Theories, Principles and Models in E & T: A Comprehensive Report

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Theories, Principles and Models in E & T
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................11
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................13
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................18
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................24
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................29
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................30
Appendix........................................................................................................................................33
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Introduction
Developing learning practices require the understanding of in-depth knowledge on the field of
specialisation. It has been found that using learning theories and models can provide help in the
enhancing the teaching practices in a better manner. In this study, learning practices of “Teacher
of English” will be discussed in order to analyse its importance and contribution. Besides this,
the analysis of the theories, models and principles of communication will be presented that will
help in meeting the queries and doubts of the students. On the other hand, own teaching
experience will be illustrated where the teacher will review the self-teaching practices.
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TASK 1
Analyse theories, principles, models of learning, and models of learning preferences.
Learning and teaching practices are the integral element of teacher training. It has been found
that with these practices, experiences of teacher, students get strong, and the learning
environment gets effective. In context of Teacher of English, applying the following learning
theories and principle can help in the development of learning practices:
Procedural Vs Declarative knowledge learning theories
Declarative knowledge refers to the information or fact that is stored in memory and considered
as static in nature. Moreover, it is referred as conceptual and descriptive knowledge describing
the events, things, and process to strengthen the relations. For example, in case of English
teaching practice, declarative learning theory can be used for gathering detailed knowledge on
the subject such as English Literature, Grammar and others in order to gain detailed idea.
Figure 1: Difference between Declarative and Procedural learning
(Source: Avis et al., 2014)
On the other hand, Procedural knowledge refers to the knowledge that is exercised for
enhancing the performance level of the tasks. This learning consists of implicit learning where
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learner might not be aware of using the necessary information. This form of learning needs to be
developed by the teachers in order to teach the students in a systematic order. This is because in
primary school, teacher needs to be aware about the learning technique (Cohen et al., 2010).
Moreover, while developing learning sessions of primary school, the Teacher of English requires
understanding the learning capabilities of the students. Hence, procedural knowledge would help
to prepare the lesson step-by-step, which is important for increasing efficiency of teaching
practices.
Skill development is important for enhancing the learning practices of the teachers. In this case,
it has been found that in skills needs to be developed for teacher in order to increase the
organisational skills, communication skills, motivational skills, and others in order to reduce the
teaching complexities (Murphey et al., 2011). For example, the teacher needs to work on skill
development for understanding the concentration level and motivational level of the student.
While developing lessons, it is important for the teacher to understand if the students are able to
understand the vocabularies and sentences that are used. Hence, for this purpose, developing
communication skills and managerial skills are important to deal with this situation.
Vygotsky scaffolding learning theory is the important learning practice for the teachers that
help to provide support to the students for enhancing learning. Vygotsky develops this theory for
providing idea to the teachers about the Scaffolding and ZPD (zone of proximal development).
Hence, using this learning theory, the teacher can arrange the task range for the children under
the guidance of their family members in order to eliminate any loopholes in their learning.
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Figure 2: Vygotsky theory of learning
(Source: Griffith and Burns, 2012)
As this theory is applied in the learning areas of English language, mathematics and others, the
teacher can apply this theory in order to develop the teaching language. Moreover, this will help
in strengthening the grammatical skills and communication skills of the students.
Inductive Vs deductive approach of learning practice
Inductive approach is the one that can be used for detecting the learner’s capabilities. In these
learning practices, it can be used for developing the teaching style, patterns, presentation style of
explaining the topics of English literatures. On the other hand, deductive approach can be used
for presenting any rule in the teaching sessions. However, as mentioned by Hattie (2012), the
primary difference between deductive and inductive approach is that deductive is concerned with
the testing theory, while inductive approach is related to the generation of the new approach.
Hence, it can be said that both inductive and deductive approach can be suitable in this context of
teaching practice as this is associated with understanding the nature of language and helps in
setting a unique relationship among teacher and learners (Wallace, 2011). Both these approach
are appropriate for grammar teaching practices as it helps the teacher to simplify the language by
detecting patter and skills of learner.
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Figure 3: Situated learning theory
(Source: Wenger, 2015)
Both Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger have argued with Situated learning theory where new
students as well as other learners can gain the advantage of these learning practices. As per this
theory, the learning is the process that enables the newcomers in catching the teaching skills and
become a part of the community (Wenger, 2015). The teacher can enhance the problem solving
skills by implementing situated learning theory effectively in the teaching practices. This theory
helps in analysing the current situation that is required for increasing the social interaction as
well as collaboration with the students.
Banking model of education has been given by Paulo Freire in order to analyse and describe
the traditional education system. Using this teaching method, the students can store the
information that is provided by the teachers (Tummons and Powell, 2011). On the other hand,
competency based model is used in education system to set systematic framework in the
education. This model can be used for increasing the knowledge and skills of the learners in
order to keep track on the student’s progress.
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Learning based model proposed by Carl Rogers is based on cognitive and experiential learning
approaches that can be help the teachers in understanding the specific approach, which require to
be applied in teaching session. On the contrary, constructivist approach is used in learning
practice in order to solve the problem of the students in an effective way.
Formal Vs non-formal learning is another effective learning practice for enhancing the
teaching practices. In case of formal learning, the students are only allowed to acquire
knowledge within the provide time range (Race, 2013). On the contrary, in non-formal learning,
there is no time bound and it is a continuous process of learning.
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied to
teaching learning and assessment.
The teaching practice of English can be strong by applying the procedural knowledge process, as
it will enable the teacher to prepare the lesson plan in a systematic manner. As per research, it
can be said that using procedural process can help in the resolving the complex issues such as
improper communication and errors in preparing lesson plan.
The teacher can develop ILPS (individual learning plans) that can help both students in
developing their career goals. This document can be used for managing the lesson plans and
implement in the class. Moreover, students can follow this document in setting their own targets
in education and career path. This will help in getting product focused learning results which is
important for meeting the expectations of students (Avis et al., 2014). Teacher can set smart
targets in the class for which there is a requirement of using constructive approach. For example,
using card sorts, the students can organize the topics in different categories that will help in
labelling the groups in an order manner. On the other hand, practice of using graphic organiser
should be enhanced in order to build a visual map of the subject. Teacher can use this learning
strategy for developing curriculum and brainstorming sessions in the class. Teacher of English
can use constructivist approach in learning to engage the students emotionally and cognitively
with the topic. In this case, use of model of learning preferences such as Honey and Mumford
can help in analysing the learning modules in a perfect way.
Use of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence, the teacher can develop the learning strategies using
digital technologies. Moreover, teacher needs to understand the mechanisms of e-learning
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environment in order to present all the information in the digital medium. Moreover, use of
Coffield et al critique of learning techniques in learning practices can help in developing the
visual, auditory, reading, and kinesthetic learning skills of teacher. These learning styles will
help the students in getting in touch with the teacher. Entwistle learning approach is based on
the development of individual approach in learning. This practice encourages individual learning
techniques where surface learning, deep learning, and strategic learning are used (Cohen et al.,
2010). Teacher needs to encourage the learners to adopt these approaches for enhancing the
educational goals. Meta-cognition ability is the one that would help in setting explicit in the
goals for the students. Gaining this cognitive skill, the students can increase their intellectual
skills. The students of English can use these strategies in the learning practices in order to keep
themselves motivated in the educational field.
Analyse how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning preferences
enables inclusive teaching, learning, and assessment.
Identifying the learners ability can help in enhancing the individual learning preferences in an
effective manner. Learning preferences such as multisensory approach can help in engaging all
the learners. For example, in the English learning classes, using multisensory approach can
help the students in managing the reading, writing, and other skills in a proper way. On another
perspective, using multisensory learning theory, the individual can learn better by applying
observation, hearing, doing, as well as touching skills (Murphey et al., 2011). Applying
multisensory teaching technique, the teacher can link ideas and increase the non-verbal reasoning
skills. This skill helps the students in using their strength area. This is important for developing
the learning capabilities of the students as well as teacher.
In order to challenge the dominant preferences of the students, the teachers require developing
their learning techniques. For example, if the teacher uses direct communication with the
students, they would be able to understand the specific needs of the students. Moreover, use of
alternative learning approaches can be used such as adopting e-learning technique that is
important for gaining smart classroom. Understanding the habitual behaviour of the learners are
the important criteria of the teachers, hence in this case, using theory of Sadler Smith can help
in understanding the nature of the student. Analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the
learners is important for developing the base of learning.
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Using learning strategies such as retrieval practice, elaboration, interleaving, and spaced
practice by the teacher can be beneficial for strengthening the learning approach. The teacher for
helping learners to plan their lessons effectively can apply space practice (Hattie, 2012). On the
contrary, retrieval practice can help the teacher in checking the class notes by revisiting the
materials and clearing the misconceptions in session. Another strategy that is elaboration can be
used for developing open-ended questions related to the English literature in order to cross check
the learner’s knowledge level. Hence, using this approach, the teacher can analyse the
effectiveness of the learning practices of the students. Applying the strategy in class, teacher can
explore the study plans of the learners by conducting a brief class discussion (Tummons and
Powell, 2011). Moreover, using interleaving learning strategy, the students can be able to plan
exercise and can plan their study plan accordingly. The primary benefit of this learning approach
is use of mitigation of repeated behaviour that ultimately forces the student to think critically
about their subject.
Among these learning strategies, the best one that the teacher should in his practice is retrieval
practice as it would help him in preparing the class notes for the learners effectively. For
example, in English literature class, the teacher can use this approach for increasing the memory
power of the learners. Hence, the teacher can arrange practice test for the learners for checking
their memory power in a systematic order (Race, 2013). Therefore, it can be said that keeping a
balance among learning strategies, both teacher as well as learner can gain satisfaction with the
learning environment.
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TASK 2
You are required to research and prepare a presentation, which explains ways in which
theories, principles, and models of communication can be applied to teaching, learning, and
assessment. (Refer to PPT)
To support this presentation, produce a research report, which details your analysis of
theories, principles and models of communication.
Introduction
This report is associated with the communication techniques that should be used for developing
the learning tactics in classroom of primary school. Moreover, it has analysed the relationship
between communication theories with the stages of development, language importance on the
cognitive development and others.
Analysis
Communication theories
Language Stages of development: Piaget theory of cognitive development deals with the four
stages of development such as Sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, formal and concrete
operational stage. In this context, it is found that the theory plays a major role in developing the
language of the children (Evans, 1990). Children take expert role in the process of learning
because when they start interacting with the world, they get new knowledge that is important for
their learning development.
Role of language on the cognitive development: As per believe of Vygotsky, language is the
most vital psychological weapon that helps in the cognitive development of the student (Nunan,
1993). According to the analysis, it is found that learning of language is the primary concept as it
helps in developing a communication medium. The theory has signifies three stages of cognitive
development that are social speech, private speech and language development.
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Transactional analysis (Berne): As per Berne, transactional analysis is the psychoanalytic
theory where social transaction are taken place to analysis the egoistic state, crossed transactions,
interactionist stage of mind (Visser et al., 2004).
Impact of non-verbal communication: Non-verbal communication is an important one that
helps in analysing the attitude and perceptions of the learners. Teacher can improve the body
language while teaching students for implementing a friendly environment in the school.
However, as per Bernstein theory, the language codes should be restricted in the classroom as it
can increase the query and confusion level among the learners.
Other form of communication
Other forms of communication such as accessibility through paper as well as online-based can
help in decreasing the communication gap. Moreover, use of SMOG can be applied for
measuring the readability in education. This would help in checking the efficiency of the written
material. Moreover, use of chat rooms and setting distance learning communication can help in
providing education to the distance learner (Stubbs, 2012). This would help the teacher in
keeping connected with them that is important for the learner to keep up-to-date with all learning
materials. Apart from this, email communication is suitable way of communication for which the
individual should adopt effective written communication skill. This will enable the teacher in
providing important notice or instruction about the lesson plan.
Conclusion
From this report, it has been understand that communication theories are very important for
setting a strong relationship with the learners. Without effective communication medium, the
teacher cannot explain or interact with the students and this can decrease the efficiency of the
learning session. Hence, using the mentioned communication method both verbal and non-verbal
mode can help the teacher in implementing a suitable connection.
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