Detailed Literature Review and Analysis of Automotive Braking Systems

This report presents a comprehensive literature review on the evolution and development of automotive braking systems. It begins with an overview of the fundamental principles of braking, explaining how friction converts kinetic energy into heat to slow or stop a vehicle. The review then traces the historical progression of braking technologies, starting with early wooden block brakes used on steel-rimmed wheels and horse-drawn carriages, and their subsequent decline with the advent of rubber tires. It then discusses the development of drum brakes, including the contributions of Louis Renault and Gottlieb Daimler, highlighting their advantages and limitations such as excessive heating and complex maintenance. The report further examines internal shoe brakes, detailing their construction, advantages like simple design and small actuating force, and disadvantages such as limited heat dissipation. Finally, the review explores hydraulic braking systems, emphasizing the contributions of Malcolm Loughead and the application of Pascal's law. The report discusses the advantages of hydraulic systems, including equal braking effort and fewer mechanical linkages, while also acknowledging potential limitations like fluid leakage. The report concludes with an analysis of the current state of braking systems and their future development.

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Table of Contents
Literature Review.......................................................................................................................3
Methodology............................................................................................................................20
Analysis....................................................................................................................................35
Conclusion................................................................................................................................45
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Literature Review
In the literature review part, there’s the discussion of the different type of Braking System.
The development of the braking system for the different automobiles is analysed in the
literature review part. The braking system used to be different for the different purposes.
According to the necessity the development of the braking system used to be accomplished.
There is the development of the different type of automobiles as the time goes on. According
to that Braking System used to develop. The development of the braking system also depends
on the wheel of the particular automobile. If the particular automobile is having the wheel of
iron then in the starting phase wooden block Braking gets developed. There is the
development of Braking System on the basis of rubber tyre also. The Braking System for the
train also gets developed. In this way, it can be said that the braking system also depends on
the type of the particular automobile. As the time passes the development in the technology
and the innovation in the braking system also attained. Different manufacturers, engineers
and designers proposed the different type of Braking System. In such type of Braking
System, the development used to take place according to the time.
A brake is a mechanical device that can inhibit the motion of the moving object or the
system. The brake is particularly used in the vehicle, axle or the wheel to slow down that
particular object. The method that is used in the stopping of the vehicle, axle and the wheel is
done with the help of the friction.
The kinetic energy of the particular object that is moving is converting into the heat. The
friction between the two surfaces is generated and the conversion gets accomplished. In this
way, the braking system gets accomplished (Byun, 2017). Rotating axle of the wheel are the
areas at which brakes are applied. The variation in the application on the brake can be seen
like the surface of the fluid is the target for which brakes can be applied.
In the 18th century, it was tested to slow the momentum of the wheel or the vehicle was
accomplished. It is very hard to decide the inventor of the braking system due to the presence
of the different form of the brakes (Zhao, et. al., 2013). The innovation in the braking system
is the output due to the regular development of the braking system.
The proper control of the human on the motor vehicle was the goal that was decided at the
time of developing and testing the braking system (Saravanan, 2015). The evolution of the
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braking system was started in the 19th century. In the starting phase, the wooden block brakes
were developed. Then after the braking system gets developed as the time passes.
Wooden Block Brakes
 The wooden blocks that are present in this braking system are responsible for the
brake implementation for the stopping the vehicle. In such type of brakes only there is
one lever present that is responsible for stopping the motion of the wheel of the
vehicle.
 This method was very successful in the steel-rimmed wheels. This method was
used in horse-drawn. The normal speed that can be stopped with the help of such type
of brake is 10-20 mph.
 In the late 1890 Michelin brothers introduced rubber tires such type of brake lose
its market position (Keppy, 2018). This type of brake was not useful in the rubber
tires that’s why lose its market position and at the same time rubber tires gain the
popular in the market.
Drum Brakes
 Mechanical drum brakes were the brakes that are known as the foundation of the
braking system that is used in the modern times. This braking system was developed
in 1902 by Louis Renault. This person belongs to France. Cable wrapped drum
anchored brake was used in such type of the braking system that helped in the
development of the braking system further (Keppy, 2018). Gottlieb Daimler created
the concept of drum brakes.
 After that Louis Renault developed the drum brakes that became standard for the
car braking system. The drum brake is also called as internal expanding shoe system
and has the shape of cylindrical drum type.
 The main advantages of such type of the brake were production and the purchase
cost of such type of brakes was easier. This type of brakes can also be used with the
disc brakes (Keppy, 2018). The main limitations in such type of brakes were it
produces excessive heating that may cause heavy braking and this can cause
distortion.
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 Another limitation is Because of the thermal expansion, the diameter of the drum
may increase. Excessive heating can also cause brake fluid to vaporize is another
drawback that was considered.
 Maintenance is quite complex as it takes much time. After that the in the year of
1950, there are using the drum brakes wears, brakes mandatory physical change until
the outline of self- regulating drum brakes.
 In the year of 1953, the Jaguar fielded cars that are armed with the disc brakes at
the Le Mans, in that the larger share due to their larger braking over the drum-arm
rivals. In the United States, the Jeep CJ-5 was the final automobile to; get obverse
drum brakes when it was phased out in 1984.
Internal shoe brakes
 After that, there was the development of the internal shoe brake. After the
invention of this type of the brake, all braking system is installed outside the vehicles.
This type of brake is having two type of shoe (Monopoli & Giordano, 2012). The
outer surface of the shoes is having the frictional material. This is accomplished so
that there will not be any wearing that used to occur at the time of the application of
the brake.
 The shoes are pivoted at the one end that makes is having the contact on the other
end of the cam. In this way, the structuring of such type of braking system is done. At
the time of the application of brake, the torque is produced that results in the slowing
of the speed of the drum.
 The spring is present in this braking system which is held off to the position of the
shoe. This enclose of this braking system is the drum. This is the type of enclosure
that used to protect the mechanism from the dust, moisture and water (Kümmel, et.
al., 2018). This is the type of the brake that is used in the cars and the trucks.
 The left-hand side shoe is known as the primary shoe in which the drum used to
rotate in the anti-clockwise direction. The right-hand shoe of this brake is known as
the secondary shoe. This is the type of shoe that is also called as trailing shoe while
the primary shoe of this type of brake is known as leading shoe.
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 Such type of brake is requiring very less advantage that is an advantage of this
type of a break. Another advantage of this type of brake is simple construction. There
is a small number of parts present in such type of brakes (Röhling, 2016).
 The small actuating force in such type of brake can produce large braking torques
that help in the slowing the speed of the vehicle instantly.
 The dust particle and the moisture are unable to enter in such type of brake.
Talking on the terms of the reliability of this type of brake such it is quite fair that is
helping in the increasing of the ability of such type of break in the market.
 It is the type of braking system that can be available at the reasonable cost.
 The heat dissipating capacity of this type of brake is very less. This is resulting in
the heating of the braking system (Röhling, 2016). This is the big disadvantage of this
type of braking that can’t be ignored at any cost.
Hydraulic brake system
 With the application of the hydraulics, the brake can be applied. This is the
braking system that used to works on the four wheel brake system. This type of
braking system was developed in 1918. Malcolm Loughead provides the concept of
this type of brake.
 The force is transfer in the shoe of the break with the help of the Lockheed. In this
process, the use of cylinder and tubes are also used (Röhling, 2016). This process is
done when the driver presses the pedal of the brake.
 This is the type of braking system that used to require very less effort for the
application of the brakes. In 1921 this braking system that was first fitted in the
Duesenberg car.
 In the starting phase of application of this type of brake in the cars, there was the
problem of the leakage of the fluid. This problem was solved by the Maxwell Motor
Corporation. This company used to produce the rubber cup seals for such brakes (Lv,
et. al., 2014). This helps in eradication of the problem of the leakage.
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 The improved design of this brake was launched in 1923. Maxwell-Chalmers car
was the main user of this type of brake that used this braking system. This car used to
provide the facility of upgrading the braking system at $75 more than the total cost of
the car. Chrysler cars are the type of the brake that used this type of brake from 1924
to 1962.
 After this many other cars were equipped with this type of the brake. Dodge,
Plymouth REO, Franklin Graham DeSoto, and Chrysler’s were many of the car
manufacturing companies that used this type of braking system for their cars (Wang,
et. al., 2013).
 Ford and the General motors were the main player in the automobile sector that
doesn’t use this type of brake. They were stuck on mechanical brakes. The General
motor used four-wheel mechanical brakes from the mid 30’s in the twenty century. In
1938 ford and the general motors both started to use the hydraulic braking system.
 The hydraulic braking system works over the Pascal law and refers to the drum
brakes, then this arrangement contains the hydraulic trundle cylinders, brakes shoes,
brake drum and the brake shoes.
 At the time when the brake lever is practical the two bent brake shoes that have
the friction substantial lining are involuntary by the hydraulic helm cylinders in
contradiction of the internal surface of the revolving brake drum.
 There are different types of advantages that can be seen for the hydraulic brakes.
There are 4 different cylinders present in such type of brakes. In all cylinders, the total
braking effort is equal (Midgley, et. al., 2013). There is no load of braking on the
particular one cylinder. This is the advantage of this type of Braking System which is
not present in another type of brakes that are discussed above.
 There are very fewer chances of wear of the brake. The reason behind this is
because of the load on all 4 cylinders at the time of braking.
 The system construction of this type of brake is also very simple. There is the
presence of less number of mechanical linkages as compared to the conventional type
of brake System.
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 If there is the situation in which little application of force is accomplished then in
return obtaining the high output force can be the result. This helps to repair of such
type of brakes. Therefore it can be said that there is a mechanical advantage in such
type of brake.
 There can be different disadvantages and the limitation of this Braking System
also. They can be the situation in which can leakage can be possible in this type of
Braking System (Park & Choi, 2013). The liquids used to be slight but it can cause a
great effect on the Braking System.
 The hydraulic brakes can be suitable for the application of intermittent brake
which is a disadvantage for such type of Braking System.
 The actuation speed in such type of brake is slow as compared to the pneumatic
brake. Because of such type of limitations, there is the need that arrived at the past
time to use a different type of brakes that can overcome the different limitation
(Ezawa, K., & Raksincharoensak, 2014).
 Fluids used in this brake are messy; Fluids might leak from hot areas and cause
spark out. Serious injuries may cause due to their burst. Highly corrosive in nature.
Regular change of filters and seals are required.
Disc Brake
 The disc brake was invented in the year 1898. The other above discussed Brake
was used before that disc brake in the car and other automobiles. This Brake gained
popularity after many years of invention.
 Elmer Ambrose Sperry was the automobile designer that used to design cars and
other Automotive. This man designed disc brake first time for the electric car. In the
starting series, the technology used in such type of disc brake is limited to slow down
the speed of a bicycle.
 In such type of brakes, a calliper is present that used to pinches a disk or rotor. In
the starting time, nobody used to patent this idea (Singh & Sharma, 2014). After a
decade English engineer patent this idea in 1902.
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 This Brake was made of copper. In the starting time is copper Brake used to create
horrible sound. The copper lining used to move against the metal disc that results in
the generation of such type of horrible sound from this type of Brake. This problem
was solved by the English designer Herbert Frodo.
 The lining of the pad was done with the asbestos that used to long last for any
time. This results in no sound creation at the time of application of the brake.
 Till 1980 this type of freak but not used by most of the cars. The acceptance of
this type of brake was widely accepted in Europe.
 When the vehicle capabilities and the speed capabilities started increasing then
there is the situation of acceptance of this type of Brake in the vehicles (Riaz & Khan,
2016). In Europe, this type of Brake was started used by the vehicle manufacturer
from 1950.
 Disc brakes were firstly used in the Hydraulic function. Crosley Motors were the
first manufacturers of the automobile that started to install and fit disc brake as a
braking system. These brakes were made by the auto specialist manufacturing
company for Croxley Motors.
 Twin disc was used in the starting fit of the disc brake in the vehicles. This type of
brake used to rub against the cast iron interiors. This helps in the creation of the
friction those results in slowing down of the speed of the motor vehicle.
 The application of this type of brake instantly slows down the speed of the
vehicle. This type of brake used to produce friction more than a drum brake. Bendix
started to provide the standard design of the disc brake in the vehicle (Entezami, et.
al., 2012. This is standard design was a four-wheel disc brake that provides a high-
quality performance in slowing down the speed of the vehicle for which it has been
fitted.
 V8 lark model was fitted with disc brake was having the tremendous capacity to
stop or slow down the vehicle at the time of application of the Brake.
 As the time passes on there used to be the innovation and development in the
automotive industry. Therefore engine cc used to become hire in the car. There used
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to be the situation in which speed of the cars used to become. This results in failure of
the drum brake in slowing down such high speed automotive at the time of brake
application (Patra & Datta, 2012). This results in the implementation of disc brake in
the automotive. In this way, disc brake used to gain popularity.
 From the 1960 many automotive manufacturers used to install a disc braking
system in the automobiles and vehicles. The replace of the drum brakes started
accomplishing in the scenario of the automotive industry worldwide.
 The acceptance of the disc brake was quite popular in the Germany and Japan.
Germany’s Mercedes Benz and Japan’s Toyota started disc brake installation in their
automobiles.
 Other manufacturers of automobiles that started use of disc braking system in the
automobile Nissan, Renault, and Volvo. In this way, these type of brake became
feasible for the installation in automobiles (Coetzee, 2015). This type of brakes is
having the great advantages.
 There are the different types of advantages that can be seen in the use of disc
brake. With the help of disc brake, easy inspection can be accomplished. The
particular individual that is the owner of the particular car not have to remove the
wheel for looking up the disc brake. The supporting power of such type of beak is
also good as compared to the drum brake. In the drum brake to supporting power is
not as much that is present in the disc brake.
 Such type of brake is a self-adjusting brake. This results in the great acceptance of
such type of brake in the automotive industry. There is a choice of a conversion kit
that is present for the particular individual who can change over the drum brake. The
particular individual can install disc brake in the car (Crippa & Tupputi, 2014). This
situation helps the particular individual in attaining more efficient Braking System.
 The disc brake used to accomplish ok slowing down the speed of the wheel of the
automobile in a very efficient manner as compared to all above braking system that is
mentioned.
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 It is also cost effective that provides to ease to purchase such type of braking
system in their car. If the particular individual chooses the car having the front wheel
installed with disc brake and rear wheel with drum brake is also a good choice. In this
situation, the particular individual has the choice to replace the drum brake in for the
time.
 The overall safety can be provided to the persons that are sitting in the particular
car because of installation of the disc braking system in the car. There is very less
effort required in stopping the vehicle that is having the disc brake as compared to
another type of brake.
 The generation of the heat by disc brake is less as compared to the drum brake that
is an advantage of disc brake over the drum brake. The maintenance of the disc brake
is easy as compared to the other brakes that are mentioned above.
 That disc brake used to be cool down faster as compared to drum brake. The brake
drum can be cut in the situation if the wear brake shoe is not replaced in the proper
time (Riese, et. al., 2017). Therefore it is very necessary to replace it in the case of a
drum brake.
 The same problem is not in the disc brake. The case of a skid in the disc brake is
very negligible. The case of skilled is more in a drum brake, hydraulic brake.
Therefore this case is an advantage for the disc brake.
 In the hard braking condition disc brake is the safety brake. In the hard braking
condition the locking of the rear wheel is the situation in the drum brake which is not
present in the disc brake.
 The presence of brake pad wear indicator is an advantage for the disc brake which
is not present in the drum brake.
 There are more skills required in using the disc brake. In the drum brake that
much skill is not required which is required in the disc brake. This is the reason
behind of not using the disc brake by many individuals as compared to the drum
brake. Therefore some of the individuals used to prepare drum brake instead of disc
brake (Zhang, et. al., 2012).
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 If there is the situation in which air remains in the disc brake then this can cause
an accident. In the situation, the brake will not work properly those results in the
accident for the particular person that is driving a car or a vehicle.
 The Assembly of the disc brake is having a more moving part as compared to the
drum brake.
 Structuring of the disc brake is quite complex as compared to the drum brake. The
great efforts are required in the maintenance of such type of brake. The change of
brake pads is also time-consuming as compared to the same situation in a drum brake.
 The disc Rotor should be checked that it is contaminating or not. If there is the
situation in which the contamination of the oil is occurring then cleaning of the
surface is required. This is the maintenance that can be accomplished by the particular
individual for Disk Brake (Park & Choi, 2013).
 It should also be checked that scare, wrap or crack occurs to the disc brake. In
such situation like cracking the only option with the particular individual used to
remain is the replacing of the Braking System.
 The calliper mounting like pins, bushes and bolts should be checked. If there is an
investment that is required should be accomplished so that brake can work efficiently.
Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)
 Anti-Lock brake system or anti-skid brake system replaced the big problem that
used to occur at the time of braking. This Brake removes the problem of locking of
the Brake at the time of application of Brake.
In the previous Braking System, there was a situation in which Brake used to get a lock that
stops the whole functioning of the automobile. It is a safety feature that is implemented in the
Braking System (Shoukry, et. al., 2013).
 This safety feature used to analyse the speed and for that analyses that when the
accomplishment of the locking occurs at the time of Braking.
 There are some of the tools are required to develops the ABS braking system in
the vehicles. This literature review contains the details about the costing of the ABS
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