Essay on External Influences, Learning, and Behavioral Changes

This essay delves into the multifaceted nature of learning, emphasizing the impact of external influences on human behavior. It examines how factors such as relationships, stress, and the environment can shape the learning process. The essay explores various psychological perspectives, including observational learning and social learning theories, referencing key researchers and studies. It analyzes how changes in behavior are linked to learning experiences and discusses the roles of different brain functions and injuries in influencing behavior. The essay also presents the 'Pact' cycle of learning, providing a comprehensive understanding of how individuals acquire, apply, and transform knowledge and abilities. Furthermore, the essay discusses the concept of change blindness and how it affects perception. Overall, the essay provides a detailed analysis of the factors that influence learning and their impact on behavior.

ESSAY

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK...............................................................................................................................................1
Question2 Different learning relies on external influences...................................................1
Question 3 Discussion on chapters........................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
There is a huge competition in this world and having a lot pressure to fight with such
situation is required but learning has become more difficult as well. Although learning new
skills, knowledge and abilities make different people and student to face the challenges and they
can even work in right direction too (Dunlosky and Bjork, 2013). Normally, learning is such
which rely on external influences and make able to understand different situation in better
manner as well. Hence, with learning they can attain their personal goals and objectives which
do help them to use such is various places to accomplish the success too.
TASK
Question2 Different learning relies on external influences.
As per the saying of researcher, learning relies on external factors which affect the
perception of human beings in great manner and thus also make them to behave differently as
they were behaving earlier. External influence is such which affect the learning part in right
contrast and thus acquiring new things which always help in future development and make
individual person to perform in proper way also. Learning can be done at any stage of life which
change the thought, views and perception related to particular topic or thing.
According to the Schunk and Zimmerman, 2011 says that, learning is thus somewhere
depended on the external factor as various method are there which do help in learning in right
prospect. He says before learning something, it is required to understand the meaning of concept.
“ Learning is that which is measurable and also has changes in the behaviour of experience and
instruction. Moreover learning cannot be measured and thus their result can be”.
In contrary to this Gentner and Stevens, 2014 says that, there are some of psychological
factor which affect the learning process and has various impact and some of those are as
(Aptitude, mental health, Ability, fear of failure, interest and motivation etc.), these are some
which affect the learning and changes different psychology criteria of human beings in various
ways.
Although there are some environmental factor which does influence learning in great
way, some of those are as:
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Relationship: Relationship are considered as learning criteria, a better relation should be
there in between the learner and teacher. Moreover, there are some positive relationships which
has decreased the filter and also level of discomfort as well. Making coordination in between the
old and new knowledge always tie good into the real world.
Stress: There are various kind of stress in world which do affect the learning process in
great manner and for such; there are some prevention which help to reduce the negative
behaviour and also battle with stress in learning environment (Cao, 2011). Some of those are as
follows:
 Establish routines for their certain activities and having times of day which do anticipate.
 Building a positive relations with student makes them to feel as they are with them not
against them.
Brain highly influenced by environment: Moreover, learning environment is having
potential of positive and negative impact of the student competence, confidence and
comprehension. It is required to strategic and cultivate positive and healthy environment for
learning for the student.
Therefore, according to John Oates- “Chapter- 3”, states that learning from watching
is very much affective for kids and various stages of life as well. Human beings has some power
which make them to learn various things from watching. For instance, Movies, videos and
observation make student and people to learn various things in great way. Even these type of
learning has impact for the longer period in the minds. Multiple media and also media violence
has mechanism of working in better manner. Moreover Bandura et. al also says that social
learning is also an important criteria and he is particularly, somewhere also known as classic
studies of the observational learning in better way. It is required to make the design the
experiment in better manner and thus they also make findings in which does help them to know
as from where the influences has received of learning. Learning from watching is a investigation
by researchers and it is required to make result of the behaviour which is being observed in right
mannerism with various ethics too.
Generally, there are various mechanisms behind the social learning and such thing help to
learn in right context and thus it makes them to remember it for the longer period. Some of the
mechanisms are as:
 Attitudes and beliefs
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 Scripts
 Multiple influences.
Moreover, these mechanisms are those which somewhere sometimes affect the learning
process and make them to bring various thing that can help to have an proper learning criteria
which can help in attaining their personal goals too.
According to Frederick Toates- “ Chapter-: 4”. tells as learning also bring changes in
the behaviour of people and student in various ways. For instance, a people who is weak in study
and always gets less number and thus from learning he/she can get good marks. After getting
good marks a change in his/her behaviour can be noticed.
There are various factors which bring changes in behaviour in great way. This chapter
describe the part of learning and it is be like “ Social learning”. Moreover, in this the children
and student are taught to act violently and after sometime it will become behaviour of such
student. In this chapter a change in behaviour also discussed at personal and professional level.
This is such which also help in identifying the role of learning in great way although this help in
knowing the reason of learning and looking forward to change in behaviour as well.
For instance, according to the Skinner “the psychologist of change in behaviour” a
particular thing is there which changes the behaviour of some person or animal and to receive
ultimate result they work and succeed, for that result certain changes were noticed in behaviour.
Likewise the Skinner placed an hungry cat in cage and put a food plate aside to cage. Although
he was noticing that what thing will manipulate the cat to come out. By converting the Lock into
open and cat could can go with door and get some food. Thoroughly, Skinner was measuring the
time taken by cat to get the food from lock up. He noticed that in cage cat was sitting and when
the food came a sudden change in behaviour is noticed and cat took herself out to eat the food in
better manner.
Another example as, A hungry Rat was placed at the start box from where he needed to
reach at the end point of Box. On successful run rat reaches the goal box and thus there how he
find a morsel of food. Moreover, finding a food was the behaviour of Rat, although the
behaviour was thing that it is said that instrumental in outcome. When rat enters blindly, he also
become more proficient. Therefore, the rat was required to learn from the various maze, although
learning is such which is somewhere measured in two ways.
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 If decrease is there in the length part and time taken from the start box to the goal
box too.
 There are various decline in number of errors too.
Even the Skinner also says that various basic issues are there which do affect the human
behaviour in various ways and thus make them to act different as what they are and learning
different thing in proper way make them to response to thing in several ways as well.
Hence the Skinner was the famous psychologist and made many research in this field and
said that various things and normally the outcome of every situation changes the behaviour of
people and animal in great manner as well. Behaviour always changes when the situation and
time also changes too.
According to Virginia Harrison- “Chapter:- 7” wanted to identify the methods which
are used to explore the internal and external processes in great manner and also help to identify
the relation in between the brain and behaviour in right context too. Moreover the different brain
injury also changes the behaviour of person. According to the research of Virginia there are
around 1.2 million brain issues survivor in UK. There are some changes in behaviour which is
resulting into the disruption to the blood supply into specific areas of brain in better way. Even
though they are identifying the different type of brain structure and how it causes in the
behaviour of people.
Generally, there are various measuring quantitative variables which do include the
operationalising the different variables and the validity, reliability and also help to make an
better relation in between the reliability and validity. Normally, Virginia Harrison has developed
his theory on brain related problems which has also affected the behaviour of people in great
way. It was the main responsibility to gather information related to relation in between the brain
and behaviour of people.
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Question 3 Discussion on chapters
Learning is that concept which help people and student to learn various thing through
experience, observation, watching etc. Although, babies are learn to eat, and also gain attention,
they do crawl and learn to walk too. As many things are being developed as children and even
though learning habits needs to be inculcated. Even though after such stage mainly the body
becomes more functional and also goes with developing the different range of skills as well.
Normally, learning is such which occurs randomly throughout the life in better manner
and thus it also makes to have new experience, which also gain information (Bansal and Taylor,
2015). Although various experience is such which also provide to learn many new things in other
words it can be said that it also provide the learning opportunity from which a learning has to be
done or not can be chose. Learning is that which involve far more than thinking in right context
too.
Therefore, in learning a pact cycle is used and it is be as:
 Pact:- Inculcating new knowledge or ability which is acquired.
 Apply:- Various new knowledge and skill is such which is practised in some other way.
 Consider:- Generally, result of practise is that which is evaluated in right manner.
 Transform:- Originally knowledge and ability is modified accordingly in proper way
too.
Virginia Harrison, made research that there is somewhere an relation in between the
brain and behaviour. Moreover, writer made many research to analyse the different thing in
better manner and thus he found that brain is having a great connection with behaviour. He also
said that various measuring methods are there which has to be seen and this is such which do
affect the working in various ways.
Blindness and changes
The study on change blindness is conducted by Simons and Levin, the change blindness
needs to be explain, it can be define as a situation in which someone fails to notice that a key
element of their surroundings has changed, that element can be an identity of a person who was
right in front of them. In this research one initiated a communication with other participant, after
a few seconds two other researchers came with carrying door between the researcher and
participant, the two other researchers blocked there view, so that they were not able to see each
other. While the view was blocked the one participant interchange the place with the one who
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carried the door, once the door has passed after that the researcher continued the conversation
with the participant, there were fifteen participants and only seven of them noticed that the
person with whom they were having the conversation, had changed. The other eight participants
continue their conversation with other researchers as they nothing happened. In other words, the
other eight persons were blind to change that they didn't respond to the change cause they didn't
notice the changes which had taken place. The other aspect of attention is powerfully
demonstrates the limitation of human perception, which is known as in-attentional blindness.
Simons and Chabris, demonstrated about a film which is known as 'gorilla in the mid set', in that
scene, a few participants are playing a game, in two teams, one team is wearing white t- shirt and
other team is in black t- shirt, everyone is passing a ball, and then suddenly a person who is
wearing gorilla's dress and came from the left side and gone to the right side by crossing them,
but only around 44 percent people noticed that person in gorilla costume, that means that more
than half people noticed the action, but failed to attend to respond that they didn't notice that
happened.
One tailed and Two tailed hypothesis
The two tailed hypothesis applied after the one tailed hypothesis, when independent
variable has some effect over the dependent variable but it does not tells what the effect it made,
after that two tailed hypothesis applied. If the one tailed hypothesis state that what the effect is
then, it will be referred. This theory is about a bus as an object and a group of people. There are
certain points of one tailed and two tailed hypothesis versions:
 number of participants who can remember a bus was moving or not will have a higher
CEQ score than those participants who did not claim to remember.
 A group of people who can remember whether the bus was moving or not will have
different CEQ from another group of participants who can't remember the incident .
The first hypothesis is known as one -tailed hypothesis, that is prediction to remember the
action that happened or not, actually that dependent on independent variable that impacts on
dependent variable, there are .05 percentage effect in both cases where the participants noticed
the moving bus, this probability refers as 'claiming to remember'.
The two tailed hypothesis defines the difference effect prediction of independent variable on the
dependent variable, but it is not sure about who will score the higher or lower score in both
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possible cases, the probability must be below .05 percent, it doesn't matter who is scoring higher
or lower differences.
CONCLUSION
From the above it can be concluded that, learning is a continuous criteria and help student
and people to use such in various places and thus it leads to attain their personal goals in right
context too. Even though for learning many researcher and writer has did a lot research to know
that how learning has affected the behaviour in various ways and thus brain related issues are
there in UK in huge numbers and they are looking that, is brain problems create any changes in
behaviour of people and whether they have inculcated this in positive way or negative manner.
Even learning can be done at personal and professional level which also change the
behaviour of people and student in great manner. Moreover, various factors are there which also
affect the learning in various environment and thus it also leads to impact on people and affect
the better learning in right context. Hence, psychological factor are there which also affect the
learning in better way.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Dunlosky, J. and Bjork, R.A., 2013. Handbook of metamemory and memory. Psychology Press.
Schunk, D.H. and Zimmerman, B. eds., 2011. Handbook of self-regulation of learning and
performance. Taylor & Francis.
Gentner, D. and Stevens, A.L., 2014. Mental models. Psychology Press.
Cao, Y., 2011. Investigating situational willingness to communicate within second language
classrooms from an ecological perspective. System 39(4). pp.468-479.
Bansal, H.S. and Taylor, S., 2015. Investigating the relationship between service quality,
satisfaction and switching intentions. In Proceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing
Science (AMS) Annual Conference (pp. 304-313). Springer, Cham.
Malcolm, N., 2016. The relation of language to instinctive behaviour. In Investigating
Psychology (pp. 41-61). Routledge.
Gardner, R.C., 2014. Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. In Bilingualism,
multiculturalism, and second language learning (pp. 63-84). Psychology Press.
Strutton, D., Taylor, D.G. and Thompson, K., 2011. Investigating generational differences in e-
WOM behaviours: for advertising purposes, does X= Y?. International Journal of
Advertising. 30(4). pp.559-586.
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