HealthHero Group: Overview of UK Legal System and its Implications

This report provides an overview of the UK legal system, focusing on its relevance to HealthHero Group Limited, a healthcare platform. It begins with an introduction to HealthHero, its establishment, and business operations. The report then delves into the UK legal system, differentiating between common law and statutory law, and outlining the court system's structure. It explores the functions and purposes of law, distinguishing between criminal and civil law. The report further analyzes the sources of law, including common law, equity, delegated legislation, customs, conventions, Acts of Parliament, European Union law, and the European Convention on Human Rights. The analysis includes examples and case studies to illustrate the application of legal principles. The report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal framework within which HealthHero operates and offers recommendations for legal compliance and business development.

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Introduction about the HealthHero Group Limited
- Name: Health hero Group Limited
- Establishment: 2019
- Address: 10 Upper Berkeley Street, London W1H 7PE, UK
- Field of business: Healthcare platform
- Capital: £67,000,000
HealthHero was formed in Autumn 2019 to provide a full range of primary care services
provided via a suite of digital technologies to businesses and patients all over the world. The
company presently operates in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and the Republic of
Ireland. In order to help people all over the world improve their health, Ranjan Singh teamed up
with Marcol to develop a digital telehealth sector. People using this healthcare platform will
receive advice and guidance from qualified and experienced doctors of HealthHero right at home
without having to go to a hospital or medical facility, especially in the Covid-19 pandemic.
As a paralegal at Clifford Chance, I am able to offer HealthHero some advise and
recommendations that will assist the company develop legally in the United Kingdom.
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1. Overview of the legal system Legal systems of the world
The legal systems of different countries, and even within the same country, can be quite
different. Legal systems have some similarities based on historically accepted justice ideas,
despite the fact that they develop in different ways. Legal systems can be categorized into
patterns or types based on some common characteristics within each type. There are four main
types of world legal systems: Common law, Civil law, Theocratic law and Customary law (Raz,
1970).
Common law originated in England during the Middle Ages. It was applied by British colonies
all over the world.
Civil law developed simultaneously from continental Europe and was put into practice in the
colonies of European imperial powers like Spain and Portugal.
Theocratic law based on the principles of the religion. It is most commonly used in Muslim
nations.
Customary law is a result of people's personal experiences and religious beliefs.
 Legal system of the UK
Because the UK is a constitutional monarchy, there is no President in the United Kingdom.
Instead, the monarch is the Head of State. One of the rules is that the king is not involved in any
political activity. The UK follows 2 main types of legal systems: Common law and Statutory
law. Common law, often known as case law or precedent, is a set of principle and regulations
based on the decisions of judges. Besides, legislation enacted by Parliament is known as statute
law, and it is sometimes known as legislation or acts of parliament.
 The court system in the UK
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In the UK, the court system includes 4 levels. The Magistrates and County court are the lowest
levels of government, and they are divided into two branches: criminal and civil. As can be seen
from the diagram, criminal cases must first be tried by the Magistrates' Court. When the case is
serious, it need to go to the Crown Court. When a criminal law violation is involved, the case is
taken to the High Court. Civil cases were heard first in County Court. If there are any more
complicated cases, they will be transferred to the High Court instead of going via the County
Court.
Queen's Bench, Family, and Chancery are the three divisions of the High Court. At the High
Court, the Queen’s bench is the most powerful division. Besides, the Chancery Division handles
with company law, contract law, corporate relations complaints, and tax offenses. Moreover, the
Family Division deals with child and adoption issues.
The Court of Appeal handles only the appeals from other courts or tribunals for both criminal
and civil cases.
The Supreme Court is the highest court of the UK court system. It only hears the most important
public or constitutional cases that impact on the entire population.
 Law and functions of law
Law is defined as a set of rules, which are usually made by the government, regulate how people
may and may not conduct in society and in business. Moreover, it also frequently accompanied
by sanctions for those who fail to comply (Kantorowicz, 1958).
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In a modern society, law serves several purposes. There are 5 main purposes of law. First of all,
law helps to keep society in order. Secondly, the law fosters and recognizes co-operation
between individuals in society. The third function of law is that law establishes and
acknowledges the most important institutions of authority in the state. Moreover, law transmits
and enforces social values. Last but not least, law also provides for some essential freedoms for
the people, which are based on the theory of the social contract of government (Hommes, 1974).
 The differences between two branches of law
Criminal law Civil law
Characteristics Common law, or judge-made law,
is the source of criminal law. The
common law is the source of
many of the most serious crimes.
For instance, serious crimes such
as murder or any other act that has
a harmful effect on the general
community, are the focus of
criminal law (London.ac.uk, n.d.).
Civil law deals with the problems
related to the rights and property of
individuals and organizations.
Disputes between persons and
organizations are generally resolved
through civil law, and compensation is
often paid. In civil law, no one is
sentenced to prison, but if they are
found liable for compensation, they
may be forced to pay (parliament.uk,
n.d.).
Courts Court of Appeal, Crown Court
and Magistrates Court
Court of Appeal, High Court of Justice
and County Court
Procedure The police will make an arrest and
the Crown Prosecution Service
(CPS) would bring charges
against the suspect. The police
will make an arrest and the Crown
Prosecution Service (CPS) would
bring charges against the suspect
Interrogation process based on written
law and also the results of
investigation agencies, adjudication
process to issue judgements in civil
law cases (Henry, 1940).
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(London.ac.uk, n.d.).
2. Overview about the sources of law (P1)
2.1. Common law (unwritten law)
Common law, also known as case law, is the law derived from previous cases and decided by the
judges. When a judge makes a decision in a case, which creates "precedent" and can be used in
future cases of a similar nature. Therefore, the court must observe and implement the law that
has been set forth by higher courts in prior cases (Goodhart, 1930). Although case law does not
have the highest utility, it is the most widely used in the UK.
For example, in the case Gillick v West Norfolk & Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986],
Gillick was a mother of a teenage daughter, who made an appointment and recieved the
contraceptive advice from a local doctor while she still under the age of consenting to
intercourse. Therefore, Mrs. Gillick asked the court to declare the doctor and the instructions
unconstitutional of the Department of Health and Social Security because it interfered with
parental rights and responsibilities. However, the application for a declaration was denied
because a teenager could grant permission in their own right without their parents' knowledge or
assent in some cases (LawTeacher, 2013).
2.2. Equity (written law)
Equity is established after common law. The roots of equity law can be traced back to the old
English common law, which allowed courts to use their discretion to implement justice in
accordance with the natural law. When there is a disagreement between common law and statute
law, equity law takes precedence over both (supremecourt.uk, 2018). However, due to the
strictness of the common law and the sophistication of the Royal Court's procedural processes,
many plaintiffs' cases have been rejected or lost based on arbitrary reasoning.
For instance, In OCS Group UK v Dadi (2017), Mr Dadi (an OCS employee) was sentenced to
six weeks in prison because he was accused of sending confidential information many times
through his personal email account and was subject to an injunction to prevent additional
disclosures. This represented the court's determination of the minimum sentence for each of the
violations. To ensure continuous compliance with the order and to serve as a deterrent to others,
imprisonment was necessary (Marson et. al, 2018).
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2.3. Delegated legislation (written law)
Delegated legislation, also known as subordinate, is legislation enacted under the authority of an
Act of Parliament instead of directly by it. The ministers (or other entities) have been assigned
limited power to make specific regulations under Acts on a regular and extensive basis by
Parliament (parliament.uk, n.d.).
The example for delegated legislation is that The Department for Business developed the
Highway Code, which is a set of guidelines, guidance, and restrictions for drivers in the United
Kingdom. Its goal is to increase traffic safety (gov.uk, 2015).
2.4. Customs (unwritten law)
Customary law is defined as a part of the daily lives and culture of indigenous peoples and local
communities. The “custom” in customary means that it is a “rule of conduct”, binding on those
within its scope, established by long usage. A legitimate custom is one that has existed for a long
time, is certain and reasonable, and is enforceable without violating Statute Law or common law
principles (Brown, 1905).
For example, in the case Narayan v Living, the High Court held that a custom permitting a
woman to remarry without the consent of her first husband was unfair to one spouse because it
was deemed shameless and arbitrary (Laxmi, 2020).
2.5. Conventions (unwritten law)
Conventions and laws that have been in place for a long time as a result of accepted customs and
practices determine the roles and responsibilities of various government agencies. Therefore, the
convention has been an essential part of the government's foundation and mechanism for
exercising authority (parliament.uk, n.d.). For example, the Prime Minister must be a member of
the House of Commons rather than the House of Lords.
2.6. Acts of Parliament (Statute law) (written law)
An Act of Parliament is a new law or a modification of an existing law that is passed by
Parliament. It has been passed both by the House of Commons and the House of Lords and been
received Royal Assent from the Monarch. The Statute Law of the UK is made up of Acts of
Parliament taken together (parliament.uk, n.d.). For example, the Road Traffic Regulation Act
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(1984) was an Act of Parliament that provided authorities to regulate or restrict traffic on the
roads of the UK in the interest of public safety (parliament.uk, n.d.).
2.7. European Union law (written law)
In 1973, the United Kingdom became a member of the European Union. However, the UK
received support for leaving the EU. Therefore, a referendum was held on whether or not to
leave the EU in 2016. Consequently, after 45 years of partnership, the United Kingdom has
officially withdrawn from the European Union (1973-2018), which has been called “Brexit”.
European Union law, or EU law, is a legal system that applies only to European Union members.
If there is a disagreement between national law and EU legislation, this system takes precedence
over the national law of each member country. EU law covers a wide range of topics, including
agricultural and competition law (Emmert, 2015).
Despite not coming inside the criteria of retained EU law, many parts of the UK – EU Brexit
accords are directly enforceable in the UK legal system in the same manner that EU law was
previously enforceable. For instance, Section 29 of the European Union (Future Relationship)
Act 2020 provides a general adjustment to all current domestic law in order to conform with the
UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (Prinsent Masons, 2021).
2.8. European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (unwritten law)
The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is an international convention approved by
the EU to protect the rights and freedoms for people who live in EU. In the UK, the ECHR is
included into the Human Rights Act 1998. Courts must utilize rules that are consistent with the
general EU convention when adjudicating violations of EU human rights law (Miller, 2011).
For example, the Article 2 of the Human Right Act 1998 protect the right to life for all of the
people. It means that nobody can put an end to the life of someone, not even the government. If
the life of anyone is in danger, the government should take the necessary actions to protect him
or her, such as enacting legislation to preserve his or her safety and, in some cases, intervening
on the behalf (legislation.uk, n.d.).
3. Role of the government in law – making and the application of statute and common law
(P2)
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3.1. Role of the government in law – making process
The government has a signìicant role in the evaluation of legal system of the UK, specifically the
transition of a Bill to an Act. There are 9 steps in the process of law – making.
Initial interest is the first step of the process. In this step, the government is in charge of drafting
the documents that outline the nature of the law to be implemented, which are subsequently
documented in the Green and White papers. The government also receives proposals from
interested parties at this stage and publishes them in green or white paper, which leads to the
creation of a bill draft.
The Draft Bill is the second step. Before presenting a draft bill to Parliament, the government
works with Parliamentary counsel office lawyers and provides legal documents.
The third step is the first reading. The role of government in this step is to introduce a bill to the
House of Commons. In addition, the government is responsible for choosing the date for the
second reading and publishing the Bill to ensure that all parties and the general public can see it.
The second reading is the next step. In the second reading, the government will hold a meeting
for the members of Parliament to discuss about the Bill. Without the debate, it will proceed to the
committee stage. The government will also record the whole process of the meeting.
During the committee stage, a Bill is seriously debated by the government will have an in-depth
discussion of a law occurs. If it is necessary, the government will be able to make changes and
adjustments to the Bill after it has been thoroughly reviewed.
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In the report stage, the government is guilty of presenting drafts to the House of Commons for
consideration about additional amendments.
Next is the third reading. In this step, the government will convene a meeting for Members of
Parliament to allow them one more chance to vote, amend the document before sending it to the
House of Lords.
In the House of Lords stage, the government presents a draft bill to the House of Lords for
assessment and amendment. The government must announce any changes made by the Lord and
offer them to the House of Commons for reconciliation. On the contrary, if both the House of
Commons and the House of Lords agree on the amendments, they will be presented to the Queen
for ratification.
The royal assent is the final stage. After being approved by the Queen, the Bill will become law.
The government has a responsibility for publishing the law with all of the inhabitant living in the
country.
3.2. Application of Statutory and Common law Statutory law
Definition: In all cases, statutory law prevails over common law because it made by the
Parliament of the UK. All Acts begin as bills in the House of Commons or the House of Lords.
An Act is created when both Houses of Parliament agree on a bill and the Monarch grants it his
Royal Assent. Courts often apply strict interpretation to statutory legislation, which implies that
they are unable to read between the lines of a statute in order to liberalize its application, which
means that they will be bound by the terms of the agreement (parliament.uk, n.d.).
The application of statutory law:
- Act: The Road Trafic Act (1930)
- An example of a judge's decision
In the Elliot v Grey [1960] case, the car of the defendant was parked on the road but it was
removed the battery and jacked up. Therefore, he was charged with driving an uninsured vehicle
on the road under the Road Trafic Act (1930). The defendant claimed that because the car was
not driveable and he did not use it anymore. However, the court used the mischief rule to
determine that the car was being driven on the road because it represented a danger, and
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consequently insurance was required in the event of an accident because the goal of the law was
to ensure that those who were wounded because of the actions of others were compensated
(LawTeacher, 2013). Common law
Definition: The common law is used when there is no statutory law or the statutory law is not
sufficient to apply for the case. The principle to apply the common law is to be based on the
similiarity of the previous case. In general, the decision of the higher court will bind the lower
court and itself . However, when legislative statutes are either silent or confusing, judges have
the authority and the duty to settle the issue if the current dispute is substantially distinct from all
previous cases (Judiciary.uk, 2016).
The application of Common law:
- Name of the case law: McLoughlin v O’Brian [1983]
- An example of a judge's decision:
O’Brian, who was a truck driver, accidentally collided with the van of Mr. McLoughlin. The
accident left Mr. McLoughlin and his two children were gravely injured, while the third son died
at the scene. Mrs. McLoughlin was informed by a motorcyclist and taken to the hospital to meet
her husband and children. After that, Ms. MacLoughlin sued O'Brien for emotional damages
because she was shocked when she heard the bad news that her youngest daughter had been died
as well as her husband and other children had been seriously injured. Although the County Court
and the Appeal Court both rejected her petition, the House of Lords agreed and forced the
defendant to pay her compensation (lawteacher.net, 2021).
In 1988, there was a case that was judged based on the case law in 1983. To specify, a woman
name Atia sued British Gas for unintentionally setting fire to her house as well as the property in
her house because of her physical and metal loss. The court approved the claim and required the
defendant to pay Ms. Attia for the property and emotional damages because of the similarities
with the case law in 1983 (lawteacher.net, 2021).
4. Evaluation of the effectiveness of recent reforms of the legal system (M1)
To improve the equality in the UK, the Equality Act (2006) has been reformed into the Equality
Act (2010). In detail, under the Equality Act of 2006, only people of a specific race, religion or
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belief system, or sexual orientation are specifically protected from being treated unfairly because
of a protected characteristic. Instead, direct discrimination is also applied to sex, disability, and
gender reassignment in the Equality Act 2010 reforms (GEO, 2020).
Equality Act 2010 reforms have brought back several benefits for both employers and workers.
Specifically, it expands the legal protection against discrimination to include a broader range of
qualities, so protecting more people. With this new reform in place, everyone will be treated
equally and fairly, regardless of their background or personal qualities.
On the other hand, the Equality Act 2010 reform will have some limitations. To specify, the new
rules will necessitate changes to the company's hiring and compensation practices. Moreover,
training programs for companies must also undergo some changes in order to ensure that
employees do not suffer any disadvantages as a result of being educated and trained. Thus,
employers are held to a higher standard for promptly and appropriately responding to inquiries
and complaints of workplace discrimination and taking necessary action as a result of the
increased costs associated with these processes.
In conclusion, the Equality Act 2010 reform is a positive idea. Even though employers may face
some challenging tasks and adjustments in the near term, the company's working conditions and
employee behaviors will benefit in the long run. Employees are more likely to remain with a
company if they feel that their rights and benefits are protected. As a result, this reform will
benefit both employers and employees in the long run; people will gain safeguards, while firms
will gain the value and contributions of their employees.
5. Potential applications of law on the business
5.1. Company law Overview
The company law covers the establishment and governance of business entities. In the UK, the
Companies Act 2006 (CA 06) is the main body of the company law. Companies Act 2006 is the
largest single piece of legislation ever introduced by the UK Parliament because it contains
nearly all of the law that affects businesses. Its criteria are modified on a regular basis. This is
frequently accomplished through the employment of statutory instruments, which are subjected
to a less stringent legislative process than Acts of Parliament (Ross, 2008).
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 Regulation:
The first duty of the director under section 171 in the Companies Act 2006 is that directors must
adhere to the company's constitution and only use their powers for "legitimate purposes".
Directors are expected to demonstrate the appropriate level of care, ability, and competence to
carry out the duties of their position, and those with specific qualifications are expected to meet
an even higher standard, which is mentioned in the section 174 (legislation.uk, n.d.).
 Impact:
Directors must have "prudence" when making decisions, which means doing what they believe is
correct rather than what the court may determine is best for the company. The success or failure
of the company will be influenced by the responsibilities of the board of directors. As a result,
the director must take into account the prospective ramifications of any choice in order to avoid
harming the company's growth.
 Penalty:
According to the section 178 in the Companies Act 2006, if the directors who infringe the laws
above, they will be imposed with the sanctions based on comon law rule or equitable principle.
 Example:
In the case Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd (1967), Cramphorn Ltd's board of directors agreed to issue
fresh shares in order to prevent the acquisition. According to the court, the board of directors
acted in good faith and without self-interest since they considered the takeover would be harmful
to the company. However, issuing new shares is not valid because the right to issue shares
generates a fiduciary duty and is done exclusively to raise capital and not to prevent a takeover.
As a result, it is presumed that the directors have violated their fiduciary obligation to the firm
since they have not utilized their authority in accordance with the terms of their contract, which
led them were dismissed according to the judgement of the court (LawTeacher, 2021).
 Advice for HealthHero Limited Group:
In HealthHero Limited Group, Ranjan Singh – CEO of the company must be careful in making
the decision related to the employment. To specify, he must take into account long-term
consequences, employee interests, the relationship between the business and suppliers, customers
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and other stakeholders, the impact of the company's operations on local communities and a
desire to maintain a reputation for high standards of business conduct before making the
decision.
5.2. Contract law Overview
The contract law focuses on the development and interpretation of written or spoken agreements
between organizations or individuals. A contract does not have to be written down in order to be
legally binding. Contract disputes might involve the existence of a contract, the meaning of its
various terms and conditions. In fact, if a party has breached the contract, the contract will be
mentioned the appropriate remedy such as damages, an injunction, or specific performance, if
any of these are found to be warranted (Allen et. al., 2016). The contract law consists of:
The Sales of Goods Act (1979) governs contracts in which goods are sold or purchased between
organizations or individuals. Presumptions and implicit terms that reflect commercial
expectations are laid forth in the Sale of Goods Act, which puts out a small number of mandatory
legal regulations. As long as there is no agreement to the contrary, these terms will govern any
contract that falls under this Act's remit (LawTeacher, 2013).
The Supply of Goods and Services Act (1982) was an early attempt to give customers greater
protection when they purchased a good or service to ensure that they received a product of
reasonable quality or that the service was provided with reasonable skill and attention
(LawTeacher, 2013).
The Consumer Contracts Regulation (2013) regulates that the sellers need to provide specific
information for customers such as cancellation or additional charges (legislation.uk, n.d.).
The Unfair Contract Terms Act (1977) is a law that limits the extent to which contractual terms
such as exclusion clauses can be used to escape liability for breach of contract, carelessness, or
other breaches of duty (legislation.uk, n.d.).
 Regulation:
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In “The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations”
(2013), under the Section 13 of “Information to be provided before making a distance contract”,
the companies are required to provide for consumers with the necessary information which are
mentioned in the Schedule 2 such as major features and total cost of goods or services, traders’
address and agreements for payments before excuting the distance contract with them
(legislation.uk, n.d.).
 Impact:
This law has an enormous impact on both traders and consumers because it protects the
consumers’s right and interests in the contracting process. It is important for the traders to
provide for the customers with full and precise information about the products or services that
they are selling, which helps the consumers can understand clearly about the funtions of products
or services that the companies are selling and know that the products or services can be suitable
with their demand. Therefore, the companies can increase the number of contracts as well as
have potential customers.
 Penalty:
In the Article 19 of the regulations, the traders who enter into a contract without providing
consumers with the information indicated in Schedule 2 will be subject to fines based on the five
levels of standard scale for fines ranging from £500 to £10,000. The customers will not be bound
by the contract or order if fees or costs are incurred.
 Advice for HealthHero Limited Group:
The 2013 Consumer Contracts Regulations apply to HealthHero Limited Group. In order to
enhance the health of its clients, HealthHero must provide information about the products and
services it offers. To specify, the organization provides consumers with service packages on
health care, such as good nutrition, exercise, and mental health care, as well as treatment for
musculoskeletal and other health issues under the guidance of doctors. Detailed information
about service packages is available on the website of the company to assist clients in making an
informed decision. However, if HealthHero can be fined according to the standard scale for fines
if the company provides inaccurate information to the customers.
5.3. Employment law
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 Overview:
Employers and employees in the United Kingdom are both safeguarded by the employment laws.
There are regulations in place to protect rights of the workers while also defending an employer's
interests and maintaining a fair relationship between the two. These laws provide rules on
dismissal, holidays, salary, discrimination and more (citation.uk, n.d.). The employment law
includes:
Termination of Employment refers to the termination of an employee’s work with an
organization. Depending on the circumstances, an employee's employment may be terminated
either voluntarily or at the direction of their employer. Employers may terminate an employee's
employment for a variety of reasons such as downsizing, poor performance or redundancies
(acas.uk, n.d.).
Wrongful Dismissal refers to any case in which an employer has clearly terminated the
employment of one or more of its employees without presenting those employees with their legal
rights (gov.uk, n.d.).
Redundancy is a type of job termination. It occurs when a company need to reduce the number of
workforce (gov.uk, n.d.).
When an employee is fired in an unfair, unjust, or unreasonable manner, it is known as unfair
dismissal (gov.uk, n.d.).
Constructive dismissal occurs when an employee is compelled to resign or quit a job because of
the employer behaviour of employer instead of voluntary leave (gov.uk, n.d.).
Equal wages and benefits for similar performance are the key aspects of an equality in the
workplace (acas.uk, n.d.).
 Regulation:
According to section 15 of Equality Act 2010, the law people with disabilities cannot be
discriminated against in any way under the law. To specify, people who treat a disabled person
unfavorably because of their impairment are guilty of discrimination if they can't establish that
the treatment is a reasonable way of accomplishing a legitimate goal (legislation.uk, n.d.).
 Impact:
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The regulation has a major impact on the company's operations. There are new standards in place
to safeguard employees from being discriminated against because of their disability, as well as
more attention paid to complaints and issues with discrimination. In addition, managers must
assume responsibility if a disabled employee is discriminated against at work. The employer can
offer a safe workplace and stop undesirable behavior by taking this legislation seriously and
giving employees the confidence to report their concerns.
 Penalty:
Depend on the seriousness of the case, the Court of Appeal has set three compensation guidelines
for injury to feelings. The "Vento" guidelines will take effect on April 6, 2021, and they are as
follows: Top band for the most serious cases with the fines £27,000 - £45,600, Middle band with
£9,100 - £27,000 and Lower band for the less serious cases with the fines £900 - £9,100
(legislation.uk, n.d.).
For example, in the case VL v Szpital Klinicnzy (2011), to encourage more people to submit a
disability certificate, the employer paid a monthly allowance to those who did so after a specific
date, but not to all of those who had done so before that date. Therefore, the court concluded that
the company đã vi phạm điều 15 phân biệt đối xử với người khuyết tật bởi đã gây ra sự bất lợi
cho những nhân viên khuyết tật, which led the employer of the company bị phạt hành chính ở
lower band with £5,000.
 Advice for HealthHero Limited Group:
Discrimination against people with disabilities should be clearly stated in the policy of
HealthHero Limited Group. Employees who break the law shall be punished in accordance with
the terms of the legislation. Leaders should also organize activities that bring together employees
and those with disabilities in order to prevent discrimination. It is a good idea for helping to
strengthen their relationship.
6. Explanation and differentiation of standards
The organizations must take compliance with legal seriously in order to minimise the negative
consequences, and they must realize the significance of law, regulation, and standardization in
order to properly apply them. Although there are certain differences between legislation,
regulation, and standards as represented in the table below:
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Legislation Regulation Standards
Definition The term "legislation"
refers to a body of law
that has been passed by
a legislative body.
Penalties for breaking
the law are included in
legislation.
In the practice of law,
regulations are sometimes
known as "rules" or
"administrative law," and
they are founded on the
power of law and execute
the law.
The term "standard"
refers to a set of
guidelines or rules that
must be followed in
order for a product or
service to be considered
compliant. Quality and
safety are assured if
standards and regulations
are met. Relevant criteria
can be found in the
standards.
Created
by
Parliament Government Government
Purpose To protect the interests
of those who possess
authority over state
forces, and enforcing
regulations on state
agencies
To ensure that the agency's
income is secure by
promoting the efficient
arrangement and
organization of the
equipment.
To establish the technical
specifics so that
legislation can focus on
long-term policy goals
Example Section 12 of The
Supply of Goods and
Services Act 1982: The
contract concerned.
Before providing the
service packages for the
customers, the company
need to make the contract
with the customers
carefully to ensure that it is
not contained any
Service packages are sent
to consumers when a
contract is signed, so
they can begin using the
services of the company.
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problems or mistakes.
Potential
impact
These regulations affect the responsibility of HeathHero to provide services to
customers after carefully signing the contract. The company will have to spend
money to improve service packages to be suitable with more customers and help
them fight the disease.
Consequently, HealthHero had to pay extra attention in the process of signing
contracts with clients by carefully analyzing customer information as well as
product and service packages. As a result, HealthHero will be able to build long-
term, mutually beneficial relationships with a significant number of new
customers. The customers has the right to terminate the contract if the company
fails to meet certain standards.
(Source: gov.uk, n.d.)
19

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24