History and Analysis of Estate Regeneration in UK: Literature Review

This literature review examines the history of estate regeneration in the UK from 1990 to 2017. It explores the evolution of urban regeneration policies, highlighting key programs such as Housing Action Trusts (HATs) and the New Deal for Communities. The review discusses the context of post-World War housing needs and the emergence of regeneration as a response to overcrowded slums and public health concerns. The Castle Vale regeneration in Birmingham is presented as a case study, detailing improvements made through HAT initiatives, including demolition of tower blocks and construction of new homes. While acknowledging the positive changes, the review also points out limitations, such as the failure to solve deprivation and the high costs of intensive community support. The review references a wide range of academic sources, including journal articles and books, to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic.

LITERATURE
REVIEW

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
History of estate regeneration in UK from 1990- 2017...............................................................3
History of Urban regeneration policy from 2000-2017...............................................................8
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................10

LITERATURE REVIEW
History of estate regeneration in UK from 1990- 2017
According to Tallon, (2013), some of the estates are in need of repair and investment
which is beyond the normal limit (Tallon, 2013). Repair is needed due to various reasons such as
condition, faults in design, age etc. Estate regeneration has emerged as concept that involves a
wide range of activities that include replacement of buildings, refurbishing, constructing
additional housing etc (Börstinghaus, 2011). Before undertaking these activities, there is a need
for in-depth engagement with the residents. As per the views of Lees, (2014), the practice of
regeneration contributes to improving the living standards of residents. Moreover, it also
provides additional benefits of job opportunities, improvement in safety conditions, better
schools etc. (Lees, 2014).
Haran and et.al., (2011) explored the history of estate regeneration in UK. According to
them, many London housing estates were created so that the devastation caused by the World
Wars could be tackled (Haran and et.al., 2011). Various national estate regeneration programs
included creation of Housing Action Trusts known as HATS in the year 1980. Also, New Deal
for Communities was made in the late 1990s and early 2000s. These steps were efficient at
providing significant physical and social investment in the housing estates. Bailey, (2012)
explored that during the pre- war period purchasing of a new house in Britain was expensive to
the extent that it was only reserved for the wealthy section of the population (Bailey, 2012). With
the population growth, search of employment became a necessity which lead to relocation of
masses to the big cities in. Ultimately, they were pushed into the slums which were already
overcrowded. This led to emergence of a number of public health concerns that were raised by
the middle class people who were concerned about the spread of diseases.
Regeneration of Castle vale in Birmingham
A remarkable process of transformation has been experienced by the Castle Vale over the
past 15 years. The regeneration began in the year 1993 when Castle Vale was considered as a
‘hellhole’ that suffered with a number of design and build problems. The most vulnerable
housing applicants were paced in the area. These were the people who lacked choice and had
immediate need of housing facility. This created a tension between the longer established tenants
and new people who were moved to this place. Moreover, the alleyways were ill-lit that provided
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spaces for making escape from the scene of crime (Municipal Dreams, 2016). As a result of this,
the incidents of crime increased in this area. However, regeneration process undertaken by
Housing Action Trust (HAT) in the year 1993 brought a number of improvements in the
deprived neighbourhoods of the area. Tower blocks were demolished and construction of 1500
new homes was undertaken. Community warden scheme was implemented for improving the
safety and cleanliness of Castle Vale.
Weaknesses
Although a number of successful aspects surround the work that was undertaken to
transform Castle Vale, however, it has some limitations as well. The regeneration, though,
brought slight improvements, but it did not solve the problem of deprivation. Improvements in
the area of educational achievement were not considered by the regeneration project of Castle
Vale. This is because it is a challenging task and hence it is difficult for a single organization to
deliver it (Shaw and Robinson, 2010). Secondly, HAT took a programme of intensive
community support that was extremely expensive. It cost about £198 million of the funding
provided by the government.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Bailey, N., 2010. Understanding community empowerment in urban regeneration and planning
in England: putting policy and practice in context. Planning Practice & Research. 25(3).
pp
Bailey, N., 2012. The role, organisation and contribution of community enterprise to urban
regeneration policy in the UK. Progress in Planning. 77(1). pp.1-35.
Campkin, B., 2013. Remaking London: decline and regeneration in urban culture (Vol. 19). IB
Tauris.
Codecasa, G. and Ponzini, D., 2011. Public–private partnership: A delusion for urban
regeneration? Evidence from Italy. European Planning Studies. 19(4). pp.647-667.
Couch, C., Sykes, O. and Börstinghaus, W., 2011. Thirty years of urban regeneration in Britain,
Germany and France: The importance of context and path dependency. Progress in
Planning. 75(1). pp.1-52.
Haran, M. and et.al., 2011. The performance of UK regeneration property within a mixed asset
portfolio. Journal of Property Research. 28(1). pp.75-95.
Jones, P. and Evans, J., 2013. Urban regeneration in the UK: boom, bust and recovery. Sage.
Kort, M. and Klijn, E. H., 2011. Public–private partnerships in urban regeneration projects:
organizational form or managerial capacity?. Public Administration Review. 71(4).
pp.618-626.
Leary, M. E. and McCarthy, J., 2013. The Routledge companion to urban regeneration.
Routledge.
Lees, L., 2014. The urban injustices of new Labour's “New Urban Renewal”: The case of the
Aylesbury Estate in London. Antipode. 46(4). pp.921-947.
Rachel Lombardi, D. and et.al., 2011. Conceptualising sustainability in UK urban regeneration:
A discursive formation. Urban Studies. 48(2). pp.273-296.
Roberts, P., Sykes, H. and Granger, R. eds., 2016. Urban regeneration. Sage.
Rogers, C.D. and et.al., 2012. The urban futures methodology applied to urban
regeneration. Proceedings of ICE Engineering Sustainability. 165(1). pp.5-20.
Shaw, K. and Robinson, F., 2010. Centenary paper: UK urban regeneration policies in the early
twenty-first century: Continuity or change?. Town Planning Review. 81(2). pp.123-150.
Smith, A., 2012. Events and urban regeneration: the strategic use of events to revitalise cities.
Routledge.
Tallon, A., 2013. Urban Regeneration in the UK. Routledge.
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Tyler, P. and et.al., 2013. Valuing the benefits of urban regeneration. Urban studies. 50(1).
pp.169-190.
Wallace, A., 2010. New neighbourhoods, new citizens? Challenging ‘community’as a
framework for social and moral regeneration under New Labour in the UK. International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 34(4). pp.805-819.
Cameron, S., 2017. Neighbourhood management: linking ‘neighbourhood renewal’ and ‘urban
renaissance’. [Online]. Available Through:
<http://www.sbi.dk/eura/workshops/papers/workshop2/cameron.pdf>. [Accessed on 6
April 2017].
Municipal Dreams, 2016. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2016/04/05/5078/>. [Accessed on 18 April
2017].
Castle Vale, Birmingham, 1994 to the present. 2009. [Online]. Available Through:
<http://www.futurecommunities.net/case-studies/castle-vale-birmingham-1994-present>.
[Accessed on 18 April 2017].
Anger over Walsall council homes 'promise'. 2010. [Online]. Available Through:
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_midlands/8539493.stm>. [Accessed
on 18 April 2017].
The Manor Estate, Sheffield: ‘the worst estate in Britain’?. 2014. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2014/11/18/the-manor-estate-sheffield/>.
[Accessed on 18 April 2017].
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