Enhancing Learning: Opportunities for Disabled Young and Adults

This literature review examines the development of learning and teaching opportunities for disabled young and adult individuals. It explores the importance of research, various learning theories like cognitive and behaviorism, and the social model of disability. The review highlights the influence of societal attitudes on learning opportunities and emphasizes the importance of inclusive learning, discussing its benefits and various challenges in implementation. It also analyzes communication and language development approaches that influence learning practices, concluding that effective communication and inclusive learning are crucial for the growth and independence of disabled individuals. The report references several academic sources to support its findings.

LITERATURE
REVIEW
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TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
A) Importance of research development......................................................................................3
B) Theories of learning................................................................................................................3
C) Social model of disability.......................................................................................................4
D) Influence of various attitude on learning opportunity for disabled young and adult people..4
E) Inclusive learning....................................................................................................................5
F) Importance of inclusive learning for disabled learners...........................................................5
G) Various challenges involved in implementation of organisational approach to inclusive
learning........................................................................................................................................6
H) Analysis approaches of communication and language development influencing learning
practice.........................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
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INTRODUCTION
Development of learning and teaching opportunities is necessary for growth and
development of young disabled and adult’s people. Various theories can be used for enhancing
learning and teaching practice for disabled learners. At the same time there are various
challenges involved in implementation of whole organisational approach to inclusive learning.
Therefore approach for communication and language development influence practice in relation
to learners with special needs. Therefore this report is about various opportunities of learning and
teaching that supports such learners to live their life smoothly and independently.
A) Importance of research development
As per view of Roulstone, (2016) development of research in learning and teaching
opportunity is important for disable students as it has invented one such vocational learning
opportunity that develop skill and knowledge in individual so that they can perform different
types of activities. Development of research show that it helps in building disabled people
independent as they are trained and are provided education to perform various activities and
function. Individual with disability can face difficulties to perform various works such as
gardening, catering in class and handling workshop so that they can easily live their life
independently. Training and learning provided to young and disable people helps in getting job
in near locality so that they can live quality life with their family. They can also get opportunity
to work in a cafe or any other small business which is present in community centre by getting
vocational training and learning opportunity. Research helps to get to know that there are various
sensory activities which help an individual to perform specific task. For instance if a person is
deaf and dumb then senses can be used to perform activities for independent survival. As per
author research is also important for development of knowledge as it helps in increasing
intelligence of individual. Therefore it can be stated that development of learning and teaching
opportunity for disable young and adult people is because of continuous research.
B) Theories of learning
As noted by Shyman, (2016) various theories can be used to inform learning practices to
disable people so that they can easily motivated and influence to learn new things in order to live
quality life. One such theory is cognitive theory which stated that learner is able to learn new
information through reading book, attending lectures and seminars. Individuals can also learn
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new thing through personal experience in work and life such as to be punctual of time and ability
to effectively manage various things. Behaviourism learning theory can also be used to enhance
knowledge of individuals about personal and hygiene care. As per author motivation theory such
as Maslow can be used to motivate and influence people who have different nature to learn new
things so that they can perform various functions. For example fulfilment of basic need, safety
and love belongings, esteem and self actualisation of individual helps in motivating their
behaviour to learn new things.
C) Social model of disability
From the point of Pisani and Grech, (2017) social model of disability stated that people are
not disabled because of their medical condition but because of social attitude and structure of
society in which they stay. There are various key ways which stated that disability is often
caused from perspective of society such as prejudice, financial condition and family being over
protective. The author wants to say that people who are living in society create fake disability so
that they can unethically use the benefits, services or rights of such candidates. Thinking
negatively toward them and prejudge or assumption that disability cause inefficiency or burden.
Various acts are also launched in order to provide protection to young and adult people such as
Disability discrimination Act so that they cannot be discriminated on basis of disability. Equality
and diversity Act is also implemented so disabled candidates can also get equal job opportunities
for better living standard. People in society should safeguard and protect young and disable
people to uplift their living standard. Therefore it can be concluded that social model that fear of
disability increases due to culture segregation, discrimination and inability to easily access
information, overprotection or lack of education and employment.
D) Influence of various attitude on learning opportunity for disabled young and adult people
Roulstone, (2016) states that different attitude of people has significant impact on learning
opportunity for people with disabilities as it is strongly associated with social, culture, belief and
faith on disability. Positive attitude of society influence and motivate individual to easily take
advantages of learning opportunity. Whereas if family of disabled learners has less confidence on
ability of disable person then they will not able to do various things and ultimately it will hinder
growth of individual to learn new things. Culture is another factor which affect learning
opportunity, for example if person has culture to learn new and innovative thing in family it will
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be highly motivated towards learning and interaction with others. As author has described above
that belief and faith of person facing disability and his family member should be strong and
positive for growth and development of individual. Faith and belief of family member helps in
generating positive energy and high level of motivation, confidence in individual to take risk and
learn new things in life to do all function independently without support of others.
E) Inclusive learning
As per view of Simões and Santos, (2016) in this type of learning various approaches and
method are used on the basis of need and background of individual and better environment is
provided so that all student can easily learn new and innovative things on equal basis. Therefore
each student feels being an important part and motivated to learn new things. In this type of
learning teacher encourage participation and engagement of student to increase their knowledge
and skill.
F) Importance of inclusive learning for disabled learners
As illustrated by Tesch-Römer and Wahl, (2017) inclusive learning is important for
disabled person for many reason such as individual is given special attention and its need are
identified as per its background and disability nature. On the basis of analysis of need and
environment, techniques such as VARK (visual, auditory, reading and kinaesthetic) are used to
enhance learning skill of disabled young people. In such type of learning all people are given
equal opportunities and value so that they can learn new things easily and comfortably. It also
helps in active participation of individual thus helps to become self depended and perform
various activities. Inclusive learning helps disabled person to take intellectual risk at the same
time increase ability to retain large number of information. Multiple sensory teaching is also
used for enhancing knowledge and skill of disabled youth. Supportive relationship among
disabled people and teacher helps in motivating individual to take various steps in order to live
better life.
G) Various challenges involved in implementation of organisational approach to inclusive
learning
As noted by Kelly, (2016) there are various challenges that are involved in
implementation of organisational approaches to inclusive learning such as policies, procedure
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and guidelines of company. At the same time various staff member are not aware of different
requirement related to disability so they are unable to implement inclusive learning within firm.
Some organisations are not able to provide effective training and mentoring to disabled
employees which result in ineffective performance. As need and requirement of every individual
is different so for implementing inclusive learning in organisation there is need of suitable
evaluation to enhance learning of disabled people. Many employees are not aware about special
policies that are formed by company for people with special needs or disability so all such
factors affects organisational approach to inclusive learning.
H) Analysis approaches of communication and language development influencing learning
practice
As per view of Mactaggart and et.al., (2016) there are four approaches of communication
such as transmission, ritual, publicity and reception. People have to use all such approaches in
order to communicate with disabled person such as it must be ensured by sender that the message
sent can be easily and correctly understood by receiver as intended by sender of information.
Another approach which be used is ritual which encourages active participation of receiver and
creates a feeling of association and belongingness so that it accurately exchange information.
Publicity is another approach of communication which states that innovative technique should be
used to attract attention of disabled people. Information should be exchanged by considering
disabled perceptive for effective communication. Author also stated that all such communication
and language should be accessible to disabled people so that learners can understand
information. Positive attitude, care, praise and reward are some of the method in order to
effective communicates with individuals having special needs.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it can be conclude that learning and teaching opportunities support
individual to grow and developed knowledge and skill. Effective language and communication
approaches must be used to easily exchange information with disabled people. It can also be
concluded that inclusive learning helps in providing special attention to all disabled young
people so that they can live their life independently.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Kelly, C., 2016. Disability politics and care: The challenge of direct funding. UBC Press.
Kostøl, A., Mogstad, M. and Setzler, B., 2019. Disability benefits, consumption insurance, and
household labor supply. American Economic Review, 109(7). pp.2613-54.
Mactaggart, I and et.al., 2016. Measuring disability in population based surveys: the
interrelationship between clinical impairments and reported functional limitations in
Cameroon and India. PloS one, 11(10).
Mueller, A. I., Rothstein, J. and Von Wachter, T. M., 2016. Unemployment insurance and
disability insurance in the Great Recession. Journal of Labor Economics, 34(S1).
pp.S445-S475.
Pisani, M. and Grech, S., 2017. Disability and forced migration: Critical intersectionalities.
Roulstone, A., 2016. Disability and technology: An interdisciplinary and international approach.
Springer.
Shyman, E., 2016. The reinforcement of ableism: Normality, the medical model of disability,
and humanism in applied behavior analysis and ASD. Intellectual and developmental
disabilities, 54(5). pp.366-376.
Simões, C. and Santos, S., 2016. Comparing the quality of life of adults with and without
intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 60(4). pp.378-388.
Tesch-Römer, C. and Wahl, H. W., 2017. Toward a more comprehensive concept of successful
aging: disability and care needs. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 72(2). pp.310-
318.
Titchkosky, T. and Michalko, R., 2017. The body as a problem of individuality: A
phenomenological disability studies approach. In Disability, Space, Architecture: A
Reader (pp. 67-294). Routledge.
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