands and products fulfils everyday and changing needs of customer. This
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management team always ready to take risks every day and provides better quality of product
and services.
4 Two strength and weakness of manager/ leader approach
Unilever is one of the biggest company that is managed by managers who are working in
an organisation for growth of the business and profitable enterprise. Managers have good
qualification and management skills related to staff development and leadership abilities.
Strength and weakness of managers are mentioned below-
Laissez faire approach: This approach is very popular in Unilever that is followed by managers
to control and maintain business organisation. In this approach staff are allowed to make
majority of business decision, with management providing motivation and guidance when
needed. In this case managers are considered as mentor instead of leader, who always guides
employees or workers.
Strength:
 It relates to the management environment that allowing employees to control and
take own decision in order to growth of the business.
 Managers of Unilever has the power and ability to create a motivating and
creative environment where staff and workers can improve their skills and
flourish.
Weakness:
 Managers may not provide enough guidance and motivation because not proper
communication and suggestions.
 It become more complex and rigid for the managers to deal it.
Contingency approach: Contingency approach is also known as situational approach which is
depend on individual performance and situation. In Unilever, managers use management
approach theory that suggests the most suitable style of management, based on the context of the
situation that preferring single and rigid of business activity.
Strength:
 It helps to survive all over the decades as reliable and valid approach that helps to
achieve effective leadership.
 Contingency theory supplies information on leadership style that helps to develop
leading profiles for human resource planning.
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Weakness:
 It does not provide adequate and accurate action which can be confiscated under
different situation.
 This is reactive in nature not proactive that suggests what leaders and managers
can do in a given situation.
5 Roles and duties of manager in Unilever Company
Roles and duties are the specific task or responsibilities of any individual or member that
are supposed to complete as a function of their roles. For instance, managers of Unilever
company understand their roles and duties and performs well in order to increase the production
as well as profits. Some roles and duties are followed by the mangers of Unilever organisation
such as-
Interpersonal role: Interpersonal role provides sharing of data and information which relates to
business growth and expansion. It includes figurehead, liaison and leader.
Figurehead: In Unilever company, manager are also considered as good leader because
they provide project confidence so that each one can feel a awareness of security and reassurance
that project would be done right.
Liaison: In this role managers of Unilever get successful to interface with different type
of people within and out side of the organisation.
Leader: Leader helps to give suggestions to employees that what to do and when to do it.
Informational role: In this role Unilever managers must collect, transmit and circulate
information that helps to bring solid business decision. It includes discriminator, monitor and
spokesperson.
Discriminator: Managers collect information from different types of external and
internal sources that helps to transmission of information from one department to other.
Spokesperson: This includes managers of Unilever are very active and representative of
their team when they comes in meetings and announcement.
Monitor: Managers also act as a monitor who monitors and evaluates the performance of
workers and employees.
Decisional role: Managers of Unilever company plays a vital role in decision making activity. In
this activity managers has to negotiate and need to take effective decisions. It includes
entrepreneur, resource allocator and negotiator.
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Entrepreneur: In Unilever managers tries to bring new product and creativity in their
products that helps to attract the customer as well as business growth (Arenas-Márquez and
Medina-López,, 2012).
Resource allocator: Managers provides different types of resources or allocate these
resources in order to get job done and meet Unilever's goals and objectives.
Negotiator: Unilever has qualified and experience managers who are able to negotiate
their way by accepting challenges and keep the object on track for achieving it.
6 Real occasion , role of management that follow theories and models of management
Steve jobs followed role of management that helps to define their work performance and
successful business. Steve jobs one of the greatest energetic and inventive person in American
technology was born on 24 February,1955 . It contains one of the biggest technology company
among Amazon, google and Facebook. Steve jobs is the great leader, showed interest in elections
and gadgetry. Jobs spent a amount of time working in garage work shop and learnt new things.
Management theory: Steve jobs followed system management theory that helps to improve
productivity and innovate new products. This theory seeks to defined why, how, when and what
rate of new technology and ideas need to be spread ( Gunasekaran and Papadopoulos, 2014).
Management model: Steve jobs as a great leader of technology followed management model that
states the choices made by apple's top executives and managers by defining motivate efforts,
objectives, allocation of resources and coordinate activities.
7 Theory of leadership style applied by the manager
Steve jobs applied Democratic leadership style for their successful business and growth
of the business. It believes that all the members and employees who are working in their
organisation should concern business decision. As a democratic leader Steve jobs makes the final
decision, but with the concern of all team members in decision-making process (Kauppi, 2013).
As applied democratic leadership style team members gets highly job satisfaction and
focuses on high productivity. It helps to take effective and quick decision making. Some qualities
of Democratic leaders are mentioned that are distribution of responsibilities, empowering group
and aiding group decision making.
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8 Discuss the type of transformation process
Transformational process include the input of resources such as material & physical
efforts and output come for the consumers (Ahituv and Berman, 2012). This process follow by
the Unilever company to increase their productivity and sales among the consumers. There are
four type of transformational process.
Manufacture: This process include the product development for the consumers for the
first time it include the manufacturing companies such as food production company.
Transport: Use of transport for the movement of one place to another place. It is used
for material as well as customer too.
Supply: In this stage, ownership is changed among the people it is generally seen in retail
sector ( Zailani and et. al., 2012).
Service: Company provide the various services to their consumers to sort their issues by
proving customer care services.
Unilever company follow the manufacturing process to by using input and output
process. They manufacture various eatable or non eatable products by using inputs and sell it to
the customers for the use.
9 Impact of Capacity Management in the organisation
Capacity management help the Unilever company to identify their current and future
requirement. It is an proactive approach of management not reactive and it will affect the
organisation by using different methods such as service and business capacity management.
Business capacity management include the infrastructure, equipment and human
resources that required in the operational functions (Peng and Lai,2012). Manager of Unilever
company provide sufficient facilities that is required for the organisation to achieve their
business objectives.
Service capacity help the manager to sort the customers queries for that they required to
set a proper customer service team who handle the product related issues in the company. It will
help the Unilever company to satisfy their consumers and retail them for log time.
10 Recommendation to the management for the future improvement
Manager of the Unilever company need to focus on their inventory management system
by using just in time approach. Because material is waste very frequently at the the of
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production. Manager need to maintain a proper team for the inventory management in their
organisation.
Unilever company have to fix program regarding improvement of quality by using Total
Quality of Management. For this manager need to invite specialist who shoe some techniques or
skills which is helpful for the employees to perform their duty (Saieva, 2013).
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded that, management and leadership approaches help the organisation
as well as manager to increase the performance of workers through motivation. Different
leadership styles help the leader to to make decision regarding skill enhancement through
training & development program. Manager using various method such as total quality of
management and capacity management. Role of management also affect the organisation in term
of achieving business.
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