Analysis of Theories, Principles, and Models in Education and Training

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Theories, Principles and Models in Education and Training
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Contents
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................3
LO1..............................................................................................................................................................4
1.1............................................................................................................................................................4
1.2............................................................................................................................................................5
1.2............................................................................................................................................................6
1.3............................................................................................................................................................7
1.4............................................................................................................................................................7
LO2............................................................................................................................................................10
2.1..........................................................................................................................................................10
2.2..........................................................................................................................................................11
LO3............................................................................................................................................................13
3.1..........................................................................................................................................................13
3.2..........................................................................................................................................................14
LO4............................................................................................................................................................15
4.1..........................................................................................................................................................15
4.2..........................................................................................................................................................16
LO5............................................................................................................................................................17
5.1..........................................................................................................................................................17
5.2..........................................................................................................................................................18
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................18
References.................................................................................................................................................19
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Introduction: Education system now becoming broad and full of many techniques and methods.
Many of learning methods, principles and models are playing their important role in the latest
educational system. Teachers now a time wants to be knowledgeable and for this, they use many
theories and principles in their teaching process. Lectures and teacher use to apply these methods
and they found some certain ideas about their outcomes which they are receiving through their
education theories and researches. The learning theories, principles, and models help people to
achieve better development and learning abilities. These theories are helpful for the teacher and
trainers. These are also helpful for the students and they can identify their plus and minus points
in their education system.
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LO1
1.1 Analyse theories, principles and models of learning.
There are many theories in educational system and here are some theories which are helpful in
educational process:
Behaviorism: It is a theory in which the behavior of a person can explain about his desire and
learning ability power and condition of behavior could be useful in a universal learning process.
In the process of behaviorism, the idea about negative and positive support is the effectual tools
of learning method and adjustment of behavior. There is also a penalty and prize system in it.
Cognitive: Cognitivism is a learning theory which was produced by Jean Piaget. In this theory a
child recognizes the cognitive pathways to understand the physical responses.
Constructivism: in this theory, people create some opinions by using their own experiences
which they faced.
Humanism: this theory explains that people did not stop learning after official educations and
they always gain their knowledge from their jobs and other sources.
Principles:
Equation of knowledge: learning is relates to the equation of knowledge, behavior, skills,
attitude and ability. It can be equated from the behavior of a person.
Meaningful: learning must be meaningful. It could be meaningful when the learner increases the
learning capability in them.
Law of readiness: It is based on mindset of learner. It can’t be complete until the learner doesn’t
want to gain the knowledge.
Law of exercise: Learning ability is only depending on exercise and practice.
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Motives and drives: the learner should know about the goals and visions which he wants to
achieve.
Model:
Competency based learning model: this is an approach to use the learning tangible skills in
comparison of theoretical learning.
Learner based model: The whole concentrate of this model is based on the learner. The aim of
this model is to develop the independence in learner. (Zhou, 2015).
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learninq and assessment
Card sorts: Card sorts maintain a bendable loom for employability of learning. It includes:
 Career development of individuals
 verbalization of personal attributes
 plans for personal development
 Involve the learning outcomes with the help of work placement.
Card sorts, could be helpful for
 indication on choices and issues
 Understanding that the other stakeholder also could present their different opinion on
particular subject.
 Review of opinion by measuring the past experiences.
Graphic organizer: Graphic designers could be helpful in teaching and learning method. It
makes the learning and teaching process interesting. This makes the study process clear by
showing dealings, visualizing and simplify the ideas of education
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Model:
Competency based learning model: this is an approach to use the learning tangible skills in
comparison of theoretical learning.
Learner based model: The whole concentrate of this model is based on the learner. The aim of
this model is to develop the independence in learner. (Zhou, 2015).
1.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to teaching,
learninq and assessment
Card sorts: Card sorts maintain a bendable loom for employability of learning. It includes:
 Career development of individuals
 verbalization of personal attributes
 plans for personal development
 Involve the learning outcomes with the help of work placement.
Card sorts, could be helpful for
 indication on choices and issues
 Understanding that the other stakeholder also could present their different opinion on
particular subject.
 Review of opinion by measuring the past experiences.
Graphic organizer: Graphic designers could be helpful in teaching and learning method. It
makes the learning and teaching process interesting. This makes the study process clear by
showing dealings, visualizing and simplify the ideas of education.
Matching and labeling type activities: There could be some activities which could be manage
by the teachers in their classroom.lyk it could be to find the missing letters with rhyming words,
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missing letter with non-rhyming work, letter tiles, letter dice, CVC word bingo, recess time,
sound and letter art, objects in bag these could be the activities.
1.3 Analyse models of learning preferences.
Honey and Mumford: This learning style developed by Peter Honey and Alan Mumford. This
is a follow-up work of David Kolb and his learning theory. This style of learning identifies four
different styles of learning. These are a theorist, reflector, activist and pragmatist.
Activist: The activist needs to take actions and when it’s come on learning they become open-
minded. They promote new task with energy. It includes teamwork, role play and everyone’s
participation in the learning environment.
Theorist: They think about the situation carefully and logically. They don’t put their emotions in
the working environment. First, they research and analyses the situation. Without analyzing the
situations they don’t make assumptions. The responses in a good manner of learning activities
and allow them to use accumulate evidence, statics, and question asking.
Reflectors: Reflectors are those who don’t take part in any activity but they sit back and collect
all the information and thinks about that situation deeply.
Pragmatist: they apply knowledge and theories in a practical way. By solving different types of
issues and problems they got experiences. They don’t take part in any discussion about the
working process of theories.
1.4 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners' individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learninq and assessment,
Multisensory teaching technique: This teaching technique used when a student have multi
senses at the same time. At the time of learning, the body of student uses each sensory system
like:
Eyesight (Vision)
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Hearing (Auditory)
Taste (Gustatory)
Smell (Olfaction)
Movements (Vestibular)
Touch (Somatic sensation)
Sadler Smith cognitive style:
Sadler Smith told about three types of cognitive styles:
Intuition analysis: from the different backgrounds of mind argument takes places. One of the
backgrounds of the mind controls the behavior. The entrepreneur functions are being controlled
by the right brain functions. On the other side, the left function of the brain controls planning and
coordinating. Allison and Hayes are the developers of cognitive style index.
Adaption innovation: adaption innovation means how much learning method contains some
inner changes, decisions making, efficiency, reliability, discipline, and conformity. They try to
solve the problem by measuring the techniques which they want to apply.
Who list- Analytical: This cognitive style describes the individual’s information of process like
an overall report of information. There is a problem also with who-list-analytical that they fail to
categorize the parts of a problem. (BADA, et. al., 2015).
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Taste (Gustatory)
Smell (Olfaction)
Movements (Vestibular)
Touch (Somatic sensation)
Sadler Smith cognitive style:
Sadler Smith told about three types of cognitive styles:
Intuition analysis: from the different backgrounds of mind argument takes places. One of the
backgrounds of the mind controls the behavior. The entrepreneur functions are being controlled
by the right brain functions. On the other side, the left function of the brain controls planning and
coordinating. Allison and Hayes are the developers of cognitive style index.
Adaption innovation: adaption innovation means how much learning method contains some
inner changes, decisions making, efficiency, reliability, discipline, and conformity. They try to
solve the problem by measuring the techniques which they want to apply.
Who list- Analytical: This cognitive style describes the individual’s information of process like
an overall report of information. There is a problem also with who-list-analytical that they fail to
categorize the parts of a problem. (BADA, et. al., 2015).
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LO2
2.1 Explain how identifying and taking account of learners' individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learninq and assessment.
They are many types of learning preferences. Some peoples are in favor of them and some are
not. There is no particular research about how it could be used. One should need to think about
them that they want to use these or not. Learning preferences creates new skills and ideas. The
learning preferences may be helpful for a student to adapt his session.
The learning preferences would be these:
The Vark model:
The learning style is depending on some emotional factors and environment and other cognitive
factors. In the classroom teachers found different type and students and different mindsets so it is
necessary for them to identify the strategies which they want to apply to the whole classroom
and on a particular student. A teacher must choose a different type of learning styles for a
different type of learners. To do these strategies the Vark model helps teachers. This model
contains four types of learning preferences:
Visual: Visual learners take the in information in the form of diagrams, maps, graphs, charts and
more. In the visual learner activity, it is the best way for teachers to take some advantage from
images. By using the images in the classroom they can provide a good learning ability to a
learner. This learning style doesn’t prefer photographs and videos. The best way for the visual
learners to improving their learning abilities is by using shapes, patterns and other visual effects
instead of written and speaking. By using graphical structure teachers could increase their
teaching and training ability.
Auditory: when information is in the form heard or listens is called auditory information. This
type of information could be collected from group discussion, lectures and other options which
include talking things. The Vark learn limited explains about collecting the information and after
collecting execute them in the form of speaking or lectures. For helping the audio learners, the
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teacher could make the audio recordings of their lectures and could post them on the website of
the classroom.
Reading/ writing preferences: The students who use these type of preferences, receives their
information and messages through words. They like to examine first and then execute them in
the form of an assignment like stories or book report. The main forms of this preference are
reading and writing. The best way for a teacher to describe the ideas related to these learners is to
execute their planning strategies in the form of diagram and charts by using written statements.
The students can learn these notes later to understand the whole information.
Kinesthetic: These types of learners could use tactical experiences and execute it as the form of
physical activity. These types of learners contain different verity through their personal
experiences. Vark learns limited explains practice and stimulate. Teachers need to provide a
single topic and task to the students and tell them to create experiments and analysis by using
their researches. (Sharma, 2013).
2.2 Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of communication can be applied to
teaching, learning and assessment.
Theories of communication:
Bullet theory: This theory is used for media information and this theory explains that the
massage which passes through media is like a magic bullet which attracts the audience in quick
timing. But this theory requires quick action also.
Two steps flow of information theory: The founders of this theory were Paul Lazarsfeld Katz,
Berelson and Hazel Janet. It explains that mass media doesn’t give an impact on audiences
which is believed normally. The audience now time doesn’t believe in media as much as they
connected with themselves. It was founded in an investigation during 1940 when the presidential
elections were held in America.
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Model of communication:
Aristotle’s model: almost 2000 years ago this model was founded. Aristotle was a Greek
philosopher and he included five major factors in communication method. These five factors
were Audience, message, Speaker, occasion and effect. Aristotle suggested that the speaker need
to create a speech by recognizing the separate audience on separate purpose. The model was
applied for public speaking.
Lass well’s model: this model explains that for understanding the mass communication this is
necessary for understanding each and every phase of mass communication. This model explains
the effects which reflect on the audience by news more than a message. The effect of news
applies the visible changes in the receiver. This model explains that each change in constituent
will change the outcome.
Shannon and Weaver’s model: this is the engineering model of communication. This model is
also known as the mathematical model of communication. It provides maximum information
regarding a topic and it provides the best techniques to use.
Newcomb’s model: This is a tool for maintaining the functions of communication in a particular
society. The main function of this model is to maintain equality in society.
A way of applying the models, theories, and principle of communication in teaching and
learning.
Learner increases their learning abilities and they depend on the result execute by a particular
input. Synaesthesia is a process of making references on a particular topic. In this process, one
sensory input executes the unexpected result. This explains how a person can provide better
respond when information is in verbal format and the other’s respond better if the information is
visual and others.
The individual connection of these areas and brain explains that each person has different ability
to think about a particular topic and different people have different ways to execute that how
much they got information from communication methods and other. This allows sympathy with
learner which is different styles and this contains a different type of learning styles which are
appropriate for the different type of learner.
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