Analysis of Theories, Principles, and Models in E&T (Unit 3) Report

This report provides an in-depth analysis of various theories, principles, and models relevant to education and training (E&T). It begins by examining learning theories such as behaviorism, cognitive theory, and constructivism, along with associated learning principles and preferences. The report then explores how these theories are applied in teaching, learning, and assessment, emphasizing the importance of inclusive practices. The analysis extends to communication theories, including cognitive dissonance and language development stages, and their application in the classroom. Furthermore, the report delves into different assessment methods (diagnostic, formative, and summative), curriculum principles, and models. Finally, it discusses theories, principles, and models of reflection and evaluation, offering a comprehensive overview of key concepts in E&T. The content emphasizes the importance of student empowerment and effective learning environments.

Theories, Principles and
Models in E &T (Unit 3)

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................1
Theories principles and models of learning and learning preferences........................................1
Ways in which theories, principles and models of learning applied to teaching learning and
assessment....................................................................................................................................2
Inclusive teaching learning and assessment................................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
Analysation of theories, principles and models of communication.............................................3
The application of theories principles and model of communication..........................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
Analysation of theories, principles and models of assessment....................................................5
Different types of assessment methods used and their report......................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................6
Curriculum principles, models and theories................................................................................6
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................7
Theories Principles and Models of Reflection and Evaluation...................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Theories, principles and model of learning is known for being very important for
numerous reasons especially for a teacher. This is very important because it does the daily
practice of education and learning. In this report the discussion for explaining the analysis in the
consideration of empowerment for the students and learning environment is explained.
Task 1
Theories principles and models of learning and learning preferences
Behaviourism theory
This is one of the popular theories of learning which focuses on behaviour and also observes the
behaviour of independent activities of the individual (Subagia, 2020). This theory states that
learning is same as acquisition of new behaviour which totally based on some conditions of
environment. This theory says that individual can on the adopt learning when their behaviour get
changes then they will learn new things. The entire learning process directly impacts the
behaviour of individual.
Cognitive theory
The story focuses on procedure of thoughts of any individual. The entire theory is based on the
ideas that human being got in their mind after the happening of any event. Is theory also related
to the behaviour of any individual? Any certain and uncertain event indicates all the thing which
is going on in the mind of learner. The mind of learner is equal to Mirror which reflects their
own skills and knowledge. Is theory only becomes successful when learner receive all the
information and learning about the event and their stores them in their memory.
Constructivism theory
This theory works on assumption that learner will construct their own appearance in the world
which is totally based on their knowledge skills and experience. Learning can only become
successful when individual interpret and define meaning in their own perception and gather some
experience from the learning. The story focuses on the mental activities of individual and learner
so that learner can become unique person.
Principle of learning
Encourage contact between students and teachers
This is one of the important principles of learning which states that there should be a contact
between students and teachers so that students do not feel isolated and teachers will also help the
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students when they go through to the hard time.
Develop cooperation among students
It is the responsibility of teachers that encourage students to work in a team so that they may
learn more new skills and knowledge (Tafuri and et.al 2017). As one of the characteristics of
learning is collaboration. When student is will work together that thinking will improve eyes and
they will understand each other more.
Ways in which theories, principles and models of learning applied to teaching learning and
assessment
Behaviourism theory can be applied in teaching as well because at uses various reward and
punishment methods. Although it is not so much effective way practicing of being a teacher even
it is not highly structured but it states that the responsibility of teacher in providing learning in
training is higher as compared to the students. If teacher uses this theory in the classroom than it
acknowledges that there is no difference among students and all students should be treated
equally by the teacher. Another model is Cognitive which can be used in the classroom this
model also encourages the curiosity and testing various hypothesis for the enquiry of different
projects. This model works on past experiences in the entire learning and teacher can also
describe a scenario to create a learning environment for the students. Learning preferences pay
critical role to acknowledge knowledge in the classroom by using Different techniques and
combination of learning tools (Whittington and et.2019). Learning practice also helps the
students and motivates them so that they may achieve their goal. Teachers have to use different
Strategies and models as per the needs of students so that students do not feel discrimination and
the get encouraged. Another theory which can be used by teachers is social learning theory
which states that teachers must use social Constructions and divide the students into groups so
that they will learn new skills and knowledge by working together. This is one of the convenient
ways of providing learning to the students and they also get social constructivism as well.
Inclusive teaching learning and assessment
Inclusive learning and teaching at the students to recognise their entitlement towards learning
experience and it also States about diversity participation and removes all the hurdles between
students and their learning preferences. This put emphasis on the design and overall delivery of
teaching and learning so that students may grab all the meaning which is being taught by their
teachers to them. It also focuses that students must learn and grab all the things with full
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potential so that they may attend new skills easily. Inclusive learning in teaching is known to be
the social and ethical liabilities of teacher as well as students because it puts positive impact on
Teachers as well as students. Inclusive learning and teaching States about various learning and
teaching strategies through which teachers may deliver best learning to their students and by
following various strategies students also grab all the important things which is being taught by
their teachers. Students come from different regions as their culture language is totally different
from each other so it is the responsibility of teachers that they must provide them learning
opportunities so that all the students get good growth in their future. Inclusion learning in
teaching also states that being a teacher they should sort out each and every problem of their
students will also guide them if they take any wrong path (Kortegast, 2017). Enclosing teaching
also teach various social culture and norms to the students so that in future they do not take help
from any illegal activity to get success. Inclusive learning and teaching has become a legal
requirement and need of today’s time because it also impose discrimination on the basis of age
disability Gender and religion so that all the students main learn new skills and knowledge. On
the other hand inclusive teaching and learning student also helps Each Other whenever they get a
chance to work in a team and also learn from those students who have a little experience so that
they may guide others very well. Inclusive learning and teaching provides various manners and
etiquettes to the students which just do not help them in their future but in their life as well.
TASK 2
Analysation of theories, principles and models of communication
Communication is knowns as the information which is exchanged in-between of two or
more people which have the view for the creation and understanding in each others mind. It is
also used as a tool for transferring information from the sender to the receiver with the intentions
to being understood. Communication is responsible for impacting many factors which ensures
the effectiveness of communication in the learning and teaching process (Tachibana and et.al.,
2017).
Cognitive dissonance theory :
This theory is of the social psychology which is often used for the explaining the
communication. According to this theory the behaviour of people change when they are not able
to align their beliefs and behaviours. According to this theory when there is inconsistency in the
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behaviours or attitude specially when there are two separate thoughts in the mind the learners are
affected as they are unable to make meaningful change to the remedy issue.
Language linked stages of development :
For the learning of students the language linked stages of development have the
following stages,
Preproduction stage – In this stage questions are asked the students by pointing at the pictures in
the book, presentation or on the board. This creates minimal comprehension in the student, and
they do not develop verbally. Generally students nod yes or no, to the covered points. The
preproduction stage in stages of development is 0 to 6 months.
Early Production stage – This stage has shown very limited comprehension in the students. It is
useful for the development of responses of one or two words. In this stage the students use
keywords and their familiar faces. This development is seen in the students by the time of 6
months to a year.
Speech emergence – This is the stage in which the students are now developed for answering to
the question in short sentences. They develop good comprehension in this stage and are able to
produce simple sentences by making the corrections in the grammar. It takes the students upto 1
to 3 years of time for such development (Brock, 2018).
Intermediate Fluency – In this stage the student's development has become so great that they
start questioning back with proper sentences. The students in this stage have good
comprehensions and are easily capable of producing simple sentences however they still make
grammar and pronunciation errors. It can take them 3 to 5 years for the development.
Advanced Fluency – This is the stage in which the students retell the whole learning exactly as
they are taught with complete details and leaving out unnecessary details. In this stage the
students have near-native level of speech. It takes them 5 to 7 years to develop this level of
brilliance.
The application of theories principles and model of communication
Behaviourism theory can be used for the teaching in ways in which it can reward and
punish the students at the same time. The use of this theory has been only seen in a classroom
without acknowledging the differences in the students. The cognitivism model that was
discussed earlier is also used in the classroom for encouraging the curiosity and testing
hypotheses in the students for inquiry oriented projects specially (Appelbaum and et.al., 2018).
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According to this model the teacher uses their experiences for creating a environment which is
considered to be suited for the students to be familiar with. The social learning theory is which
assumes that the classroom can be also utilized as a social construction place. Classroom can be
a place were the students work together with each other's collaboration within the group. The
students develop combination goals and work together in teams with the help of empirical
activities to create a supportive and cooperative learning.
TASK 3
Analysation of theories, principles and models of assessment
Assessment may be divided into four groups; Diagnostic, Formative and summative
assessment.
Diagnostic Assessment:
Diagnostic assessment helps both the learner and the teacher of the current possessed
abilities and the specific needs of the future (Xiao, Zuo and Zhou, 2018).
Formative Assessment:
Formative Assessment result in the findings which helps the learner about the content
which needs to be obscured and also determines the effectiveness of the teacher and methods of
learning.
Summative Assessment:
Summative Assessment or subsequent feedback leads the learners to their overall
achievement and goals, and also the grade overall. Learners require learning opportunities to
explore areas of progression whether they have been passed or failed (Mair, 2018).
The traffic light tool is one of the most important assessment tool. In the field of art
education, the traffic light tool helps in applying the colour coding for various tasks which are to
be assessed by the learners in the form of traffic lights. When attending lectures, learners should
provide feedback on the levels of measurement of struggling. This would not only help the
teachers to adjust their behaviours towards the learners but also the students could feel
acknowledged and feel better.
The teachers part as a communicator is based on certain breaks during the lecture but the
teacher’s ability to solve the student’s problems at suitable times. Another application of the
assessment is to provide recurring assessment amongst the students, which helps the learners to
exchange their feedback and the outputs of the lectures. The students can do so in particular and
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positive language, supporting the social exchange theory of the aspect of learning and also would
increase the level of feedbacks loops to be coached (Cosme, Santos and O’Neill, 2017).
Different types of assessment methods used and their report
The learning models may vary from the choice of the person, and same in the case of
assessment, one assessment may be more applicable than the other. The behaviourist approach
best suits with that assessment which clearly demonstrates an observable change in the
behaviour. The behaviourist approach would be most suitable for a multiple choice exam due to
the exact right or wrong approach to the answers. While in a cognitive approach the assessment
is highly concerned to test the ability to interpret and extract and organize the information while
engaging in a reasonable thought (Byram and Wagner, 2018). The cognitive approach can be
better understood with a example; During a math's assessment the result may or may not be
incorrect however the methods may be correctly executed, this may result in some marks being
allotted. This approach may be exactly replicated in a programming exam where the process or
the method of approach is right but the result may not be as expected because of some typing
mistakes, the marks may still be awarded. The humanistic approach shifts the emphasis towards
the consideration of the learners themselves, the characteristics of the students and how it
impacts on the influence of learning themselves. In the case of an Ipsative assessment the
assessor makes the comparisons with the learners past works to record the progress which
enables the learners to achieve the academic excellence no matter what their background was.
TASK 4
Curriculum principles, models and theories
The curriculum development provides four steps, what purpose to seek by the school,
what educational experiences are to be provided to attain the purposes, How the experiences can
be effectively organised and how to determine that the purpose are being determined or not.
Curriculum development, planning and implementation is the process of training the students to
achieve and realise their learning goals. These are the rules and regulations that are to be
followed in the education (Suárez-Eiroa and et.al., 2019).
The curriculum has various crucial values that the students want to give the other
students. Such as aims and objectives, which aim to improve the skills of the students such as
justice, equality, sharing, trusting, understanding, solidarity, loyalty, honesty, apologizing when
necessary controlling, having self-motivation and cooperation. Being clear and understandable,
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taking stand and being responsible and building self-confidence, to observe the position
characteristics of the participant and their situation. The curriculum helps the students to brush
up their skills whether it be social or any other skills such as to prioritize family, to make
sacrifices when needed, to be merciful, to stand in line, consistency and trustworthy, to take
actions of self-behaviour, solidarity, obeying the laws and regulations etc. In the curriculum,
every person tries to improve themselves by learning to achieve higher expectations and self-
improvement. In some cases the environment plays an important role on the learning of a student
which can be predicted and controlled.
TASK 5
Theories Principles and Models of Reflection and Evaluation
Evaluation is one of the most important steps in the program of development, value,
objective, which are the factors which are to be taken into account and which will be kept under
control, types of assessments to be used and also data collection tools. The main intention of
evaluation is to decide whether the program is to be continued, terminated or audited and that the
program value (Gerber, Wheeler and Suls, 2018).
The assessment should be assessed by an expert in the field, as the evaluation is so
important that it cannot be presented in front of random individuals. The evaluation should be
able to analyse the program policies and utilize the situations in the most appropriate way which
will fulfil the technical and academic knowledge. The evaluator should be a good role model or a
good mentor. The opinions given by the person who has the potential and knowledge to make the
assessment to play a crucial role. While evaluating it is most important to think about the
positive side and how to excel at them. The evaluation outcome should be positive or negative
and be acted upon it on how to improve it.
The expected actual goal for the utilization- oriented plan for the evaluation is to establish
usefulness, profitability, feasibility, sensitivity, ethics and what is correct. It encourages various
ways of thinking about a lesson or an activity can make it more diffusing, these are the
advantages of evaluation. It allows the educator to think what changes are to be made and
improvement are to be forced.
Expert understanding has developed into the process of working with the modern
teachers who have created their personal and creative perspective with their theoretical
knowledge and innovation. Teachers who are well-educated on how to reflect the information of
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school and institutions on recipient are favoured by the students. In today’s world where
industrialization and urbanization is increasing, the human talents have lost its value and are
being dominated by the monotonous rapid increase in mechanics and technologies. Inclusion of
talented perspective teachers who can influence the personal development of the students in a
much positive approach is the main aim of reflection and evaluation (Gillborn, Warmington and
Demack, 2018).
Art was one of the places where the traditional process was applied such as on the paper
or on canvas, the industry is getting its roots to this as well in design, in internet, advertising,
textile, in the field of automotive industry etc. Since in the perspective of a art teacher it is
important for the teacher to use the students and perform project experiences which will enlarge
the creative emotions within the students. Technological advancements and communications
have started to provide importance to experienced professionals who train immensely. The
reorganization of the curriculum to include modern teachers and innovate new skills into the
students.
CONCLUSION
With the help of this project is can be concluded that theories, model and principles all
are equally important for the learning, communication, assessment and curriculum of the
individual. This project explains the identification and analysation of theories, principles and
models of learning. With the help of this project the ways in which the theories, principles and
models of learning are applied are shown.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Appelbaum, M., and et.al., 2018. Journal article reporting standards for quantitative research in
psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board task force
report. American Psychologist. 73(1). p.3.
Brock, A., 2018. Critical technocultural discourse analysis. New Media & Society. 20(3).
pp.1012-1030.
Byram, M. and Wagner, M., 2018. Making a difference: Language teaching for intercultural and
international dialogue. Foreign Language Annals. 51(1). pp.140-151.
Cosme, I., Santos, R. and O’Neill, D.W., 2017. Assessing the degrowth discourse: A review and
analysis of academic degrowth policy proposals. Journal of Cleaner Production. 149.
pp.321-334.
Gerber, J.P., Wheeler, L. and Suls, J., 2018. A social comparison theory meta-analysis 60+ years
on. Psychological bulletin. 144(2). p.177.
Gillborn, D., Warmington, P. and Demack, S., 2018. QuantCrit: education, policy,‘Big Data’and
principles for a critical race theory of statistics. Race Ethnicity and Education. 21(2).
pp.158-179.
Kortegast, C.A., 2017. Diversity and sociocultural theories of learning and development. College
Student Development: Applying Theory to Practice on the Diverse Campus, p.13.
Mair, P., 2018. Factor analysis. In Modern Psychometrics with R (pp. 17-61). Springer, Cham.
pp.2579-0528.
Suárez-Eiroa, B., and et.al., 2019. Operational principles of circular economy for sustainable
development: Linking theory and practice. Journal of cleaner production. 214. pp.952-
961.
Subagia, I.W., 2020, July. Roles Model Of Teachers In Facilitating Students Learning Viewed
From Constructivist Theories Of Learning. In Journal of Physics: Conference
Series (Vol. 1503, No. 1, p. 012051). IOP Publishing.
Tachibana, Y., and et.al., 2017. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comprehensive
interventions for pre-school children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PloS
one. 12(12). p.e0186502.
Tafuri, D. and Molisso, V., 2017. Theories of learning and innovation in didactics. Research
Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. IIARD–International Institute of Academic
Research and Development. 3(3).
Whittington, J.C. and Bogacz, R., 2019. Theories of error back-propagation in the brain. Trends
in cognitive sciences.23(3). pp.235-250.
Xiao, N.C., Zuo, M.J. and Zhou, C., 2018. A new adaptive sequential sampling method to
construct surrogate models for efficient reliability analysis. Reliability Engineering &
System Safety. 169. pp.330-338.
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ASCD,. 2021. stages of secong language acquisition.[Online] Available trough:
<http://www.ascd.org/publications/books/108053/chapters/The-Stages-of-Second-
Language-Acquisition.aspx>
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