Agriculture and Economic Development in Libya: A Literature Review

This report presents a comprehensive literature review on the role of agriculture in sustainable development, with a specific focus on the Libyan context. It explores the multifaceted contributions of agriculture to economic growth, poverty reduction, and rural development, considering the influence of agricultural policies and governance. The analysis delves into the impact of oil wealth on the agricultural sector, examining policy reforms and stakeholder dynamics. The review also highlights the importance of education, empowerment, and engagement in agricultural policymaking, alongside discussions on the Dutch disease and its implications for economic development. The report synthesizes diverse perspectives from economists and researchers, emphasizing the significance of agriculture in providing food, raw materials, and employment, while also acknowledging the complexities and challenges associated with agricultural development in Libya.

Agriculture and Sustainable
Development A case study of
Agrarian change in Libya

Table of Contents
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................1
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development................................................2
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development................................................3
2.1.1 Agricultural and economic development.......................................................................5
2.1.1.1 Agricultural development and economic growth.......................................................8
2.1.2 Agricultural and poverty reduction...............................................................................9
2.1.3 Effectiveness of agriculture for development..............................................................10
2.1.4 Agricultural and rural development.............................................................................11
2.2 Agricultural policies.......................................................................................................12
2.2.1 Agricultural policy and development..........................................................................14
2.2.2 Stakeholders and policy reforms.................................................................................15
2.2.3 Governances and decision making..............................................................................19
2.2.4 Assessment of agricultural policies.............................................................................20
2.2.6 Agricultural policies in oil rich developing countries.................................................22
2.2.6.1 Oil discovery and development of agriculture.........................................................24
2.3 Chapter Summary...........................................................................................................26
2.2 Importance of agriculture development in Libya...........................................................26
2.2 Agriculture development................................................................................................28
2.3 Agriculture and economic indicators..............................................................................30
2.3 Libyan agriculture sector production..............................................................................32
2.4 Agriculture policies in developing and oil rich developing countries............................33

Chapter 2: Literature Review
This section forms out to be one of the most vital parts of any dissertation and research
project which ensures and facilitates a systematic analysis of secondary form of data to have
better understanding about a set specific topic and its main objective. The current dissertation is
based on the topic of Agriculture and Sustainable Development and the research aim of current
dissertation is, “To evaluate about the main issues related with agriculture development in
accordance and relation with government policy within an emerging economy.
Thus, the current chapter of literature review comprises of an effective analysis and
discussion about the role of agriculture in national development along with analysing its effect
on the poverty reduction and economic development of a nation. Beside this, current chapter
would also include a review of literature based on new perspectives lead out on the role of
agriculture along with focusing and emphasis on the small farmers. Along with this, a discussion
about the effective rural development and role of government policies in strengthening the
agriculture development is also made. Further, examination of relationship between the
agricultural policy and rural development policy is also made under current chapter of literature
review. Finally, a discussion and analysis of agriculture policies and related governance is also
made along with analysing the importance of education, empowerment and engagement in the
agriculture policymaking together with review of Dutch disease issues of economic
development.
The review of literature is lead out while keeping in view the context of Libya along with
focusing and emphasising on intention of enchaining overall understanding and learning level on
the topic of impact of changing agricultural policies along with improved knowledge about
approaches within agriculture sector performance in context of Libya. An introduction of facts
and topic can be made out through the view point that agriculture basically presents the human
undertaking which primary deals with the production of food for making and animals along with
providing raw material for industries to ensure smooth production of goods and services in order
to effectively satisfy the needs and wants of humankind. Further, the development of the
agriculture within a country is mainly depends in the effectiveness of agriculture policies that are
adopted which reflects and depend in the priorities and particular needs of that specific country.
For instance, sometime the concept of industrialisation competes with agriculture while in some
cases it runs parallel as per the attention level. Thus, the issues related with the development of
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agriculture at the cost of industrial development is also been a controversial and debatable
concept for economist and researcher. Literature review defines as a source that is used to
critical collect the information on specific topic or research questions to get the reliable answer
that helps in presenting the valid conclusion at the end of the research. In this literature review
the sources are merely collected from already published books, Journals, articles, scholarly
sources etc. the researcher used these factors to effectively gather, analyse, collect the
information on the agriculture development within the country (Udaykumar, 2015).
As per the view point of Priyadarshini, P. and Abhilash, P.C., 2020, the development of
industries are more important than focusing and emphasising in agriculture development as in
the countries like Libya which are rich in oil resources thus role of agriculture in economic
development and its contribution in GDP is highly questioned.
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development
With respect to information provided by Saravanakumar, V., Malaiarasan, U. and
Balasubramanian, R., 2020, it has been conceptualised that agriculture is a concept that is having
different perspective and view point for diverse people. From the view point of a farmer,
agriculture can be termed and defined as a regular and everyday practices on which the
fulfilment of its family needs and satisfaction depends as agriculture act as a means of earnings
for them. Beside this, as per the perceptive of a economist, agriculture can be termed as an
important sector of economy which should contribute and facilitates better economic
development through contributing in rise of GDP (Gross domestic product). Further, according
to the view point of Griesche, C. and Baeumner, A.J., 2020, agriculture us a complex term which
comprises of many vital activities and set of actions which can be defined as a science or farming
practice that include cultivation of soil with the purpose of growing crops. Beside this, rearing of
animals by the way of providing food for the production of wool and other natural products is
also forms a vital part of agriculture. Beside this, the development of agriculture has been
directed by many crucial factors like the level of labour productivity along with improvement in
land productivity and other environment and economic factors. Further, development of
agriculture also varies according to many other context and circumstances which are surrounding
this sector and influencing its development level in economy. It has been analysed that in the
early year of nineteen sixties, a major level of development is seen in the agriculture sector
particularly in the early signs of industrialisation. The main reason and cause for the
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development of agriculture during the times of industrialisation is based on the fact that high
demand of raw material and other subsidiary product is created by industries which lead more
emphasis and pressure of effective development of agriculture. Further, it has been also observed
that the traditional form of agriculture could be transformed and rapidly get converted into a
more modern type by the way of effective adoption of scientific based technology along with
implication of improved agriculture approach to have higher productivity level. Thus, this
improvement and development in agriculture sector which comprises of use of improved
technology and scientific approach would have been contributed to overall improved national
growth. Apart from this, the economist has also seen and explicitly observed a strong growth and
linkage between multiplier effects and growth of agriculture as compared to the non-agriculture
sector. Beside this, some economist has also favoured that agriculture is playing a vital role in
overall development of nation through effectively contributing in GDP and other growth factors.
In facilitating the better development it is very essential to understand the agriculture field
where farming is the core aspect that represents as a fabric of the rural society within many
countries of the world. Any sudden changes within the agriculture field is highly impacted the
farm sector as due to this they will faced the severe consequences in terms of political and social
stability within the economically developing countries (Demidenko, and et. al., 2019). In better
the development of developing country, agriculture plays a crucial role within the rural
development especially in the use of land where the sector is of less economical important. In
this the important potential contributions of farming within agriculture sector within rural
development are depicting the several term such as supporting job opportunities, environmental
services, ancillary businesses etc. In terms of peripheral regions or areas farming is very essential
within agriculture field because it supports the social and economic infrastructure. In these
policies related to rural development is exploiting the contribution of farming that reflects
improving on farm activities and supporting ancillary services that helps in securing the
sustainable development for rural areas and regions.
2.1 The role of agriculture in facilitating better development
With the regards to the development of agriculture within an society, there are several
factors which are basically related to different factors which may be used and manage as per the
role of agricultural society due to agricultural conditions, geographic location, natural resources
in order to determine agricultural conditions in different sector such as Uganda, Zambia, Ghana
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and Ethiopia. As per the view point of Barrett And et.al., (2021) identified as per the various
factor that may be related to different factors which are used to determine the various factor in
the role of agriculture in the developing countries like UK, USA, and Europe in the globalization
process such as related to value chain, rapid technologies and many of the institutional
development, innovation, and many environmental development and there changes. It is the
recognition that are used and effective for different economic development and work as per the
defining different and important aspect which are not essential to work as per understanding in
development of social transformation which are considered to central objectives for the
development of rural sectors. On the other hand, Hochberg, (2021) identified that the use of
Nigerian government and authorities introduced the different set of policies which are help them
to work and ensure the activation for the role of agricultural. In the absence of different set of
agricultural policies are mainly related to activation of agricultural. But at the same time in
absence of agricultural countries inadequate funds and proper implementation are become the
reason for for enlisting the new policies and make social economic reforms which played a
significant role in order to increase and influenced the adjustment policies in Chinese economy
and economy development. Further said that having a large economic development and of the
non-agricultural development, which include industrial sectors. Here are many sector which may
related to Chinese economy and make an adjusted policies further which will related to economic
and structural changes in the Chinese economy of the country. As per Linke and Ruether, (2021)
Further they stated that the use of productivities in many agricultural labour and land are work as
per different subsidies and support which make an high impact that effectively work on
agriculture sectors in many of the Asian countries. All of these policies are related to the
development and essential in order to ascertain and make successful growth in development of
agricultural and make significant sources within the society. Sustainable development in the
agricultural concept is basically related to farming and use effective sustainable development.
All is related to society's food security, textile industry and make compromising future of
different generation and their daily basic needs. As per the view point of Siddiqui, 2021; the land
reforms in South Africa, did not make effective policies which are being dependent on rural
inequality. For instance they are using land reforms measures in Libya and make changes in big
urban- based absentees for the land owners. Agriculture is one of the enormous environmental
structure and points, that actually play an significant role for becoming the reason in climate
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change, water scarcity, different type of land degradation, deforestation and many more changes
which are related to many other process. This will related to different agricultural and sustainable
development that make a growing population within the changing environment of country in
different environmental conditions. This is actually a debatable definition in order to analysis and
use sustainability development of regarding agriculture. There are lots of ethics and agriculture
in order to moral obligation to work and major for pursue in order to make sustainability
approaches.
2.1.1 Agricultural and economic development
Across the world, the share of economic growth and contribution technological
management which are related to about 32% of the population are getting employed through
major population and their valuable resourceful task which are related to the different challenges
and practical approaches which are used and manage as per the basic integrity and definite
solution. Which actually affect the growth and sector of GDP in order to analysis the economic
development. As per the view of Shuaibu and Nchake, (2021 )the physical and economic
climates that are related to different countries, as the lack of natural resources are relatable for
considering slow rain fall and having fresh water supply chain in order to access the limited data.
The countries economy are related to the growth and access of dependence through agricultural,
the most of the population are related to different threats for food insecurity without facing the
sustainability and make agricultural industry (Agriculture and Economic Development, 2021).
The resident who are living in Libya during the crises are experience different life of food desert
which actually force them to forgo to work and complete the necessities which are likely to use
in medical pay for certain the access. Which are related to development for the important to
mention with the line of correspondent to international standard industrial classification. Which
are related to 1-5 division and represent forestay, hunting and fishery, cultivation of crops and
livestock production. Agoubi, (2021) With the view point of, the productivity of cereal has been
increasing in Libya and manage sources which are related to the different growth thorough the
world. Counting the impact on the farmers and ranchers are to be productive, such as different
equipment on purchases and make maintenance. There are difference sector which are related to
crop protection products, research and large development process for managing the high standard
and make growth in the financial services and make transportation. Grynberg and Singogo,
(2021); Hence it can be said that the agricultural department are more related to successful and
5

make importance which are declining in the overall economy and country. While in the
agricultural sector, oil sector will become more successful and make appropriate growth and
success in the oil sector. All of these are related to the growth and advantages of country in
relating different sectors. Further, some other nation such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Kuwait are
working on the dependent form oil exports and imports in order to support their GDP and their
basic roles. As per the view point of Mundy, (2021); it is suggested that most if the modern
agricultural policies the centre of many middle eastern countries which are related to economic
development and their basic growth. All of the growth are related top the discovery of oil sector
and middle eastern countries are effectively associated with the witnesses and notable changes in
the form of new role of market and work as per the technological and institutional development
and innovation within the role and growth of sectors. All of the resources are related to the
growth of economic development and major practices which affect GDP. Saleh, (2021); Since
1982, different agricultural and non-agricultural activities are related to the sustainability. All of
these are work and make witnessed for the great notable changes in the terms of new role of
markets, which are basically related to the technological and major institutional innovation, role
of different sector which are related to private, civil society and make a new context for the
growth of emerging technologies in agricultural area.
In terms of Libya country having a 90% of dessert that eliminates the use of land within
the agricultural field. In terms of water resources within Libya there is high shortage of water
supply would be faced by government and farmers that limits the agricultural production within
the country. In context of Libya, it is a country that is denoted as most driest country within the
world where the availability of natural resources and water are presented at high cost. In this
non-renewable groundwater offers the bulk of waters to the agriculture workers within the
country so that issues related to non - availability of water resources are to be resolved.
With the help of private entrepreneur in most of extensive value chain which help them to
lead and make new emergence in the agricultural factors and growth. These values and chain hat
related to new agricultural policies. That help the producers and consumer which help them to
deal and manage the entrepreneur small holders which support the growth of organisational
context and relatable for the production. The large growth of production which are affected by
staple crops and make traditional export, which help in commodities the findings of new and
successful markets as it will be beneficial to meet and change the consumer and make high
6

demand which help the agricultural and sustainability sectors. With the help of beneficial and
change market operational department to meet and change the demand of new users. As per the
view of Semin, and et.al., (2021), it is essential and make sustainability growth and management
of different cautions in managing the global and food supply perspective. An emerging vision of
different agricultural in order to define various regional market integration and heir values.
However, the different issues and agricultural faces and large uncertainties which are used and
manage as per the basic difficulties and make predict and make caution for managing and global
food supply chain. All of these are related to the different uncertainties that are difficulties to
manage consumer demand and different new users which are benefits from regional market and
try to make a solution for the global cause of global food supply chain. Further it can be said that
the capturing economies and make a scale of production and marketing, different labour
intensive commercial farming and different better growth and function which are related to
production, marketing, labour-intensive commercial farming which further can be do more better
production and capacity within the society (Libya - Economic development, 2021). Which are all
related to efficient and fair labour market that can be work as per key institutional in order to
reduce rural poverty.
As per the view point of different sectors, and make enhance capacity for the new forms
and governance, correct market and failure, different regulates. Large sector of competition,
different engagement strategically in different public private partnership to promote the
competitive from of agricultural and business sector that make more supports in order to analysis
and influence the role of greater inclusion of different small holders and many rural workers. All
of these are related to the new and enhance mission, vision and journey of the economic growth
in Libya due to agricultural development. This will further lead to make changes and try to
approve the basic agenda of the Libya to enhance and make changes within an society in order to
improve reducing poverty an d make growth within the country to provide relevant support and
change in the poverty sectors. With the help of agricultural development and their basic need are
majorly related to sustainability and removing unemployment issues from the country. This is
further an important source to increase GDP and make more economic growth due to make
increment in social and environmental growth of company. This issues are rises in the sector of
economic development and global sector that the major growth in development will related to
growth of agricultural department to complete the basic need of their people.
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2.1.1.1 Agricultural development and economic growth
There are lots of studies which are suggested and make a linkage in the dependent nature
of particular type and economic growth, which are effectively manage and having more
identifies and important changes within the factor of rising income and make rural development
of household learning which are working in more important factors as the major rising and
income factors in the early stages of the development. There are different vital and market sector
for work in a domestically produce different goods and services which are produced and manage
as per the basic growth and development of primary sources for many economists and work as
per the nineteen and eighties time frame. The use of different perspective and rural recognized
the agricultural productivity for utilising the growth and stimulated the rural and non-farm
growth, which especially work as per the growth and achievement of different sources. The role
of agricultural in rural market rather than work in national development, as it is included as per
the primary and secondary source of the data which are related to different aspect and manage
the agricultural prospective in order to determine and make effective growth and make suitable
changes for rural non-farmer growth and work as per the basis of infrastructure and investment
climate for the ready and development of time frame. All of these are related to the growth and
linkage effect of proven most of the powerful dominated by the very small farms. Which were
related to different aspect and make uncertainties that make difficulties to predict and call for
caution in managing the global food supply chain. The role of agricultural department in primary
focus for the many economists during the period of different environmental and substantial
changes. The help of rural perspective recognised the growth of agricultural productivity that
make growth which make non-farmer growth. There are major growth and success of the stages
that are helpful in satisfying the situations and make strong investment climate which are driven
by the broad-based productivity. As per the view point of Chen, Li and Li, (2020), different
writers and their basic economies based driven by small farms. It is basically related to the small
to medium and large size firm are used and make typically more favourable expenditure which
are related to different patterns in order to promote growth of different local and non-farmer
economies. As per the statement of Deichmann and et.al., (2018), can be related to the growth
and having linkage facilities in order to lead and make wider economic growth in many of
countries which are related to different industrialization. This is the strategies which are used by
ADLI in order to work and manage in de-industrialization. Further it can be said that the use and
8

management of different aspect it is related to substantial growth and having more agricultural
productivity. Further they said the use of agricultural and non-agricultural growth is related to
different founded partner and make effective greater impact on overall growth while working in
other major and sustainability to growth the agricultural economic sectors. To sum up with all of
these content are effective and appropriate use is related to no doubt and agricultural factor in
order to understand great influenced in many countries. There are different economic and
important element which are related to supported GDP and help the country to work and manage
to work and make re-identify the role of different agriculture and established for working in the
policies which are implemented as the role and policies. The new government in Libya has
mainly focused on recognising the role of private sector within the economy of the country that
helps in encouraging the field of entrepreneurship and small business management. In terms of
Agriculture field the principle of value chain development is to be mainly focused. So that high
level of loss within this field is to be resolved effectively and efficiently.
2.1.2 Agricultural and poverty reduction
Agriculture of the country are related to the increasing growth and reducing poverty
within an society and make suitable applicable changes. Agriculture is the main sector in
developing countries to reduce or eliminates the poverty within society of a country and develops
their living standards. In terms of government of nation they are highly benefitted with the high
involvement of people within agriculture sector. Therefore, agriculture sector is the important
source for developing and growing the national GDP, economy by developing the living standard
of people because it provides the investment opportunities to the people that grows the private
sector and increases the number of suppliers within the agriculture field so that agriculture
industry get the raw material easily and effectively. There are many benefits which are related to
major governmental benefits due to many reasons for paying more attention to policy and make
increase in the investment in development of agricultural cases. Agriculture is on eof the
important source within an society and applicable for contribution in national economy,
providing effective investment and make supportive opportunities for the national economy and
provide relevant source and applicabilities which are relatable for private sectors. For the
suppliers in order to manage in industrial sectors. With the help of worldwide record, agricultural
contribute and make success in 29% of GDP and make employees about 65% of the different
type of labour forces. As per the view point of Gisanabagabo, (2018) the incomer sources of the
9

production and majority of rural poor are work as per agricultural sector which will work and
make different agricultural production which are related to an important factor which help the
society to manage food security. Therefore the agriculture sector reduces the hunger of people of
countries by providing the food security of the citizens of developing nations. In terms of food
security, it drives slow as terms of recent years, because of the growth rate within the agriculture
production would be slo down. At this time the world grain is also to be reduced and record low
within this the commitment of developing agriculture sector is to be decreased and also boosting
the demand of imported grain from another country. This is totally different to the present
condition of developing countries because in this population would be expanding that may
negatively impact the agriculture sector because due to this they produce more amount of food to
feed the citizens properly. Therefore the food production is basically linked with the daily
nutrition of the human being and represents as an immediate and future concern for gaining
profitable results by developing countries. As a stable agriculture industry plays an essential role
in securing the food within a nation because it represents as a core need of each and every nation
living beings. Therefore there is no one nation that is high amount of hungry people would grow
efficiently with a proper agriculture base because hungry people has nothing to do to help others
and cannot do contribution in developing country. Food security with developing country helps
in preventing the people from starvation that is a serious issue that is mainly faced by small
developing countries. In terms of Libya, it is a sound developing country that does not face any
kind of issue within their agriculture department.
Agricultural sector can provide the negative effect and make an environment in
consuming for the large amount in related to water, scarcity, depletion, pollution, soil exhaustion
and global climatic change as per the record of 30% change in green house gases. So it is
concluded that there are several contribution to society and make reduction in poverty in order to
analysis the reduction and make different aspect of country to country. Thus it can be said that
the impact of negative effect on environment and make sure about the important role in reducing
poverty and play an important role in across the world. GDP will be about 2/3rd or more than
that effect reduction due to poverty which are related to growth of non-agricultural sectors.
2.1.3 Effectiveness of agriculture for development
In the deep research of effectiveness of agricultural sector in the development sector is all
related to different tools and measures for being an ability to manage effectiveness for the
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growth of development. The household sector and major determinants for the ability to
participate in the different agricultural market and major growth in sustainability. There are
different environmental factor which are related to effectiveness for development and majopr
growth in sustainability. There are certain challenges which are related to; major smallholders
that are related to farming and become more productive and sustainability changes. Another
reason for improve price incentives and make an increment for effective quality and quantity of
different public investment. Further the product market are work well and manage different
sources in order to improve and make financial services to reduce and make more exposure to
not insured the risk management.
As per the view of Swesi, El-Anis and Islam, (2020); the securing and livelihood changes
within society is related to meet basic requirement in world's effective approach and sustainable
changes within the country. So this is an important tool for the society to manage and work based
on agricultural department through the use of effective and sustain process due to major
irrelevant source.
2.1.4 Agricultural and rural development
There are different agricultural in the given attention for rural development in studies
where improving small farmer and make strong income and productivity which are related to
main lead and poverty within society to make reduction. There are many historical studies which
are basically related to agricultural indicated and make a negative relationship in between the
productivity and poverty management of east and south Asia for the growth and development of
cereal productivity during the green revolution. According to the Hamad, Yaakob and Omran,
(2020), about 50% changes are related to 10% of east Asia and 32% in south Asia in the growth
of substantial and management of different sectors. The changing and agricultural policies are
related to political and make industrial counties which lead to make different dramatic changes in
the structure of agricultural development and essential service of different sectors. It will be
effective and make supportive rural development due to agricultural development sector due to
increasing productivity, effectively changes and make a drastic demand for the different
government services and infrastructure and well-being of society. In relation to agriculture the
major development in rural area context is based on employment. In developing countries where
share of overall development in agriculture in at high level. In simple terms where farmers are
more and represents the country 50% of workforce is determine as a high and positive progress
11

of rural development. Within the substantial progress of the rural development the labour force
mainly involved in the agriculture field. This will majorly lead to the shift of the artificial
reduction within the employment that could destroy the major consequences of the labour force
and dependants that represents as a political and social disability. In this farm sector within every
country there is high supports of range of ancillary and service factories that mainly works for
genating the activities in supply and distribution of processing industries. In terms of rural
economy the services such as health care, basic infrastructure, education etc. have mainly
depends on the profitability of the every sector especially the agriculture sector. In terms of
remote and peripheral areas the society is mainly demonstrating as a legitimate priority that
prevent depopulation in which farming is a like one of the limited range of economic activities
that proposed the possibility of maintaining the economic viability of particular region. In terms
of agricultural field farming is majorly contribute within development of rural area that also
provides the environmental and cultural services to the particular sector of nation or country.
2.2 Agricultural policies
According to Kaarud Mansour Mohamed (2020), the view point of agricultural policies
are defined as such set of processes and methods which are used by agricultural sector in order to
attain some specific goals and objectives. Agricultural policies are the way in which economic
resources can be utilised in optimal manner for the major purpose of accomplishing aims and
goals of society in relation to agricultural sector. Agricultural policies are aligned with various
economic concepts which are explaining behaviour of economic resources in such a manner that
increment over agricultural sector can be seen.
According to Mohamed and Masood, (2018) “ Agricultural police within national and
international level is required to be consistent so that markets can be developed for longer
duration of time and in this manner dependability of market can be enhanced that too in robust
and clear manner. Besides this agricultural policies are needed to be recognised within reality so
that critical framing can be executed within national and international level. Heisey and Fuglie,
(2018) stated that agricultural policies are significant part of economic policies and these are
directly implicated over agricultural sector so this is imperative that these policies are used in
order to improve agricultural sector in rapid manner. This research is associated with finding
those ways in which economic policies within Libya can be shaped so that assistance can be
given to agricultural policies of the country.
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Agricultural policy has some key principles and strategies for agriculture:
In order to frame appropriate policies various principles are used so that policy
formulation can be carried out in significant manner. So this is imperative that these principles
are serving such conditions by which tools and processes can be used in a manner by which
agricultural objectives can be attained using agricultural policies. According to Mahalouf and
Etayeb (2018), there are various fundamental principles which are leading to develop agricultural
strategy and the same can be divided into five principles which are aligned with economic,
financial, social, institutional and sustainability over environment. These policies do have
various objectives and the same are aligned with agricultural policies so they can be:
 Increasing the principles which are providing similar opportunities to every individual.
 Intensifying efficiency so that economic agricultural resources can be used in fuller
manner.
 Amplifying farmers income and their contribution in national income through using
agricultural resources in appropriate manner.
 Understanding economic welfare within community so that significant changes can be
rendered.
 Increasing in growth rate within agricultural sector so that local production contribution
can be enhanced.
 Creation of integration between agricultural and various other sectors so that ultimate
assistance can be received.
 Providing motivation to production and providing such opportunities to various farmers
in which loans by subsidies can be given to them in order to promote farming.
The development for agriculture agenda is defining with two major challenges and these
can be mitigated by implementing several aspects (Brandt, Josefsson and Spierenburg, 2018).
These two dimensions are defined as management of political economy within agricultural
policies so that agricultural imbalance can be managed. Besides this there are two other
dimensions such as under-investment and disinvestment as these are used in order to mitigate
various issues faced within agricultural background and aspects. The other aspect is related with
improvising governance so that implementation within agricultural policies can be initiated with
utmost efficacy and reliability.
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2.2.1 Agricultural policy and development
Rural development is associated with large number of lines in which a term named
“Rural development policy” which is used in frequent manner and this is defined as interventions
which are undertaken by government in specific manner so that level best outcomes can be
associated. In various nations this is examined that rural development policies are used in
changing manner so that regional policy can be aligned with dealing the issue of economic
growth in such a manner that ultimate guidance can be rendered. This is the situation where
policies are focused and that may be extended which is beyond to agriculture and other sectors
and in this way issues related to agriculture, infrastructure and public services can be solved and
provision can be made. Besides this in some countries this is analysed that agro-centric policies
are developed in which rural development policies are also used so that the same may lead in
developing agricultural dimensions and aspects as well. By utilising the same in significant
manner local economy can be boosted and in this manner overall contribution can be enhanced.
This is not necessary that these approaches are inconsistent so the same may provide influence
within set of policies and the same are aligned with developing rural aspect in such a manner that
agricultural intend can be addressed in appropriate manner.
The OECD has determined that there are number of case studies in the respect of rural
development policies such as for the country of Australia, Canada, EU, Japan, Norway,
Switzerland and US. Besides this link is established in relation to agricultural policies as this will
lead in developing various enlightenment. Besides this there are various significant findings
which are elaborated as under:
a) The link in between rural and agricultural policies are established in such a manner that
significant changes can be rendered. For instance in some countries like Australia, US and many
more, these countries are developing various rural and agricultural development policies which
are separated from each other in a manner that appropriate linkage can be established. Besides
this country like Norway closely linked with these polices so that appropriateness can be
provided.
b) In Japan, their primal focus is drawn over agriculture as this dimension is considered as a fast
vehicle to provide development to rural areas. For instance in Switzerland and US their focus is
related with including such policies and measures by which regional infrastructure development
can be rendered. Besides this roads and housing are the other dimension which is emphasised so
14

that to provide appropriate development opportunities to the nation and economic growth as
well.
c) There are various considerations which are emphasised over improvising business skills of
varied farmers so that they can get appropriate adjustment over adapting external and such
economic pressure due to which several difficulties can be adjusted and business skills can be
enhanced. In order to improve business skills this is imperative that farmers get to know about
management of disaster and adopt climate change facilities in a manner that economic pressure
can be adjusted and external economic environment can be tackled. For example in US and
Canada coverage over farm investment is higher due to which competitiveness over agro-food
industry is raising so that preservation over food quality can be provided in significant manner.
On the other hand cultural heritage is the another area of maintenance in which farmers may lead
to develop such understanding in which they may provide higher favourable outcomes. For
example for EU these practices are being followed in such a manner that overall responsibility
can be executed in effective manner.
d) Under this the responsibility of policy is aligned with largely dividing the overall government
with sub-national approach. For instance in the countries like Canada and Switzerland bottom up
approach is being followed due to which governments are devolved in sub-national manner.
Whereas in EU and Japan top-down approach so that higher control is being rendered.
e) Funding: For Japan and Norway central government expenditures are bearing large amount of
expenses which is the major factor of succession of agricultural uniformity. Besides this for
Australia, EU and Switzerland central and local government collectively bearing expenses in
order to generate prominent control over national togetherness (Pe'er and et. al., 2020). At some
instances efforts are exerted for involving private organisation so that partnership between public
and private reforms can be executed.
2.2.2 Stakeholders and policy reforms
Stakeholders are defined as those party or group of party which are having some specific
right or interest within system and they have specific interest with future possibilities of the
system. In the context of some organisation stakeholders are defined as those individual and
group of individual those get affected by goal attainment of the organisation in direct or indirect
manner. Stakeholders can be individual, communities, any social group or organisations. In order
to analyse inclination of stakeholders stakeholder analysis is being used which is helpful in
15

making institutional policy so that the same can be accounted for and include some processes in
a manner to improvise reform consideration(Dupraz and Guyomard, 2019). By collecting
information stakeholders and their interests can be maximised in which resist reforms can be
analysed. This analysis is helpful in developing appropriate aptitude in minds of stakeholders so
that they can be accommodate and acquire realistic and positive adoption over policies and other
sustainable measures. Under stakeholder analysis four major constraints are added which are
helpful in determining position, issues and level of influence so that specific reforms can be
examined. Besides this stakeholder analysis is associated with providing reasonable connections
with various stakeholder in such a manner that they can be stay connected for longer duration of
time.
The term stakeholder refers to those posses who has rights and interest with decided system.
Example- individuals who are concerned about all future perspective aids to develop a system
that impacts on organisational aims and objectives. Their are different aspects relates with roles
and policy of stakeholders and this is because employee's, customer, supplier etc. exists in an
organisation. This impacts on organisational goals and objectives and it results management
identify and define about all those perspective which is related with organisational goals to
manage work in manner. In the present scenario, by analysing importance of stakeholders in
order to perform all work in an organised manner. This define about all those aspects that reform
and develop all considerations related with business. Deliberate strategy states with specific
goals and objectives and it explain about all those goals which is related with principle of
development needs. Sustainable development is explained as an organising principle to match all
goals related with human development. The desired results aids to manage all work in proper
manner through generating procedure that impacts on all institutional policies. All information
which is provided by the management helps to manage work in an accountable manner. This
results all individuals perform their work in an efficient manner because accountability
demonstrate specific person who not complete their task properly. Further, stakeholder analysis
related with four attributes that explain about all issue that generate problems for managing work
in proper manner. Further, with influencing different individuals this is analysed an organisation
states towards all those areas which work as multi-stakeholder process system to perform all task
with more efficiency. All the resources which are natural and also relates with ecosystem
services perform work according to trends related with society and economy. Further, desired
16

results is obtained by the society through fulfilling their needs without comprising with the
natural resources. In the present scenario, sustainable development goals minimise all issue
related with global challenges that undertakes poverty, change in climate and environmental
degradation. Further, modern concept and practices related with sustainability is rooted by
management through managing their work in a sustainable manner by focusing on all concept
that relates with sustainability. Along with this as the concept of sustainable development is
developed and shifted towards economic and environment safety it is complex for organisation
to impact on agriculture-based land. This also define economic development generate and
develop principles and practices which is used for managing sustainable development. It also
refers that sustainable development relates with all those aspects that generate renewable sources
for managing all work in a proper manner. All perspective related with industrial revolution
generate strategies by which all work is promoted to manage business in an usual manner.
Time is defined as one of the crucial factor within stakeholder analysis and in this manner
by undertaking stakeholder analysis policy formulation can be executed in effective manner and
in this way overall guarantee can be rendered. (Zambon and et. al., 2019) asserts that multi-
stakeholder are associated with providing appropriate contribution in communication, decision
findings over some particular time frame.
Poverty and social impact analysis is associated with various policies in which process
reform is being exerted and this way it can be concluded that agricultural reforms are playing
vital role. In current time the frequency of poverty within rural areas are high and this is the
reason that general vulnerability is being faced within livelihood and strategies are propounded
to ensure distributional impact over reducing poverty-reduction aims. The world bank rural
strategy is calling to increase profile of rural developments as there are several major aspect
which are discussed as under:
1) Fostering of environment which is enabled with developing broad based growth in order to
provide sustainable growth opportunities.
2) Increasing agricultural productivity in such a manner that overall competitiveness can be
enhanced.
3) Increasing non-farm economic growth in order to cover various other dimensions.
4) Improvising social well-being by mitigating risk and minimising various vulnerabilities.
5) Enhancement in natural resources so that to manage sustainability in appropriate manner.
17

In order to attain these objectives policy reforms are required to be inhaled in respect of
trade policy (Skogstad, 2019) This is necessary to mitigate all these obstacle in order to provide
appropriate market operations so that to improve agricultural financing and to maintain rural
areas in a manner that food security policies can be aligned.
In these 20 years many nations have considered reforms of agricultural sectors for
attaining diversified roles within others so that appropriate revenue can be generated and
economy can be stabilised. In most of the aspects of reform so many favourable results are
propounded but analysing current scenario they are not yielding anything so desired outcomes
can not be attained in respect of poverty reduction and food security. This is due to as their
impacts are limited which are providing partial implication along with structural constraints.
Agricultural reforms are playing crucial role for most of countries in which various strategies are
devised in a manner that successful results can be taken out. Agricultural reforms are helping to
minimise poverty in successful manner along with developing socio-economic, political and
institutional characters (Hunt and Daughtry, 2018). On the other hand this is analysed that there
is huge gap between PRSP's and development strategies and the same are followed by countries
in a manner that proposed sector can be developed. The drivers of reform within agricultural
sectors are playing crucial role in enhancing overall consideration so that to develop agricultural
and rural reform in appropriate manner.
Agricultural and rural reforms are associated with including sector wise policies related
to pricing, marketing, research and institutional extensions. In order to address these issues
various policies are exerted so that in early time assistance can be received. According to – local
and global conditions are changing the performance of various institutions as these are affected
in large manner. For instance land tenure system can function appropriately where density of
population is low but have chances to increase or decrease in short span of time. Buckwell and
et. al., (2019), said that there are various relevant and conceptual methodological issues which
are associated with agricultural and land reforms. The paper is outlining various economic
factors which can influence reform programmes in appropriate manner existed within
agricultural sector. As there are various tools those are helpful in analysing reforms in
appropriate manner and by this comparative analysis can also be performed. Zawisza, Prus and
Beben, (2019) stated that there are various cases which are linked with decision makers and
unawareness of stakeholder as several potential magnitude distribution channels are used in order
18

to get assistance over collaborative development. High stakes are associated with policy of land
reforms in which social outcomes are examined in order to align social process and to make
economic outcomes in significant manner. Engagement of stakeholders has given prominent
significance to agricultural policies in which developed countries are required to take such
guidelines for providing appropriate agricultural policies to various farmers existed within
nation. The major reason of past failure is encountered with providing support within African
agricultural so that top-down nature is categorises the policies in which various processes are
implemented. This was analysed that farmers are holding substantial part of the majority
economy of the nation so they are constituting with arranging such level in prominent manner.
2.2.3 Governances and decision making
According to-- agricultural policies are currently suffering through deformation of mechanism of
decision making. In recent regimes this has been investigated that policy decision making is
associated with various interest group and the same can be regarded as cornerstone within
political approaches. Therefore policy approaches are required to be followed along with some
interest group that are not consistent with attaining objectives of economic policies. Kiryluk-
Dryjska and Baer-Nawrocka (2019), mentioned that voices of various stakeholders are indicating
such perception which are required to be heard. On the other hand authoritarian regimes
decisions are creating such powerful interest group in which further interest can be created.
Most of the agricultural protection aspects are liberal due to which this is easier to spread
policies so that in democratic development.
In this context the most essential interest group is created as agricultural sector in which
development is rendered to farmers and countries. The world bank has shown that near about 75
to 78% of poor people around the world are depending over farming and forestry. As all these
departments are together considered as agricultural aspects. Participation of various stakeholders
are increasing due to which political voices are being raised by rural poor people. In this scenario
agri-business sector is gaining high priority in which more vibrant and more urbanised countries
are created by the government in which significant transformation can be done. Besides this
improved conditions are not at all developing various objectives of the agricultural aspect.
Market failures are pervasive in nature due to which in agri-based countries social outcomes are
merely emphasised as desirable social outcomes are attained by this. The state is associated with
developing and providing such core public goods in which investment improving opportunities
19

can be admired in which under private sector natural resource management can be introduced. In
order to strengthen capacity of state new roles are being coordinated within various sector that
are needed to be developed by development agenda in order to empower and educate civil
society in which poverty can be reduced. Faure and et. al., (2019), stated that providing
empowerment to farmers may lead in engaging them in process of decision making in order to
provide effective support within agricultural policies. As poverty is associated with large scale in
which empowerment within poverty can be rendered. Besides this arguments are provided so that
overall responsibility can be provided in appropriate manner. There are various retailer those are
providing goods such as fertiliser, development agencies, seeds and many more. In these manner
farmers are having higher power to control the manner in which they are associated with farming
and measures of controlling livelihood. World bank indicated that in African countries there are
no clear vision rendered to empowerment for developing organisation as for various models this
is examined that development opportunities are providing conception over the stage of looking
significance changes in which models are taken to some forward looking approach. Various
conception of empowerment are defined as such outcomes by which rural families are targetted
within development projects. Education is defined as the other principles which enable farmers
to enhance their capabilities and skills can be enhanced.
2.2.4 Assessment of agricultural policies
In recent years this is witnessed that there are options for diversity methods in which
policies are evaluated and real assessment to agricultural policies are made so that to provide real
assessment to agricultural policies existed in Libya. This is indicating the real assessment of
policies that are being based on collecting data in structural and along with utilising diversity and
methods in a manner that real assessment over agricultural aspects are undertaken. On the other
hand scientific methods are totally based over structural analysis and this is the major reason of
forcefully in which human based agency approach can be used (Pe'Er and et. al., 2019). The
determining feature of some specific data collection method is used in which traditional and
meta-narrative analysis is executed. There are various factors which are related with political
economy as in this case certain concepts are judged. The post-mortem approach is based over
some episodes, peripheral events are included. This is related with social tradition and
institutional agricultural in which agricultural dominance is received so that there are various
challenges which are faced by agricultural and policies to consumptions.
20

In the present scenario, agriculture policies perform an important role and it is used to manage all
task in an organised manner. All growth factors define demand of food, fuel and feed present
different opportunities related with agriculture and government policies. All perspective that
address challenges define by formulation of appropriate policy this is easy to manage all work in
an organised manner. It also define about all task that provide better income support to persons.
It consider with increase in productivity as well as profitability it is easy to perform all work
towards target measures in order to gain long term results. Domestic policies changed over the
years and it explain all agriculture policies define about specific commodity that is related with a
particular region. By obtaining support related with agriculture trade this is easy to perform work
in a decided manner. This also refers all work that is managed define that specific commodities
which is related with organisation aids to develop about environmental outcomes that define
about development of outcomes to manage work in proper manner. Emerging economy develop
target that focus on services which is less productive. The existing policies review about
different departments that estimate and provide all information related with agriculture.
European Union as a whole is focused towards formulation of policies that is beneficial for
emerging economics and developed countries. On the other side, the in-depth interview discuss
about all strength and weakness which is related with particular market. All task that increase
number of policies to take actions. With review of all task related with policies this is easy to
manage work in a productive manner and it aggregates that agriculture policy is designed for
managing task related with food sector.
2.2.5 Agricultural policies in developing countries
The primary responsibility of the emerging and developing countries is to ensure that all of their
policies are flexible and sound. Further, the main aim of policy is to complete their task in proper
manner by performing all operations with a particular method. Their are different areas related
with developing countries and also most economic of a country depend on agriculture. This
define with analyse and induce investment in agriculture it is easy to perform all work in a
desired manner. It also include agriculture research, education and extension of policies related
with agriculture this is easy to improve employment opportunities and income level of a country.
On the other side, deficiencies impacts on agriculture and this include different development
failures and it results about all natural coming that generate false conceptions related with
agriculture. Their are different inappropriate development practices and approaches is
21

implemented among countries. It generally define about all those perspective by which
development related factors of agriculture face failure. Moreover, agriculture is explained as a
primary sector of a country and it undertakes about all those goals and objectives that aids with
economic resources. On the other side, industrialisation is adopted and attempted at high cost and
all policies which characterised about different resources related with a particular market.
Moreover, industrialisation impacts on all policies that aggravates about situations that is
extended with policies related with agriculture. On the other side, with discussion of all
development policy this is identified wrong assumption create problems to manage task
according to decided development plan.
2.2.6 Agricultural policies in oil rich developing countries
The main aim of this research is to provide a general perspective of the economy of the
countries in the Arabic region. A lot of focus is paid to the countries that have similar contexts to
Libya. Initially, it is important to provide an overall overview of the state of agriculture in the
Arabic countries. Many of the oil rich developing countries are mostly dependent on agriculture.
There are a total of 22 Arab countries that are located across different geographic locations
(Adnan and et.al., 2019). The different Arab countries occupy the area between the sub-Saharan
Africa to the south and the Mediterranean as well as Turkey to the North and between the Arabic
Gulf to the East and Atlantic to the West. It issues the methods utilized by governments to
change the economic and social framework within which agricultural production takes area: by
way of influencing the expenses of farm inputs and outputs, by way of enhancing agricultural
institutions, and through promoting new technologies in agriculture. The Policy seeks to
actualise the huge untapped capacity of Indian agriculture and ambitions at attaining a growth fee
in extra of 4 consistent with cent in keeping with annum inside the agriculture sector. It
additionally seeks to reap boom with equity, i.e., growth, which is sizeable throughout regions
and farmers.
The city population constitute about eighty% of the total populace in Bahrain, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, and Saudi Arabia and less than 40% inside the Comoros, Somalia and
Yemen. The average GDP of the Arab international locations is about 1,043 billion. dollars, and
p e r capita of GDP could be very high in oil-producing countries (Altieri, 2018). The vicinity of
the Arab nations predicted to be about 14 million rectangular kilometres; 87% of the entire place
is wasteland and shortage of land; renewable water resources are a dominant characteristic in
22

maximum Arab countries, whilst the rural zone fed on round 87% of the available amount of
water. Therefore, it can be said that Arab countries can come under three different categories
such as countries with surplus capital as well as a low population density. These countries also
include a poor performance of the different economic activities. Another category involves the
different countries with a high population density as well as severe shortage of the different
capital resources. These countries are primarily recognized by a traditional agriculture as well as
industrial base.
The other category of countries in this includes countries that have large oil revenues as
well as a large intensity population. The overall economy of the different Arab countries is
mainly based on agriculture. This is because all of the harvest that is grown in these countries are
mainly used for the consumption of people living there. Therefore, there is a need to develop
effective policies on agriculture in order to ensure that they are implemented effectively. The
policy makers in Arabic countries have to take into account certain factors while formulating the
policy (Holden, E., Linnerud and Banister, 2017). This can include need to develop herbal
resources, specifically water sources, the want to undertake new technologies regarding
agriculture, the want to enhance the effectiveness of farmer agencies’ aid for agricultural
production and advertising sports. The need to provide incentives to attract Arab agricultural
financial assets for funding in a suitable agricultural production surroundings and the want to
comfy peace, socio-economic stability and food protection in Arab rural communities are
different factors that must be stored in thoughts.
However, the “Arabic Spring” has precipitated a primary trade in political dictatorship
regimes that had ruled Arabic countries and impacted negatively on the progress of all sectors
together with agriculture. Hence, the new governments want to work across parallel lines: first of
all to create new rules; and secondly, to assess and repair the damages collected by previous
regimes. There are similarities to a degree among Libya and Saudi Arabia: the latter has the
identical climatic conditions and its financial system depends on oil. Saudi Arabia's financial
system is predicated on its oil but that the country has become privy to the significance of the
usage of oil sales to increase the rest of its financial sectors. Saudi Arabia has implemented many
rules and programmes to growth agricultural productiveness (Pjerotic and et.al., 2017). Arabic
countries are mostly covered with desert and it is difficult to carry out the process of agriculture
there. Therefore, it is important for the governments of the different Arabic countries to develop
23

effective policies regarding the same.
The GCC governments have to make direct investments in these different countries and
along with this, assist the private sector to take possession of the available agricultural land. In
search for the rich agricultural land as well as the available climatic conditions. Africa became
the best environment for investments; the GCC focused investment in the North and East of
Africa and the south of Asia, instead of within the United States and Europe. These important
exporting nations, because of distance, would involve immoderate shipping prices. According to
NCB capital, (2010) Saudi Arabia and the UAE have now emerged as leaders in acquiring land
in Third World countries. Media reports endorse that the 2, taken collectively, now hold 2.8 m/ha
by and large in Sudan, Pakistan, Turkey, and Indonesia. Again, Saudi officials have reportedly
had talks about investments in Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, South Africa, and
Vietnam. Therefore, it is important to make sure that different factors are taken into account in
order to ensure that the policy that is formed is in sync with the agricultural needs of the country.
Agricultural policy describes a hard and fast of laws relating to home agriculture and imports of
foreign agricultural merchandise (Schwerhoff and Sy, 2017). Outcomes can involve, for
example, a guaranteed deliver degree, rate stability, product pleasant, product selection, land use
or employment. Therefore, these are some of the requirements for developing effective
agricultural policies within oil rich developing countries.
2.2.6.1 Oil discovery and development of agriculture
There are different number of resources is required by the organisation for minimising the impact
of natural factors. It determines management identified profound and indicate about various
fluctuations due to change in oil prices. Due to higher and different fluctuations with national
income it is complex to manage all work and it results countries develop different task to manage
all work in an organised manner to manage revenue system. All the revenue which is flowed
identifies different kinds of resources. Agriculture defines about different perspective to manage
task in decided pattern for managing revenue related with existence of minerals and oils. There
are different kinds of resources exists and it considers management complete its task to perform
all task in decided revenue. Researcher performs their work to decided revenue and this rise
about different outcome. From formulation a formal model it is defined as a linkage approach for
analyse of natural resources related with development. The organisation defines about all tasks
with manufacture of those entire tasks that is used by an investigator for completion of their
24

work in an organised manner. Learning by doing perform an important role and it indicates about
all task which is used to manage resources related with agriculture to define about all task and it
makes about all goals and objectives to manufacture oil and it explain with development rate of
economy. Moreover, manufacturing define about all those aspects that co-relate with agriculture
and role of natural resources in development of factors through which task is managed to
perform task in an organised manner through reducing the learning factors that develop about
rate of manufacturing and agriculture factors. On the other side, there are different challenges
related with organisation through which task is managed through utilising resources and it
expose about different sectors that is related with economy. In most cases, this is identified the
co-relation related with exposed define that decline in exports from other sectors that is
connected towards oil industry. There are different sectors define about oil-exporting country
and it explain about all factors that is related with Mexico, different large organisation such as
large oil revenue coincide with various significant contraction of agriculture export sector. There
are different sectors defines about oil revenue aspects and this explains about different
agriculture factors to manage all task in proper manner that coincide towards agriculture sector.
There are different sector relates with oil revenue and this suffer about different area to manage
all work with those perspective that support to manage and perform all task according to decided
revenue. This also considers about different sector and it defines about different task to
completing work in proper manner. Moreover, the discovery about different natural resources
considers about all those exposed factors that is related with disaster. In most cases, individual
experience declares about role of agriculture productivity that is related with economic
development and it address two-sector model that is related with endogenous growth. The first
preference consider about non-homothetic and income flexibility related with command for
agriculture products related with unitary. Secondly, the engine which is managed with growth
consider about manufacturing sector. Closed economic predict about different positive link
which is managed with agriculture areas and economic growth. This also define about formalise
areas and this explain about revolution related with industry. Moreover, with analyse of open
economics, it is understand that negative link create problems that define about all those task
through which work is managed by performing work in an organised manner. This defines
person face different challenges to define about all those aspects through which work is managed
according to decided revenue. Rapid development defines growth strategy and plan which is
25

predict with growth performance. On the other side, there are various factors relates with
management of oil industry. This explains an investigator face different challenges but it impacts
on competitiveness factors that is related with oil industry and it explain non-tradable sector
create problems for sale and purchase of agriculture products. The prices related with imported
falls and it compares with domestic produced food and it results individual face different
challenges to manage their work in proper manner.
2.3 Chapter Summary
With understand of above factors this is concluded that there are less established and low
specific standards to determine different roles related with agriculture. By the development of
different nature this is explain that due to different degree of each country. On the other side,
agriculture policies are applied within each country. This define studies discuss about importance
of different aspects that improve performance of farmers and aids them to earn more revenue by
performing their work in different regions. Similarly, by analyse of all aspects related with direct
policies of farmers aids to manage task in an appropriate manner to gain finance support through
the use of subsidies. Moreover, there are different policies specifically that relates with
qualitative and quantitative from different country aids to identify all important factors which is
used to manage work in a decided manner. According to analyse and understand of different
policies all aspects which is related with agriculture sector helps to relate all economic factors of
agriculture and country with each other.
2.2 Importance of agriculture development in Libya
With the analyses of all oil and other energy resource this is analysed Libya is an oil
supplying country and most of the economic factors relates with oil resources. But the major
issue which is identified natural resources such as oil is limited and it impacts on the supply
factors of oil. This determines that the supply of oil cannot state same as the current usage in
future. It also define that rate of oil is unsustainable and it consider about finite limits of
resources. Therefore, sustainable solution is essential to identify for minimising the consumption
of natural resources. It also improves the number of resources that is related with usage of
different aspects that improve economic activity of country. Further, the central drawback that is
elucidated with dependence of entire economy that relates with economic activity, refining of oil,
consumption of products related with oil activities.
Irrespective of economy value it is understand that domestic production of country, this is
26

understand that there are different significant points relates with economic participations related
with individuals and residents. Different person contribute in the national production and it is
said everyone participate about all activities related with oil industry. This also asserted towards
formulation of suitable economic structure that is related with country and it is also used for
asserting and establishing all similar needs which formed by Libya. These engage and contribute
about majority of population that is related with productivity of population. Moreover, the
productivity of individuals is supported through mitigating all issue that is related with
overdependence and consumption of limited economic activities.
Within context of this research project all the information is consider with understand of
agriculture background related with Libya. The potential factors of Libya agriculture define there
are various potential aspects that is used for study about all factors aids an investigator to explore
agricultural possibility related with Libya. Before the identification of different oil resources
within Libya this is identified that researcher consider about all those values which is related
with environment. Weather, soil, water, electricity and other basic requirement related with
agriculture. This also consider about all those situations that is related with current situation and
potential factors related with agriculture. It also summaries about all details that address all
challenges which create problems for Libya oil industry. Along with this characteristic of the
Libya olive is produced by analysis of all supply factors that genetically increase and develop
technology factors relates with agriculture.
The drop within agriculture production, particularly related with Libyan crisis undertakes
different factors that set about all conditions for Libya’s and their increase in food imports from
the last two decade. FAO (Food Agriculture organisation) is explains as a United Nation
organisation to provide resources related with Libya. From the recent years, 2017, the major
intention which increases strength and capacity of the agriculture industry is to manage all work
in an organised manner for managing balance between oil and agriculture.
Sustainability is identified and defines about all work that relates with World commission O
Environment and development. In order to develop about all needs that is related with present
and without comprise ability of future generation for match with own needs. There are critical
factors which is related with research define about sustainable agriculture and different economic
diversification to match towards agriculture economic factors. It is also critical for management
to manage work according to depletion that manages country’s oil reserve to save about country
27

economic. All diversification factors also aids towards the development of populace and
economy inextricably.
2.2 Agriculture development
The term agriculture is explained as a complex and multi-face concept and this include
about various activities that is performed by farmers. There are different task relates with
represent about all activities which is considered with science farming, cultivation of groups in
the soil and rearing different animals for the productions of food and other products. Framework
and concepts which relates and associate with different concepts that engage natural
environment, labour and land productivity, economic etc. to perform all work for increase in
productivity of land. It also define economic concepts and all major aspects that are discussed
highlight about smaller farms to manage high land productivity, exploitation of family labour.
With increase in strength of country there are various roles related with coordinate sector refers
to perform and manage all work in a coordinated manner. This also increases about new roles
that are used to perform all tasks in a private sector. On the other side, civil society is required on
the urgent basis and if agriculture the improvement agenda define about all task in an effective
manner.
Agriculture defines about all those aspects and it is used to manage work related with researchers
for increasing the importance of agriculture activities. This also aids with modern-based
technology specifically with those parts that is related with science because it helps to
accomplish best results from the land. Moreover, important aspects related with agriculture
define about all those aspects that meet with multiplied same level inputs. It also considers with
national production and it explains about agriculture present towards development of economy.
Consumption required with population define about all those agriculture factors which is created
with healthy foods for develop of basis factors. The economic perspective, define that a country
produce significant proportion which is related with food need. Nation results with significant
foreign that makes longer results generate important factors to import and export about all needs
aids to fulfil needs of country. It also results significant foreign debt which is used for formulate
of important factors that helps to view about all factors which relates and generate about all those
aspect that view about all needs of country. It is also viewed as an aspect that impacts on oil and
gas manufacturing of a country. This also refers with less possess related with gas and oil in
future helps to manage resources when reserve are at depleted stage. Moreover, as a result of
28

importing products from different countries, international reserve comes to end stage with high
speed. This also define about appropriateness which is related with food is a major concern for
managing foods to perform all task with more efficiency. It also defines international reserve
management import and develops all those balances which is acquired for managing work with
use of excess that is related with capital and its accumulation of results by use of agricultural
exports to import about industrial products for performing work with use of capital. On the other
side, agriculture sector provide different aspects to analyse about all economic factors that create
and generate about all those factors that states with energy related aspects for performing work
with industrial products and use them according to capital requirement.
On the other side, all countries highlight and develop about an industrial sector on the land that is
utilised for agriculture. This also explains about those factors which are used to increase strength
of country economy but the industry support economic of country for a minimum time period
and sometimes it is also unstable. Like, change in government regulation creates problems for
industry to complete work in proper manner. On the other side, agriculture sector perform an
important role for improving economic aspect to manage work in a proper manner and it define
about economic resources to allocate all resources for completing their work in an organised
manner. This also helps to manage and complete all task with more efficiency through providing
all necessary food items. Further, food is the primary requirement of an individual and it explain
as a productive nation that is used to create healthy food from the basis. With understand of
economic perspective this is identified it is complex for a country to prepare food. So this is
mandatory for a country to depend on other regions to fulfil population food needs. On the other
side, there are three major roles performed by management and it define about all those factors
through which all necessary foods is gathered. Due to the dependence on other country it is
identified that foreign debt is identified when exports items is complex to produce. It is also
viewed as significant changes due to which country face different limitations within country.
This also explain about import of foods from foreign countries and it aids to manage all work in
an organised manner through performing task with more efficiency. On the other side, this is also
understand that the main role of agriculture development is to undertake appropriate actions that
aids individuals to minimise challenges related with health issue. This also define about all those
actions which aids to manufacture products in an efficient manner to manage work as per
decided objectives. Therefore, it is highlighted that all the countries are focused on developing
29

and expanding the industrial sector that is agriculture industry that comes into journey for
strengthening the department of agriculture sector. As per these, countries are not allocated the
resources to same sector instead of providing leveraging the economic resources to the most
effective sectors of the nation economy. According to the viewpoint of “(Swesi, El-Anis and
Islam, (2020)” It is to be noted that the majority of developing countries are mainly focus on
starting from the agriculture department. In this the core introduction of products based on
industry are represented the booming economy. In this there are several countries such as
Singapore and Hong Kong that are highly concentrated on the agriculture sector within the
process of development that helps in growing the profitability of economy. In this the major
issue is demonstrated that the developed countries are not effectively allocated the resources to
the industrial sector directly but in this the productive levels serves as a high concern. In this
when the level of productivity is to be increased within the agriculture sector that it is
automatically developed the required resources in all sectors within the agriculture field.
In Libyan the strategy related to agriculture development is very clear and set for the
development of whole nation. The main aim of setting and developing this strategy is to attaining
the goals in relation to developing agriculture. For this several goals are to be followed:
The main factor is to expanding the area that are cultivates through land recantation that
gives the high attention to water and soil studies. It is one of the major factors to develops the
agriculture development within Libya country so that issues related to importing from other
countries is to be resolved.
Secondly, this department is highly focus on protecting the agriculture field or soil from
erosion and controlling sand that are creeping by wind breakers. In this another strategy is to
increasing the agriculture production for raising potential crop productivity by effectively
utilising the fertilizers so that selected seeds are improved. In this Libyan also focus on following
advanced techniques in agricultural field so that high growth would by faced by a country (Vu,
and et. al., 2018). In this diffusing the knowledge within agriculture field government used
training and development session that was provided to farmers so that they have enough
knowledge regarding the agriculture field. This helps in done the work at agriculture field in an
improved and efficient manner.
2.3 Agriculture and economic indicators
Agriculture as well as economic development of a country relates with each other and
30

they are also associate according to developing country context. Within most of the developing
countries, it is identified major sector related with economy aids towards agriculture sector. This
define with overall increase among the agriculture sector aids to generate contribution sector of
economy through adopting all factors that relates with farmers and land. On the other side,
agriculture sector exists within the country and it aids to perform all task with more efficiency
through performing their task in an appropriate manner (Bausch and et. al., 2015). It also
consider that there are different benefits expected by the country within their agriculture
industry. This also consider about agriculture factors that is related with rural areas. Similarly,
agriculture sector aids to generate long term aspects through improving overall economy of a
country (Anderson, 2018). It is expected by organisation that there are different benefits
specifically to perform all work in a decided manner. This consider easy accessibility helps to
complete all task in a productive manner by adoption of particular factors that is used to increase
economy of country by focusing on rural areas of a country. All possible aspects which is related
with labour and land productivity helps to manage all work in a proper manner. It defines aspects
which are related with country focuses on a particular area that concentrated about all factors
through which work is managed in proper manner. On the other side, distribution sector of a
country related with different geographical factors in order to place all resources in a natural
manner. Further, significant changes across a country helps to perform work in a particular area
by analyse of prominent findings that is used to manage work in proper manner. On the other
side, due to intend factors it is analysed agriculture sector perform an important role and this is
used to spot sources related with higher development of agriculture sector. This is also not
intended with agriculture sector because this helps to overlook all sectors which is related with
agriculture. With obtaining support of agriculture sector, a country develop it's fundamental
concepts that improve economy of a country. Moreover, agriculture sector directly enhance GDP
of a country with increasing domestic production of different grains. Agriculture development
also refers to different specific procedures, reform and method which are applied among
agriculture sector for achieving specific goals. It is also important for a country to develop
agriculture sector because it is an essential part for improving economy. Agriculture
development also helps to achieve specific objectives by utilising all resources related with
farmers in proper manner.
In this the major concern is on the agriculture factor of many countries. In this several
31

countries are expected to create labour skills by advertising the agriculture related activities at
the rural level. Therefore, adoption of agriculture sector is highly crucial because it fulfils the
demands related to domestic requirements that could be possibly covered (Li, Gu and Yuan,
2016). In this several developing countries focus on using agricultural policies to develop their
sector for reducing the external pressures and complexities such as higher foreign currency
outflows along with interdependency of imports from another nearby nations. In this one of the
particular subjects is the adoption of economic field in order to overcome the challenges that
were faced by government in relation to maintain the economy. In this funding is a main subject
within the agriculture policies. In this, countries like japan, Hong Kong etc. where central
government includes financial resources to the mode of agricultural field that also helps in
attaining the objectives related to developing living standards. In this the more essential things
that was needed and required by the any country is to grow their agricultural sector because it is
the core of gaining profitable results within the economy. In this central government of the
country needs to contributes in the essential and needed funds within the agricultural field.
2.3 Libyan agriculture sector production
In terms of this factor it is reviewed that The Libyan agriculture field focuses on
developing a number of crops, the production cereals that is limited to barley, wheat along with
non – grain crops that mainly involves the olives, oranges, watermelon, dates, dry onions,
potatoes, oranges etc. Therefore, the production within the volume and value of the main crops
stated highly. In Libyan agriculture it is also noted in Libya because of unrests present in current
time there was a high drop in cereal crop that is around 10% (254000 tonnes) and because of this
country like Libya mainly emphasis on importing the cereal from another country that is around
90% that helps in fulfilling the demands of local consumptions. As Libya is a country that is
mainly depends on the imported food stuff due to this the level of imports of country is raised
heavily the imports of country which impacts the economy of country. In country like Libya,
agriculture seeds are sourced mainly through the farmer’s crops in terms of previous time. In
context of recent time the demand of crops are considered as unrest within the country because
of dearth in seeds and also the agriculture materials are merely costly in nature. However, in
Libyan the farmers within the agricultural sector are offered vegetable seeds from the united
nation food and agriculture organisation so that the inventory could be arranged in reasonable
32

cost (Shi, Shi, and Qiu, 2019). In every year the country mainly engages in importing around 150
tonnes of vegetable seeds, along with 345 tonnes of legumes, 20 tonnes of each barley and
wheat, around 8 tonnes of forages etc. In context of Libya’s, fisheries production includes the
range of products and raw materials. In case of Libya having tied up with Malta and other
various nations, number of Libyan commercial companies involves in exporting tuna to Japan
and Korea. Besides this the deep water fish and sardines both being exported to the nearby
countries like Tunisia, Malta and Turkey etc. In this considered the livestock production
involves 71000 camels, 1.9 million goats, 24.8 million chickens, 210000 cattle, 5.1 million sheep
in recent previous years.
2.4 Agriculture policies in developing and oil rich developing countries
It is very crucial for developing countries to highly emphasis on agriculture culture
because it will create job opportunities for their citizens. Therefore developing culture move
towards the maintenance of agriculture sectors because it is demonstrated as a major vehicle of
the sustainable development. Agriculture always plays an essential role within the economy of
country because it is the backbone of developing countries as it reflects the huge job
opportunities for people. However, agriculture policies are very crucial and prominent to
develops and attain the sustainable development objectives. Within this the OCED (2008) put
more emphasis on agriculture system along with its related policies because it is highly
prominent for presenting more economic opportunities that helps in eliminating the issues of
poverty within the nation that is a main aim and objectives of every and each country. In rural
areas of many countries are unemployed and does not have any employment opportunities that
impacted economic activities in negative manner to overcome with this issues many developing
countries mainly emphasis on agriculture policies so that sustainability and economic of the
nation would be maintained. In this the central government of these countries focus on
promoting the agriculture sectors in order to gain high economic opportunities to the people.
According to the viewpoint of “(Zambon and et. al., 2019)” it is highlighted that the most
developing countries have several issues and obstacles in order to attain planed objectives. In this
several obstacles are limitations in technological advancements, limitations in technology, capital
capacity, financial capital, lack of resources, lack of transport and storage facilities, lack of
marketing facilities and many more are the limitations of developing countries that faced by
governments. To overcome this issues developing countries highly emphasis on agriculture
33

sector that provides several opportunities to citizens of people. To develops the agriculture sector
the government of developing countries focus on adoptions of new technologies within the
agriculture processes so that high profitable results are enjoy by nation. In this new and
developed technologies are adopted to maintain the effectiveness of agriculture activities while
resulting in higher productivity. New and developed technologies and very useful to maintain the
effectiveness within the agriculture activities as it will results the higher productivity. For
instance- in a country, poor people cannot afford the expensive things for this government need
to focus on adopting updating technologies so that issues related to poor people are solved as
they get the job opportunities due to this living standard of developing people would be
enhanced.
However, according to the viewpoint of “(Zawisza, Prus and Beben, 2019” developing
countries may suffer from the various alterations within agriculture sectors of those nations.
Within this, absence of supporting policies from governments of nations could slow up the
developments and growth of agriculture sectors. In this the lack of research and development
within the agriculture framework would be reflected as a major conflict in developing and
growing the agriculture sector. In developing countries the lack of infrastructure is another issue
that represents the responsibility of developing infrastructure within the local governments in the
developing nation. It also demonstrates that the direct and indirect tax that is imposed by
governments would also create a blockage in developing agriculture field because it reduce or
deducts the income of farmers that indirectly affects economy of respected country GDP.
However, it is highly essential to reduce or ignore the taxes such as direct and indirect taxes of a
developing country need to do development within their agriculture sector. In terms of Arabic
sector developments within the agriculture policies are highly remarkable and difficult as
compared to various other regions within the world. In Arabian country the major reason of
facing difficulty is the shortage and lack of water, natural resources, water etc. all these resources
are essential for developing the agriculture department. For instance- in Arabian countries, there
are more desserts as compare to cultivate areas due to this development in agriculture department
is quite tough. In Arabian city around 87% of the land area is associated with the dessert area. In
terms of Libya, the population within the urban area is very limited that is around40% that
reflects the high population within the rural areas. In this respected country approximately 87%
of water is available for conducting the operation within the agriculture field (Global Innovation
34

Initiative for Sustainable Agriculture, 2021). Therefore, in addition to this the income of per
person is high as compare to the average income of country in many other oil rich Arabian
nations that also involves the country like Libya. Besides this the performance within the country
is mainly limited within non - oil industries in respected county due to which excess of capital
could not be utilised for economic activities ) (Dürr, 2016). Therefore, many of the Arabian
countries like Algeria, Iraq etc. are known for implementing and executing measures of
reflecting the benefits of public investments within agriculture industrial field. According to this
many Arabian countries are highly more downwards to the agriculture system that helps in
experiencing economic benefits. However, many countries have experienced th major changes
within the economic structure when they found the efficient quantity and quality of oil and gas in
the nation.
35

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