Agriculture and Economic Development in Libya: A Literature Review

This report presents a comprehensive literature review on the role of agriculture in sustainable development, with a specific focus on the Libyan context. It explores the multifaceted contributions of agriculture to economic growth, poverty reduction, and rural development, considering the influence of agricultural policies and governance. The analysis delves into the impact of oil wealth on the agricultural sector, examining policy reforms and stakeholder dynamics. The review also highlights the importance of education, empowerment, and engagement in agricultural policymaking, alongside discussions on the Dutch disease and its implications for economic development. The report synthesizes diverse perspectives from economists and researchers, emphasizing the significance of agriculture in providing food, raw materials, and employment, while also acknowledging the complexities and challenges associated with agricultural development in Libya.

Agriculture and Sustainable
Development A case study of
Agrarian change in Libya

Table of Contents
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................1
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development................................................2
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development................................................3
2.1.1 Agricultural and economic development.......................................................................5
2.1.1.1 Agricultural development and economic growth.......................................................8
2.1.2 Agricultural and poverty reduction...............................................................................9
2.1.3 Effectiveness of agriculture for development..............................................................10
2.1.4 Agricultural and rural development.............................................................................11
2.2 Agricultural policies.......................................................................................................12
2.2.1 Agricultural policy and development..........................................................................14
2.2.2 Stakeholders and policy reforms.................................................................................15
2.2.3 Governances and decision making..............................................................................19
2.2.4 Assessment of agricultural policies.............................................................................20
2.2.6 Agricultural policies in oil rich developing countries.................................................22
2.2.6.1 Oil discovery and development of agriculture.........................................................24
2.3 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................26
2.2 Importance of agriculture development in Libya...........................................................26
2.2 Agriculture development................................................................................................28
2.3 Agriculture and economic indicators..............................................................................30
2.3 Libyan agriculture sector production..............................................................................32
2.4 Agriculture policies in developing and oil rich developing countries............................33

Chapter 2: Literature Review
This section forms out to be one of the most vital parts of any dissertation and research
project which ensures and facilitates a systematic analysis of secondary form of data to have
better understanding about a set specific topic and its main objective. The current dissertation is
based on the topic of Agriculture and Sustainable Development and the research aim of current
dissertation is, “To evaluate about the main issues related with agriculture development in
accordance and relation with government policy within an emerging economy.
Thus, the current chapter of literature review comprises of an effective analysis and
discussion about the role of agriculture in national development along with analysing its effect
on the poverty reduction and economic development of a nation. Beside this, current chapter
would also include a review of literature based on new perspectives lead out on the role of
agriculture along with focusing and emphasis on the small farmers. Along with this, a discussion
about the effective rural development and role of government policies in strengthening the
agriculture development is also made. Further, examination of relationship between the
agricultural policy and rural development policy is also made under current chapter of literature
review. Finally, a discussion and analysis of agriculture policies and related governance is also
made along with analysing the importance of education, empowerment and engagement in the
agriculture policymaking together with review of Dutch disease issues of economic
development.
The review of literature is lead out while keeping in view the context of Libya along with
focusing and emphasising on intention of enchaining overall understanding and learning level on
the topic of impact of changing agricultural policies along with improved knowledge about
approaches within agriculture sector performance in context of Libya. An introduction of facts
and topic can be made out through the view point that agriculture basically presents the human
undertaking which primary deals with the production of food for making and animals along with
providing raw material for industries to ensure smooth production of goods and services in order
to effectively satisfy the needs and wants of humankind. Further, the development of the
agriculture within a country is mainly depends in the effectiveness of agriculture policies that are
adopted which reflects and depend in the priorities and particular needs of that specific country.
For instance, sometime the concept of industrialisation competes with agriculture while in some
cases it runs parallel as per the attention level. Thus, the issues related with the development of
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agriculture at the cost of industrial development is also been a controversial and debatable
concept for economist and researcher. Literature review defines as a source that is used to
critical collect the information on specific topic or research questions to get the reliable answer
that helps in presenting the valid conclusion at the end of the research. In this literature review
the sources are merely collected from already published books, Journals, articles, scholarly
sources etc. the researcher used these factors to effectively gather, analyse, collect the
information on the agriculture development within the country (Udaykumar, 2015).
As per the view point of Priyadarshini, P. and Abhilash, P.C., 2020, the development of
industries are more important than focusing and emphasising in agriculture development as in
the countries like Libya which are rich in oil resources thus role of agriculture in economic
development and its contribution in GDP is highly questioned.
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development
With respect to information provided by Saravanakumar, V., Malaiarasan, U. and
Balasubramanian, R., 2020, it has been conceptualised that agriculture is a concept that is having
different perspective and view point for diverse people. From the view point of a farmer,
agriculture can be termed and defined as a regular and everyday practices on which the
fulfilment of its family needs and satisfaction depends as agriculture act as a means of earnings
for them. Beside this, as per the perceptive of a economist, agriculture can be termed as an
important sector of economy which should contribute and facilitates better economic
development through contributing in rise of GDP (Gross domestic product). Further, according
to the view point of Griesche, C. and Baeumner, A.J., 2020, agriculture us a complex term which
comprises of many vital activities and set of actions which can be defined as a science or farming
practice that include cultivation of soil with the purpose of growing crops. Beside this, rearing of
animals by the way of providing food for the production of wool and other natural products is
also forms a vital part of agriculture. Beside this, the development of agriculture has been
directed by many crucial factors like the level of labour productivity along with improvement in
land productivity and other environment and economic factors. Further, development of
agriculture also varies according to many other context and circumstances which are surrounding
this sector and influencing its development level in economy. It has been analysed that in the
early year of nineteen sixties, a major level of development is seen in the agriculture sector
particularly in the early signs of industrialisation. The main reason and cause for the
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development of agriculture during the times of industrialisation is based on the fact that high
demand of raw material and other subsidiary product is created by industries which lead more
emphasis and pressure of effective development of agriculture. Further, it has been also observed
that the traditional form of agriculture could be transformed and rapidly get converted into a
more modern type by the way of effective adoption of scientific based technology along with
implication of improved agriculture approach to have higher productivity level. Thus, this
improvement and development in agriculture sector which comprises of use of improved
technology and scientific approach would have been contributed to overall improved national
growth. Apart from this, the economist has also seen and explicitly observed a strong growth and
linkage between multiplier effects and growth of agriculture as compared to the non-agriculture
sector. Beside this, some economist has also favoured that agriculture is playing a vital role in
overall development of nation through effectively contributing in GDP and other growth factors.
In facilitating the better development it is very essential to understand the agriculture field
where farming is the core aspect that represents as a fabric of the rural society within many
countries of the world. Any sudden changes within the agriculture field is highly impacted the
farm sector as due to this they will faced the severe consequences in terms of political and social
stability within the economically developing countries (Demidenko, and et. al., 2019). In better
the development of developing country, agriculture plays a crucial role within the rural
development especially in the use of land where the sector is of less economical important. In
this the important potential contributions of farming within agriculture sector within rural
development are depicting the several term such as supporting job opportunities, environmental
services, ancillary businesses etc. In terms of peripheral regions or areas farming is very essential
within agriculture field because it supports the social and economic infrastructure. In these
policies related to rural development is exploiting the contribution of farming that reflects
improving on farm activities and supporting ancillary services that helps in securing the
sustainable development for rural areas and regions.
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development
With the regards to the development of agriculture within an society, there are several
factors which are basically related to different factors which may be used and manage as per the
role of agricultural society due to agricultural conditions, geographic location, natural resources
in order to determine agricultural conditions in different sector such as Uganda, Zambia, Ghana
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and Ethiopia. As per the view point of Barrett And et.al., (2021) identified as per the various
factor that may be related to different factors which are used to determine the various factor in
the role of agriculture in the developing countries like UK, USA, and Europe in the globalization
process such as related to value chain, rapid technologies and many of the institutional
development, innovation, and many environmental development and there changes. It is the
recognition that are used and effective for different economic development and work as per the
defining different and important aspect which are not essential to work as per understanding in
development of social transformation which are considered to central objectives for the
development of rural sectors. On the other hand, Hochberg, (2021) identified that the use of
Nigerian government and authorities introduced the different set of policies which are help them
to work and ensure the activation for the role of agricultural. In the absence of different set of
agricultural policies are mainly related to activation of agricultural. But at the same time in
absence of agricultural countries inadequate funds and proper implementation are become the
reason for for enlisting the new policies and make social economic reforms which played a
significant role in order to increase and influenced the adjustment policies in Chinese economy
and economy development. Further said that having a large economic development and of the
non-agricultural development, which include industrial sectors. Here are many sector which may
related to Chinese economy and make an adjusted policies further which will related to economic
and structural changes in the Chinese economy of the country. As per Linke and Ruether, (2021)
Further they stated that the use of productivities in many agricultural labour and land are work as
per different subsidies and support which make an high impact that effectively work on
agriculture sectors in many of the Asian countries. All of these policies are related to the
development and essential in order to ascertain and make successful growth in development of
agricultural and make significant sources within the society. Sustainable development in the
agricultural concept is basically related to farming and use effective sustainable development.
All is related to society's food security, textile industry and make compromising future of
different generation and their daily basic needs. As per the view point of Siddiqui, 2021; the land
reforms in South Africa, did not make effective policies which are being dependent on rural
inequality. For instance they are using land reforms measures in Libya and make changes in big
urban- based absentees for the land owners. Agriculture is one of the enormous environmental
structure and points, that actually play an significant role for becoming the reason in climate
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change, water scarcity, different type of land degradation, deforestation and many more changes
which are related to many other process. This will related to different agricultural and sustainable
development that make a growing population within the changing environment of country in
different environmental conditions. This is actually a debatable definition in order to analysis and
use sustainability development of regarding agriculture. There are lots of ethics and agriculture
in order to moral obligation to work and major for pursue in order to make sustainability
approaches.
2.1.1 Agricultural and economic development
Across the world, the share of economic growth and contribution technological
management which are related to about 32% of the population are getting employed through
major population and their valuable resourceful task which are related to the different challenges
and practical approaches which are used and manage as per the basic integrity and definite
solution. Which actually affect the growth and sector of GDP in order to analysis the economic
development. As per the view of Shuaibu and Nchake, (2021 )the physical and economic
climates that are related to different countries, as the lack of natural resources are relatable for
considering slow rain fall and having fresh water supply chain in order to access the limited data.
The countries economy are related to the growth and access of dependence through agricultural,
the most of the population are related to different threats for food insecurity without facing the
sustainability and make agricultural industry (Agriculture and Economic Development, 2021).
The resident who are living in Libya during the crises are experience different life of food desert
which actually force them to forgo to work and complete the necessities which are likely to use
in medical pay for certain the access. Which are related to development for the important to
mention with the line of correspondent to international standard industrial classification. Which
are related to 1-5 division and represent forestay, hunting and fishery, cultivation of crops and
livestock production. Agoubi, (2021) With the view point of, the productivity of cereal has been
increasing in Libya and manage sources which are related to the different growth thorough the
world. Counting the impact on the farmers and ranchers are to be productive, such as different
equipment on purchases and make maintenance. There are difference sector which are related to
crop protection products, research and large development process for managing the high standard
and make growth in the financial services and make transportation. Grynberg and Singogo,
(2021); Hence it can be said that the agricultural department are more related to successful and
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make importance which are declining in the overall economy and country. While in the
agricultural sector, oil sector will become more successful and make appropriate growth and
success in the oil sector. All of these are related to the growth and advantages of country in
relating different sectors. Further, some other nation such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait are
working on the dependent form oil exports and imports in order to support their GDP and their
basic roles. As per the view point of Mundy, (2021); it is suggested that most if the modern
agricultural policies the centre of many middle eastern countries which are related to economic
development and their basic growth. All of the growth are related top the discovery of oil sector
and middle eastern countries are effectively associated with the witnesses and notable changes in
the form of new role of market and work as per the technological and institutional development
and innovation within the role and growth of sectors. All of the resources are related to the
growth of economic development and major practices which affect GDP. Saleh, (2021); Since
1982, different agricultural and non-agricultural activities are related to the sustainability. All of
these are work and make witnessed for the great notable changes in the terms of new role of
markets, which are basically related to the technological and major institutional innovation, role
of different sector which are related to private, civil society and make a new context for the
growth of emerging technologies in agricultural area.
In terms of Libya country having a 90% of dessert that eliminates the use of land within
the agricultural field. In terms of water resources within Libya there is high shortage of water
supply would be faced by government and farmers that limits the agricultural production within
the country. In context of Libya, it is a country that is denoted as most driest country within the
world where the availability of natural resources and water are presented at high cost. In this
non-renewable groundwater offers the bulk of waters to the agriculture workers within the
country so that issues related to non - availability of water resources are to be resolved.
With the help of private entrepreneur in most of extensive value chain which help them to
lead and make new emergence in the agricultural factors and growth. These values and chain hat
related to new agricultural policies. That help the producers and consumer which help them to
deal and manage the entrepreneur small holders which support the growth of organisational
context and relatable for the production. The large growth of production which are affected by
staple crops and make traditional export, which help in commodities the findings of new and
successful markets as it will be beneficial to meet and change the consumer and make high
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demand which help the agricultural and sustainability sectors. With the help of beneficial and
change market operational department to meet and change the demand of new users. As per the
view of Semin, and et.al., (2021), it is essential and make sustainability growth and management
of different cautions in managing the global and food supply perspective. An emerging vision of
different agricultural in order to define various regional market integration and heir values.
However, the different issues and agricultural faces and large uncertainties which are used and
manage as per the basic difficulties and make predict and make caution for managing and global
food supply chain. All of these are related to the different uncertainties that are difficulties to
manage consumer demand and different new users which are benefits from regional market and
try to make a solution for the global cause of global food supply chain. Further it can be said that
the capturing economies and make a scale of production and marketing, different labour
intensive commercial farming and different better growth and function which are related to
production, marketing, labour-intensive commercial farming which further can be do more better
production and capacity within the society (Libya - Economic development, 2021). Which are all
related to efficient and fair labour market that can be work as per key institutional in order to
reduce rural poverty.
As per the view point of different sectors, and make enhance capacity for the new forms
and governance, correct market and failure, different regulates. Large sector of competition,
different engagement strategically in different public private partnership to promote the
competitive from of agricultural and business sector that make more supports in order to analysis
and influence the role of greater inclusion of different small holders and many rural workers. All
of these are related to the new and enhance mission, vision and journey of the economic growth
in Libya due to agricultural development. This will further lead to make changes and try to
approve the basic agenda of the Libya to enhance and make changes within an society in order to
improve reducing poverty an d make growth within the country to provide relevant support and
change in the poverty sectors. With the help of agricultural development and their basic need are
majorly related to sustainability and removing unemployment issues from the country. This is
further an important source to increase GDP and make more economic growth due to make
increment in social and environmental growth of company. This issues are rises in the sector of
economic development and global sector that the major growth in development will related to
growth of agricultural department to complete the basic need of their people.
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2.1.1.1 Agricultural development and economic growth
There are lots of studies which are suggested and make a linkage in the dependent nature
of particular type and economic growth, which are effectively manage and having more
identifies and important changes within the factor of rising income and make rural development
of household learning which are working in more important factors as the major rising and
income factors in the early stages of the development. There are different vital and market sector
for work in a domestically produce different goods and services which are produced and manage
as per the basic growth and development of primary sources for many economists and work as
per the nineteen and eighties time frame. The use of different perspective and rural recognized
the agricultural productivity for utilising the growth and stimulated the rural and non-farm
growth, which especially work as per the growth and achievement of different sources. The role
of agricultural in rural market rather than work in national development, as it is included as per
the primary and secondary source of the data which are related to different aspect and manage
the agricultural prospective in order to determine and make effective growth and make suitable
changes for rural non-farmer growth and work as per the basis of infrastructure and investment
climate for the ready and development of time frame. All of these are related to the growth and
linkage effect of proven most of the powerful dominated by the very small farms. Which were
related to different aspect and make uncertainties that make difficulties to predict and call for
caution in managing the global food supply chain. The role of agricultural department in primary
focus for the many economists during the period of different environmental and substantial
changes. The help of rural perspective recognised the growth of agricultural productivity that
make growth which make non-farmer growth. There are major growth and success of the stages
that are helpful in satisfying the situations and make strong investment climate which are driven
by the broad-based productivity. As per the view point of Chen, Li and Li, (2020), different
writers and their basic economies based driven by small farms. It is basically related to the small
to medium and large size firm are used and make typically more favourable expenditure which
are related to different patterns in order to promote growth of different local and non-farmer
economies. As per the statement of Deichmann and et.al., (2018), can be related to the growth
and having linkage facilities in order to lead and make wider economic growth in many of
countries which are related to different industrialization. This is the strategies which are used by
ADLI in order to work and manage in de-industrialization. Further it can be said that the use and
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management of different aspect it is related to substantial growth and having more agricultural
productivity. Further they said the use of agricultural and non-agricultural growth is related to
different founded partner and make effective greater impact on overall growth while working in
other major and sustainability to growth the agricultural economic sectors. To sum up with all of
these content are effective and appropriate use is related to no doubt and agricultural factor in
order to understand great influenced in many countries. There are different economic and
important element which are related to supported GDP and help the country to work and manage
to work and make re-identify the role of different agriculture and established for working in the
policies which are implemented as the role and policies. The new government in Libya has
mainly focused on recognising the role of private sector within the economy of the country that
helps in encouraging the field of entrepreneurship and small business management. In terms of
Agriculture field the principle of value chain development is to be mainly focused. So that high
level of loss within this field is to be resolved effectively and efficiently.
2.1.2 Agricultural and poverty reduction
Agriculture of the country are related to the increasing growth and reducing poverty
within an society and make suitable applicable changes. Agriculture is the main sector in
developing countries to reduce or eliminates the poverty within society of a country and develops
their living standards. In terms of government of nation they are highly benefitted with the high
involvement of people within agriculture sector. Therefore, agriculture sector is the important
source for developing and growing the national GDP, economy by developing the living standard
of people because it provides the investment opportunities to the people that grows the private
sector and increases the number of suppliers within the agriculture field so that agriculture
industry get the raw material easily and effectively. There are many benefits which are related to
major governmental benefits due to many reasons for paying more attention to policy and make
increase in the investment in development of agricultural cases. Agriculture is on eof the
important source within an society and applicable for contribution in national economy,
providing effective investment and make supportive opportunities for the national economy and
provide relevant source and applicabilities which are relatable for private sectors. For the
suppliers in order to manage in industrial sectors. With the help of worldwide record, agricultural
contribute and make success in 29% of GDP and make employees about 65% of the different
type of labour forces. As per the view point of Gisanabagabo, (2018) the incomer sources of the
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production and majority of rural poor are work as per agricultural sector which will work and
make different agricultural production which are related to an important factor which help the
society to manage food security. Therefore the agriculture sector reduces the hunger of people of
countries by providing the food security of the citizens of developing nations. In terms of food
security, it drives slow as terms of recent years, because of the growth rate within the agriculture
production would be slo down. At this time the world grain is also to be reduced and record low
within this the commitment of developing agriculture sector is to be decreased and also boosting
the demand of imported grain from another country. This is totally different to the present
condition of developing countries because in this population would be expanding that may
negatively impact the agriculture sector because due to this they produce more amount of food to
feed the citizens properly. Therefore the food production is basically linked with the daily
nutrition of the human being and represents as an immediate and future concern for gaining
profitable results by developing countries. As a stable agriculture industry plays an essential role
in securing the food within a nation because it represents as a core need of each and every nation
living beings. Therefore there is no one nation that is high amount of hungry people would grow
efficiently with a proper agriculture base because hungry people has nothing to do to help others
and cannot do contribution in developing country. Food security with developing country helps
in preventing the people from starvation that is a serious issue that is mainly faced by small
developing countries. In terms of Libya, it is a sound developing country that does not face any
kind of issue within their agriculture department.
Agricultural sector can provide the negative effect and make an environment in
consuming for the large amount in related to water, scarcity, depletion, pollution, soil exhaustion
and global climatic change as per the record of 30% change in green house gases. So it is
concluded that there are several contribution to society and make reduction in poverty in order to
analysis the reduction and make different aspect of country to country. Thus it can be said that
the impact of negative effect on environment and make sure about the important role in reducing
poverty and play an important role in across the world. GDP will be about 2/3rd or more than
that effect reduction due to poverty which are related to growth of non-agricultural sectors.
2.1.3 Effectiveness of agriculture for development
In the deep research of effectiveness of agricultural sector in the development sector is all
related to different tools and measures for being an ability to manage effectiveness for the
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