Summaries: LED Light Bulbs, Disease Impact & Bug 'Transformers'

This document contains two summaries of scientific articles. The first summary discusses research on how customizable LED light bulbs can be used to combat the spread of vector-borne diseases by reducing the attraction of insects, particularly flies, to light. The research indicates that the wavelength of light emitted by LED bulbs, rather than brightness, influences insect attraction, and customized bulbs can significantly reduce this attraction. The second summary explores the impact of metamorphosis on insect diversification, referencing a study that analyzed fossil records to demonstrate that insect species undergoing metamorphosis exhibit greater diversification and lower extinction rates. Both summaries highlight the potential for technological and evolutionary factors to influence insect populations and human health. Desklib offers a wealth of similar solved assignments and past papers for students.

Running head: BUG ‘TRANSFORMERS’ INTO NEW SPECIES
SUMMARY 2
Name of the Student:
Name of the University:
Authors note:

1BUG ‘TRANSFORMERS’ LEAD TO MORE NEW SPECIES
Summary 1: HOW LED BULBS COULD FIGHT DISEASE (doi
:10.1098/rstb.2014.0125)
In this article the effect of customizable LED lights on flies has been discussed. There
are many flies and insects, which are drawn towards the light, especially at night. Therefore,
it could be stated that light bulbs are the potential inhibitors to the flies and related diseases
related to the order Diptera where the different categories of flies belong. The different types
of light bulbs can influence and elevated the risk of catching vector borne diseases.
Sand flies which is one of the Diptera flies, are as well drawn towards the emitting
light bulbs. The Sand flies are the carriers of protozoan. The mosquitos who belong to this
order are also attracted to the lights. In a study that was published by the Philosophical
Transaction of the Royal Society B, that the brightness of the bulb is not the factor that
matters in this situation, but the type of the wavelength that LED bulbs which attract different
types of flies that could lead to different types of diseases and could also affect the circadian
rhythm of human beings. To minimize the effects, former students from UCLA under Prof.
Longcore along with Phillips Research in Netherlands have created special bulbs that could
release customizable emission of wavelengths of different colours. colour parasites, which
are responsible for 20,000 deaths worldwide on the annual basis.
Over a month the Longcore and his team around Los Angeles, collected insects over
5579 in the soapy pan trap. All of all the insects the order Diptera represented around 67.5
per cent of all the insects that that were caught. This has been considered to be a good sample
size, that could have greater effect to improve the public health when it comes the disease
spread by the Diptera flies. The results proved that the customizable LED lights were not
only brighter but drew approximately 20% fewer flies and insects.

2BUG ‘TRANSFORMERS’ LEAD TO MORE NEW SPECIES
Reducing insect attraction inside the room is of a special importance, because the
attraction of lights can also major diseases by the Diptera flies and insects that could lead to
the diseases especially in the poorest countries of the world like malaria and leishmaniasis.
Malaria alone kills 5.8 million people worldwide according to a report by World Health
Organization. Though this research has paved the way forward, towards the attraction of flies
and insects in presence of LED bulb, more specific research has to be taken forward
individual vector species (Good, 2019).
Summary 2: BUG ‘TRANSFORMERS’ LEAD TO MORE NEW SPECIES
(Doi : 10.1098/rspb.2014.1823)
In this research article, former PhD scholar David Nicholson, form the University of
York, had worker upon the data base of 1,500 fossil record of families of insects undergoing
metamorphosis. These includes not only butterflies and beetles but also contains true flies
from the order Diptera. The datasets were funded by Natural Environment Research Council
or NERC
This is in reference that it would increase the richness in diversity, as another PhD
student James Rainford has researched and created minute details about the family tree of
insects displaying all the types of living groups. In his research he has found that the species
that undergo metamorphosis, has greater diversification and high turnover.
Furthermore, the researcher has pinned down to the fact that the metamorphosis
would also reduce the extinction of certain species and also enhance the speciation which
would furthermore, increase the diversification. In addition to this there further work has to
be done in respect to the whether the metamorphosis would decrease the completion between
adult and larvae or would reduce the survival in times of hardship (Angenent, 2019).

3BUG ‘TRANSFORMERS’ LEAD TO MORE NEW SPECIES
References:
Angenent, S. (2019). Bug 'transformers' lead to more new species - Futurity. Retrieved from
https://www.futurity.org/insect-metamorphosis-776352/ [Accessed 17 Mar. 2019].
Good, A. (2019). How LED light bulbs could fight disease - Futurity. [online] Futurity.
Available at: https://www.futurity.org/led-lights-insects-disease-883692/ [Accessed
17 Mar. 2019].