Leadership Practices and Effectiveness: Literature Review

This literature review examines the multifaceted aspects of leadership within higher education, particularly focusing on the University of Melbourne. The review delves into the effectiveness of leadership practices, emphasizing their impact on student development, institutional success, and the creation of a positive learning environment. It explores various leadership models, such as the hierarchy model, and highlights the importance of effective leadership in fostering student engagement, motivation, and career opportunities. The review also discusses the role of leadership in the tertiary sector, emphasizing its significance in service delivery, resource management, and the establishment of a strong organizational culture. Furthermore, it addresses the benefits of leadership in educational institutions, including improved communication, resource allocation, and the alignment of individual and organizational goals. The challenges faced by universities in maintaining effective leadership practices within Australia are also considered, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic.

Literature Review initial draft

TABLE OF CONTENT
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................3
Theme:1 The effectiveness of leadership in Universities............................................................3
Theme 2: Role of leadership in tertiary sector.............................................................................4
Theme 3: Benefits of leadership in University of Melbourne.....................................................6
Theme:4 Challenges faced by the University of Melbourne while maintaining effective
leadership practices within Australia...........................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

LITERATURE REVIEW
Theme:1 The effectiveness of leadership in Universities
According to Bonfield, Salter and et.al., (2020), in higher education leadership is the
most important factor which is needed to be considered by the educational institutes from which
the excellent results can be obtained. It is important because it delivers the proper discipline and
develops the sense of responsibility between the students which overall supports them to get the
better career opportunities and decision in effective manner. However, there are many
universities in Australia who are required to consider the leadership practices at their place so
that they can gain the effective outcome and results. There are many and different kinds of
effectiveness of leadership which can be obtained by the Universities of the Australia and can
obtain the profitable outcome. Leadership management is developed and implemented because it
helps in the learning of the students and create a positive environment which overall results the
universities at successful level. Leadership management is significant because it helps the
students to enhance their knowledge and education in effective manner from which they can
grow and develop their career accordingly. It helps the students to feel confident and can perform
lots of activities including studies and learnings. Accordingly, it also supports the students to
build and create a networking with the professors and authorities which will let them to convey
their ideologies and issues directly to the leaders which will make the learning surroundings to
appropriate manner.
Similarly, Ahmad, (2018) said that effectiveness and the efficiency in the higher
education is dependent on the public authorities by creating the frame work that is appropriate
for the achievement of the higher education in the institutions. For the achievement of the
effectiveness in the higher education the organization the institution requires with the appropriate
sources of funding to facilitate the facilities related to the working for the achievement of the
effectiveness in the organization. The organization might face the challenges, for that the
institution will require with the flexible governance that helps in balancing the autonomy of the
education in the greater ways for the stakeholders of the educational institution. Universities of
the Australia can implement and adopt the effective strategies and tactics for the leadership
development at their institutes which can help and support them to acquire the appropriate results
and outcome respectively. However, hierarchy model of leadership management can be obtained

and applied by any Universities as it is teacher centred model where the direction and control is
done by the teacher or leader themselves for the betterment of the students career and future
areas. In this kind of model, leader can take the appropriate decision and ideologies to deliver the
appropriate learning and education to the students and can obtain the excellent remarks.
Therefore, it becomes important for the Universities of the Australia to understand the concept
and effectiveness of the leadership skills and abilities and can adopt them at their higher
educational institutes which helps to drive the performance level at definite manner.
Newman, Neesham and et.al., (2018), stated that adopting the leadership at the higher
educational sector will provide the effectiveness to the institutes at helps them to grow in definite
manner. Implementation of the leadership management at the educational sector will lead the
students to get inspired with their leader and can show their interest in communicating and
interacting with them in definite way. Leader can become a role model for many of the students
and can help them to improve their knowledge and understanding level at respective manner.
Also, it will help the students to become familiar with being recognized by the leaders at the
institute which creates a different image and reputation of the learners and enable them to
acquire the study accordingly. Becoming a leader is not easy and simply as it requires different
and various skills and abilities which leads the leader to deliver the appropriate information and
education to the students from where the bright future of the students can be seen. Along with
this, in higher educational sector developing the leadership management in effective manner will
create a disciplined environment where learner scan focus on their study materials and can obtain
the goods marks at the time of examinations. Leadership is the best approach for the universities
of the Australia from where the students can get the better and excellent opportunities in their
future time and can build their reputed image as well
Theme 2: Role of leadership in tertiary sector
As per Silva., (2016), leadership is a very important factor or skill that is relevant in each
aspect or sector of life. Leadership does not only mean leading a group of people or individuals,
the concept is way more broader than that in particular. And in the business sector of the society
this skill or function in particular plays a very important and key role. Leadership refers to not
only one thing but a bunch of things in particular. Leading a team refers to management of the
overall team, enhancing the communication and interaction levels within the team in particular,
betterment of the team members, inclination of the full team towards a single goal that is to be

achieved by the team, linking the individual goals of the team members with the common goal to
make it more attainable or achievable in particular. But this quality is not everyone and can not
be performed by any individual. For implementation or application of effective as well as
efficient leadership within a team or an organization the leader should have proficient leadership
skills. Or else the team will move in the opposite direction and the goal will obviously not be
achieved and many other issues such as the increase in the levels of chaos and stress will also be
faced by the team or the organization overall. Which will obviously hinder the quality of the
working or the performance of the company or the team and then the project they are working on
will be hindered too.
According to Grint and Jones., (2017), leadership is important because of many major
reasons in particular and one the key reasons among those many reasons is motivation of the
team members that working in the team and the achievement of or the attainment of the common
goal that the team is working or gathered for in particular in a manner that is effective and also
which is efficient as well. Good quality and proficient leadership within a company can help or
support the company or the team in particular to establish better culture and also better
communication and interaction within the team or the overall organization in particular.
Leadership basically plays a very important or relevant role in the all the sectors of business in
particular. All the sectors include the primary sector of business, secondary sector of business,
tertiary sector of business and quaternary sector of business as well. Every sector of the business
requires leadership. It is one aspect that should compulsorily be implemented within the
organization in particular. No matter what sector it belongs to, the only requirement is that if the
business desires to grow and develop the leadership that is implemented within the business
should be effective, efficient and mainly should be proficient and in accordance to the demands
or the requirements of the projects that the organization is specifically or particularly working
on.
Kisgen., (2017) states that, tertiary sector is basically the sector within an economy that
specifically provides services to the customers in the marketplace in particular. It covers a wide
range of services though, the services can namely be in the sectors of commerce, transport,
administration, education, real estate, healthcare services, social work, business service, financial
services or activities and personal services as well. Leadership being an important or a relevant
factor in each of the sector of business also plays a crucial role or a critical role in the tertiary or

the service sector as well. In this industry the major job of the aspect of leadership in particular is
to review the progress on a regular basis, this can particularly be of the service providers or the
service collectors, it can go either way. Also, to make decisions that are based on the priorities of
the business or the organization and lastly, also commit he resources for the purpose of building
the blocks within a service culture in particular. If the leadership that is implemented or applied
within the organization in particular is effective and efficient as well, then the roadblocks that the
service culture has been facing can also be removed through this in particular. These are the
major benefits of implementation of effective leadership within an organization that is working
in the tertiary sector of businesses in particular.
Theme 3: Benefits of leadership in University of Melbourne
According to Northouse., (2021), leadership is necessary in the education sector of the
society. Specially in big universities that have a wide impact on the students, teachers and overall
society in particular. In such universities or educational institutions in particular the process of
educational leadership is used in particular. Educational leadership basically refers to the process
or procedure which is collaborative and which particularly unites the forces of the teachers and
the talents of teachers as well, and the students as well as the parents too. For the major purpose
of improvising the quality of the education that is being provided and mainly to enhance the
quality of the overall education system that is used within the organization too. The major
benefits that an effective and mainly good leadership has in particular is that it implements the
vision as well as the values, it boosts the morale of the individual that are working and learning
under the guidance of the particular leader, it ensures that the communication that is happening is
effective and is also open so that there is no biased behaviour among the employees of the
organization and the service receivers as well, it also helps or supports in enhancing the levels of
motivation among the service providers which in universities are the teachers and the senior
management that handles major processes of decision- making in particular and the service
receivers that are mainly the students and the parents of those students respectively.
As per Jovanovica and Ciricb., (2016), leadership is also helpful and allows to provide
the appropriate and the suitable resources within an organization in particular. Through effective
leadership there will be optimum utilization of the resources and also the needed resources will
be provided without any delay. In every organization that has a huge number of financial
transactions happening within their organization, an example of which can be the universities

that cover a wide variety of courses, students and are huge and well- known as well as, well-
established too. Such universities have a lot of cash flows happening within their organization
and to keep a record efficient leadership skills and proficient leadership skills which are reliable
and not biased are required. Also, the leader that are efficient help in enhancing the quality of the
performance of the team as well and also support them in achievement of their individual goals
by linking them to the overall organizational goals in particular. Such leaders also support in the
process of creation of the organizational vision, goals as well as purpose in particular. Hence,
leadership is considered to be very beneficial for huge organizations that have diverse functions
and also have wide variety of situations or conditions to particularly deal with.
Ioannou. And et.al., (2019) states that, there are many benefits of effective leadership to
educational institutions. And an institution which is as big as the University of Melbourne,
leadership is not only beneficial but also a necessary and relevant requirement of the
organization in particular. This is required by either parties the service providers as well as the
service receivers too. Also, one of the benefits that efficient leadership implementation
particularly has on the working of the organization in particular are not only important the
impact it has on the recognition as well as goodwill of the institution in the eyes of parents and
students is also a very crucial factor. Through enhancement of the positioning of the educational
institution in particular it is required by the organization to inclination of individuals and their
interest as well to take admission in the institution. Effective leadership also leads in
development and sustainability of effective marketing strategies within the organization or the
educational institution in particular.
According to Humphrey, Burch and Adams., (2016), it is stated that the major motive of
such big educational institutions is to enhance the quality of education that is provided by them
to their students to get impressive results and further enhance the goodwill of the organization
and increase the number of students taking admission into the university in particular. Which
means the core requirement is to improve the quality of education that is provided by the
teachers of the university in particular. Through efficient leading techniques, methods or
strategies it is possible to understand the requirements or the needs of the students and working
in accordance to their requirements which will increase their levels of interest in the university.
Therefore, the major benefit of leadership application or implementation is increase in the

profitability of the educational institution or organization through effectively bringing the
targetted traffic to the university. And then this cycle in particular goes on and on.
Theme:4 Challenges faced by the University of Melbourne while maintaining effective
leadership practices within Australia
As per the view of Bradfield, Hauck Homer and et.al., (2022), it has been analysed that
University of Melbourne is obtaining and facing different challenges while implementation of
the effective leadership practices at the place. In general, leadership management is one of the
major factor which an individual workplace and organization is required to understand and put
some relevant efforts for gaining the appropriate outcome and results. However, leaders have a
major responsibility and duty of guiding and directing the people under them to improve their
performance and can drive the organization at successful level. Accordingly, the university of
Melb is facing some complex issues and challenges for implementing the accurate leadership
activities which can simply guide the students and people to put their efforts from which they can
get the definite results and outcome. University of Melbourne does not have the accurate
knowledge of the leadership management from which they are getting the difficulties. However,
the major issues is identified is communication challenges. It has been already known that to
work at any place, it is important to make the better relationship and appropriate interaction
between the people and management from which the accurate conversation can be done.
University campus is needed to keep their focus on the communication level from where the
students, professors and leaders all can interact with each other in fine manner and can create a
better learning environment. From the view point of the author, communication should be very
accurate and proper from where only the students and professors can convey their ideologies and
speech in definite order.
At another side, McGaughey, Watermeyer and et.al., (2021) said that it is not important
to do the proper communication and interaction with the people at the University whereas, the
effective leadership management can be done without the communication approach.
Accordingly, internal challenges is one the major issue which makes the workplace to do not put
the effective leadership arrangement at the campus. It has been examined that most of the time,
University of Melb face challenges due to internal challenges which makes the campus to obtain
the difficulties in implementing the leadership practices at definite level. Internal challenges
simply includes the areas where an individual is not able to stay positive and faces

disappointments which makes the leader to grab the issues at wider manner. Due to high pressure
of the work and arrangements, leaders and management of the University gets frustrated and let
down which makes the leadership arrangement improper. However, by staying calm and positive
and creating a proper planning for the effective leadership management which can help and
support the University to implement the effective leadership activities at the campus and can
finely direct the people at successful level. Also, it has been analysed that sometimes leaders
also gets confused while taking any decision for the betterment of the people at the place and
from getting the different views of the people makes the management confused which developed
the challenges for them to put the effective leadership arrangement respectively.
Similarly Marzban, Durakovic and et.al., (2021), stated that the above discussed
arguments by the author is appropriate and relevant which states that University of Melb is
facing the challenges while implementation of the effective leadership management. However, it
has been analysed that communication and internal challenges both affects the leader to deliver
their best guidance and control over them and results the University in negative manner.
According to the view of author, competency challenges is also one the potential challenges
which is faced by the University of Melb within Australia. The competency challenges includes
the hard-decisions, management of the resources and learn to delegating. In general, leaders
obtain the difficulties in making the hard decisions which overall can make the business
objectives to get upset. Thus, in University they are unable to take the effective and hard decision
for the campus where they are essentially needed to put their major focus and consideration over
the leadership management. It is significant for each workplace and university to develop the
leadership arrangement at their place which will deliver and provide the appropriate results and
outcome to the organization and profit them in definite way. For developing the effective
leadership at the place, the University of Melb is required to take some relevant actions and
strategies from which the effective leadership activities can be performed from which the
outcome can achieved in respective manner. Therefore, for getting the appropriate achievement
from the University they are needed to put their best efforts and appropriate strategies for the
growth and development of the organization.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Ahmad, S., 2018. Can ethical leadership inhibit workplace bullying across East and West:
Exploring cross-cultural interactional justice as a mediating mechanism. European
Management Journal. 36(2), pp.223-234.
Bonfield, C.A., Salter, M., and et.al., 2020. Transformation or evolution?: Education 4.0,
teaching and learning in the digital age. Higher Education Pedagogies. 5(1), pp.223-246.
Bradfield, Z., Hauck, Y., Homer and et.al., 2022. Midwives’ experiences of providing maternity
care during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Women and Birth, 35(3), pp.262-
271.
Grint, K. and Jones, O.S., 2017. Leadership: Limits and possibilities.
Humphrey, R.H., Burch, G.F. and Adams, L.L., 2016. The benefits of merging leadership
research and emotions research. Frontiers in psychology. 7. p.1022.
Ioannou, C.C. And et.al., 2019. Predators attacking virtual prey reveal the costs and benefits of
leadership. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116(18). pp.8925-8930.
Jovanovica, D. and Ciricb, M., 2016. Benefits of transformational leadership in the context of
education. The European Proceedings of Social & Behavioural Sciences EpSBS.
pp.497-503.
Kisgen, S., 2017. The future of business leadership education in tertiary education for graduates.
Stuttgart: Steinbeis-Edition.
Marzban, S., Durakovic, I., and et.al., 2021. Learning to work from home: experience of
Australian workers and organizational representatives during the first Covid-19
lockdowns. Journal of Corporate Real Estate.
McGaughey, F., Watermeyer, R., and et.al., 2021. ‘This can’t be the new norm’: academics’
perspectives on the COVID-19 crisis for the Australian university sector. Higher
education research & development, pp.1-16.
Newman, A., Neesham, C., and et.al., 2018. Examining the influence of servant and
entrepreneurial leadership on the work outcomes of employees in social enterprises. The
international journal of human resource management. 29(20), pp.2905-2926.
Northouse, P.G., 2021. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.
Silva, A., 2016. What is leadership?. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly. 8(1). p.1.
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