Report on Learning, Communication, Assessment, and Curriculum

This report delves into various theories, principles, and models of learning, communication, assessment, and curriculum development within an educational context. It begins by exploring different learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitivism, and humanism, as well as models of learning preferences like VARK and Kolb, and how these can be applied to teaching and assessment. The report then examines communication theories, principles, and models, and their practical applications in the classroom. It further analyzes assessment theories and methods, including their effectiveness in promoting learning and progression for diverse learners. The report also covers curriculum development theories and models, alongside reflection and evaluation theories, culminating in a reflective account. The analysis includes practical examples and emphasizes inclusive teaching, learning, and assessment strategies, aiming to improve educational practices.

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................2
A. Analysis theories, principles, models of learning and models of learning preferences.........2
B. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching and assessment..............................................................................................................7
C. Analysing individual learning preferences that enables inclusive teaching, learning and
assessment...................................................................................................................................8
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................10
A. Analysis of theories, principles and models of communication...........................................10
B. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be
applied to teaching, learning and assessment............................................................................12
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................13
A. Analysing theories, principles and models of assessment....................................................13
B. Explaining ways in which theories, models and principles of assessment can be applied to
learning......................................................................................................................................15
C. Choosing assessment method from teaching practice portfolio...........................................17
D. Evaluating effectiveness in enabling learning and progression for different learners.........18
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................18
A. Analysing theories and models of curriculum development................................................18
B. Explaining ways in which theories and models of curriculum development can be applied
in own area of specialism..........................................................................................................22
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................23
A. Analysing theories and models of reflection and evaluation...............................................23
B. Application of theories and models of reflection and evaluation in reflective account.......30
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................32
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................34

INTRODUCTION
Various theories, models and principles of learning helps in learning and
improving knowledge. Different models and principles of learning preferences
guides ways of learning preferences (Amanchukwu, Stanley and Ololube, 2015).
Different ways of learning or style helps different people to acquire knowledge
and skills. Styles of learning are termed as preferences. This report includes
various theories and models which are used in education and training. Application
of these principles and models in education and training is shown in the report.
The report explains how learner’s preferences needs to be taken into account
according to inclusive learning and teaching. Furthermore, this study will also
examine the models and principles of communication which can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment. In addition to this the report will discuss
assessments that helps in improving the learning through relevant examples
along with the relationship among each assessment and learning.
TASK 1
A. Analysis theories, principles, models of learning and models of learning
preferences.
Learning is the process that aims at acquiring new skills and knowledge or
developing current skills and knowledge (Barnlund, 2017). Learners uses these
models and theories to improve and modify existing behaviours, knowledge,
skills, preferences and values. The process and procedure involved in learning is
studied in different field of educations. Following are explained some theories,
models and principles of learning:
Procedural vs Declarative knowledge:
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Person with declarative knowledge or procedural knowledge effectively
becomes skilled in problem solving. Declarative knowledge refers that factual
information or data which is stored in memory that is also known to be static in
nature. Declarative knowledge is very conscious and often verbalized. Whereas,
procedural knowledge teaches person to ways for doing something. In this type of
knowledge person may not be able to explain how to do it. For example, riding a
bicycle. The procedural knowledge implicit learning, which learner is not aware of.
Skills development: It is one of the five major categories of learning, verbal
information, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. Various external and
internal conditions are essential for each and every type of learning. For example,
in order to learn cognitive strategies there must be a probability to practice
development of new solutions to issues or problems. It is essential to learn
attitudes and along with this it is also necessary for the learner to get exposed to
a persuasive argument or credible role model. Skill development is very important
part of learning which is improved through assessment. Each and every skill needs
to be improved and developed with the help of different methods in order to
achieve a overall growth.
Behaviourist
This theory named behaviourism believes that knowledge in people is
existed independently and outside them. The learning process under this theory is
based on observable changes in behaviour. This is the theory whose learning is
based on idea that all behaviours are acquired through process of conditioning.
Thus, this occurs through interaction with that of environment. The learning
process begins when learner reacts to stimulus that is present in an environment.
This model has been further criticised for being too dimensional in its
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understanding in terms of behaviour. This theory is used by someone when they
have to reward or punish the particular individual. The main consequence of this
theory is that it lacks in preparing the learner in terms of solving problems or
thinking in creative manner. They generally do what are being told to do rather
than taking initiative in improving things.
Cognitivist
This theory is basically based on the thought process behind behaviour. It is
also based on some kind of idea that human process respond to the process of
the information that they receive rather than responding to stimuli of
environment. There is no requirement of an outward exhibition in terms of
learning, but has its focus mainly on the internal process and also connections
that may take place while the process of learning takes place.
Humanist
This theory basically states that individual must have ability in order to
search for meanings in order to develop themselves. In other words, it also
believes that learning is viewed as personal act that leads in fulfilling one's
potential. Further, if person has any kind of issue than this theory may face
problems in the middle of their learning process. In addition to this, this theory
has been criticised for being extremely subjective and this leads towards
limitation of validity of their claims as they are lacking in providing measurable
evidence.
Models of learning preferences
There are number of individuals that has ability of learning in different
ways. Further, they also have style that helps them in acquiring new skills and
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knowledge so that they can remember things easily. Thus, some of the learning
styles or preferences has been discussed as per below context-
VARK learning style
VARK style leads in providing with simple ways that helps in explaining and
understanding styles related to learning. It has been stated that different person
has different style in terms of learning things (Dainton and Zelley, 2017). All
methods are used by learners in order to receive correct information. Thus,
according to this model, there are many people that possess dominant style in
terms of learning. In addition to this, it has also been stated through this model
that an individual may prefer one style of learning for one task and may use other
all with a combination to perform any other task. Thus, the acronym of VARK is
Visual, Auditory, reading and Kinaesthetic learning.
 Visual- this style involves that person or an individual basically learns
wither by seeing or observing things. These things include diagrams,
demonstrations, displays, handouts films etc. they most effectively
relate to the written information and has ability of remembering faces
rather than names.
 Auditory- This style involves transferring information from one person to
another with help of listening. They basically listen to the words that has
been spoken by them or either sounds and noises. This type of person
remember names rather than faces. They are the one who may be good
in writers, graphic design, etc.
 Reading- they are the one who are good at reading and learning things
with help of reading and writing. They have the ability of reading things.
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 Kinaesthetic- this type of learning style involves physical experience that
includes touching, feeling, holding or practical hand on experiences.
They are those individuals who enjoy playing games and gets physically
involved in various things. In addition to this, they remember what was
done rather than seeing or talking about that.
KOLB learning style
o Kolb learning style is opposite from Vark learning style. This is
because the KOLB style or preference basically focus on perception
and processing (Fogel, 2017). According to this style, it has been
stated that individual who are learning perceive and process the
information in time from concrete experience, reflective observation,
active experimentation and abstract conceptualisation. According to
the author, learning is termed as the process where knowledge is
created through transformation of experience. The four styles has
been discussed as per below context-
 Concrete experience- this means to get involved in a new and upcoming
experience.
 Reflective observation- This means to watch others or develop any kind of
observation about one's own experience.
 Abstract conceptualisation- This means to create theories so that they can
easily exp[lain the things that has been observed by them.
 Active experimentation- This states that to using various theories so that
problems can be solved easily and decisions are also made that may lead
them towards success.
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B. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be
applied to teaching and assessment
They would have used behaviourism theory as they are playing role of role
play interviews (Bates, 2019). In which same similar questions are asked to
everyone so that they can easily build answer that will lead them in facing them
confidently and also in natural way to all the questions that will be asked to them.
Thus, there are number of ways that are discussed in which the models and
theories of learning are applied.
 Thus, taking behaviourist model into consideration, than it can be applied
by incorporating reward system into course content. They must avoid
punishments as they lack in encouraging motivation to those individual
who specially has poor self-esteem and regards. This reward system must
be in such way that will help in fulfilling basic needs of learners. They also
learn and choose not to change their behaviour.
 Humanism theory can be applied by someone in order to ensure that
holistic approach is incorporated by teaching to the process of learning.
Thus, everyone that are present basically strives in order to work towards
helping learners so that they can achieve self-actualisation.
 Cognitivism theory of learning can be applied in terms of recognition that
knowledge related to change behaviour is required to be internalised.
Therefore, further plans can be developed in order to assist the process of
learning and also ensure that learner gets picture that new knowledge that
is internalised in interpreted correctly or not.
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C. Analysing individual learning preferences that enables inclusive teaching,
learning and assessment.
Individual learning preference will influence importantly to the model that
will be further applied towards the methods that is related to teaching. Further,
the key features in inclusive teaching and learning includes assessing needs of an
individual, their learning preferences and objectives that they have targeted
(Goldie, 2016).
Both learning preferences shows four learning styles. Therefore, by
identifying this styles, it has been ensured by the tutor that the lesson plan must
have become holistic by using various range of resources that includes flip-charts,
handouts and presentations and also by giving continuous praise to learners. This
will encourage them in learning things easily and smoothly.
For example, if visual words is used by person to covey with visual person
than it will be easy for that individual to understand what tutor wants to say and
there is no requirement of transferring it from any other kind of system. If any
different style is used that it may create barrier to communication, because there
arises huge requirement of translating the things that other person wants to
convey into their respective representational system in order to process it. During
the process of translation of information, some kind of data may also can get lost.
Thus, it has also been analysed that requirement of an individual learner is
so varied that it becomes essential or important in order to incorporate various
different styles that us related to teaching methods so that they can easily and
fully enable fully inclusive practice in terms of teaching. This will further help all
individual in order to maximise their potential to learn new skills and behaviours.
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TASK 2
A. Analysis of theories, principles and models of communication
Communication is a term that is referred to as transmission of message
from sender to receiver in a manner that is easily understandable (Kaufman,
2018). Thus, encoding refers to as process by which translation of thoughts is
done by sender into verbal and nonverbal series of action that feels as
communicating message to that of receiver.
Communication theories is termed as a discipline in practical way that
shows that various traditions of communication theories can be engaged in
dialogues. The theories principles and models of communication has been
discussed as per below context-
 Phenomenological theory- This theory emphasises that every person or
individual constructs their own world in active manner. According to this
theory, the view of each person is important in order to guide their
respective behaviour and also to shape them by expectations that have
been learned (Kim, Song, Lockee and Burton, 2018). These expectations
which have been constructed personally are in generalised way in order to
anticipate the world.
 Aristotle's model- In this model, speakers are advised for building speech
for various audiences, various occasions and also for different effects. It is
the duty of a speaker to prepare the speech and also determine
requirements of audience before he enters the stage or room. The author
pointed out that at the end of the process related to communication,
individual plays key role in analysing that communication takes place or
not.
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 Shannon and weaver model of communication- According to them,
communication is that process by which mind of one person is affected by
other. Thus, this model is designed basically to develop the effective
communication that is between sender and receiver. Further, factors have
also been finded out that affect this communication process that is noise.
This model deals with various concepts as Information source, transmitter,
noise, channel, message, receiver, channel, information, destination,
encode and decode.
 Socio cultural theory- This theory states and focus on interaction that is
between developing culture in which people live and also development of
individual. The main focus or aim of this theory is not only on adults or
peers that influence learning of an individual. But the actual focus is on
impact of cultural beliefs and attitudes towards learning and instruction.
In addition to this, there are seven principles of communication which
includes clarity, correctness, completeness, conciseness, concreteness, coherence
and courtesy.
B. Explaining ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can
be applied to teaching, learning and assessment.
It has been analysed that there is huge importance of communication to
the teacher. Which has been discussed as per below context-
 It will help or direct teachers or tutors in overall learning and teaching
process.
 It will also aid in analysing them that whether their targeted objectives has
been achieved or not.
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 These theories and models of communication will further assist them in
order to select the best method that has to be applied in a given time.
In addition to this, the common components that are involved in system of
teaching and learning includes sender, receiver, channels, noise, methods and
feedbacks. Thus, all of these elements are pictured in models of communication
which must work in together manner in order to achieve predetermined
objectives (Haimes, 2015). The teaching- learning process must be organised in
such way that leads in making learners very much active. Further, teaching and
learning process that is basically aimed in order to produce learning of high
quality must be presented in systematically and adequate manner. In addition to
this, learner’s regular feedbacks for a particular task will further assist tutor.
While the noise of communication must be reduced so that learning may not be
impaired on the part of learners.
TASK 3
A. Analysing theories, principles and models of assessment
Bruner developed Constructivist theory and he states that learning is an
active process which requires learners for developing their own knowledge and
ideas by using their current or prior knowledge as a catalyst.
Vygotsky states that cognitive development is limited to a specific or
certain range at given age. He developed the sociocultural theory that considers
that learning is a semiotic procedure in which participation is socially-mediated
activities are important.
Vacsr stands for Valid, Authentic, Current, Sufficient and Reliable and the
aim of this assessment is to get confirmation that learner has acquired and gained
knowledge and skills and he can prove competencies and skills.
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Assessments are generally context specific and consequently shaped according to
the inclusion of elements and are also influenced by manner through which
assessment is undertaken. Following are given the principles of assessment:
 Understanding need
 Works with system and ecology
 Building on strength
 Being person- centred
 Takes an inter-professional approaches
There are three models of assessment such as exchange, procedural and
questioning model. Assessment I carried out for the purpose to identify level of
needs or for forming and understanding while making contact with the service
users.
Assessment is defined as wide variety of tools and methods that is used by
educators in order to evaluate, measure and document the academic readiness,
progress of learning, skills acquisition and needs of students in terms of education
(Lind, 2017). Thus, theories, models and principles of assessment has been
discussed as per below context-
1. Diagnostic- This theory occurs before the beginning of teaching in order to
identify the knowledge, skill sets and capabilities of learner currently. Thus,
by knowing strengths and weakness of learners, it also helps in assisting the
effective lesson planning. There are various types of diagnostic assessment
that includes the following-
 Pre-tests
 Self-assessments
 Interviews
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