Exploring Career, Education, Migration & Lifestyle: Literature Review

This literature review examines the interconnected themes of career aspirations, education frameworks, migration policies, and lifestyle changes, particularly in the context of international students. It begins by highlighting the increasing vocational orientation of higher education and the emphasis on graduate employability. The review then delves into career perspectives, focusing on the skills required by employers and the challenges faced by international students, such as loneliness and cultural adaptation. It further explores the impact of Australian education frameworks on international students, the linking of skilled migration with international education, and the motivations and expectations of students migrating to Australia, ultimately affecting their lifestyle. The review synthesizes existing research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the academic and professional trajectories of international students.

RUNNING HEAD: Literature Review
Literature Review

Literature Review 1
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Career Literature Review.................................................................................................................2
Education Literature review.........................................................................................................5
Migration Literature review.........................................................................................................6
Lifestyle Literature review...........................................................................................................7
Language and background knowledge.........................................................................................7

Literature Review 2
Literature Review
Introduction
Higher education has become more vocationally oriented in the past few years. The expectations
of both employers and graduates have changed and therefore employability and graduate
outcomes are being more emphasized. This, in turn, reflects the changing nature of employer’s
expectations of the graduates and higher education market.
Policies have been designed in Australia for the purpose of encouraging the skilled on- shore
migration in order to fill targeted professions shortages. This programs further aims at
encouraging overseas students for completing degrees that can enable them to get specific jobs in
Australia. Application for permanent residency of the international students is also given
additional points in cases where the students are engaged in completing relevant degrees. This, in
turn, has significantly increased the number of international students pursuing accounting
courses. A significant part of the students studying in the business fields are the international
students.
Career Literature Review
Career can be defined as the system of attitudes and behaviors that is independently perceived
and is associated with experiences and occupational activities over the individual’s life period. It
can further be described as the evolution process of acquiring experience and skill in the work
domain. A number of South Asian international students have considered accounting as the
booming career and therefore are attracted towards it. There are a number of expectations and
values of the students going in different countries for completing their studies. The behavior of
different people is different and they also take action in diverse ways. On the basis of their own
qualifications, people arrange employment for themselves. Similarly, the students who go out for
studying in foreign countries also have a chance to work and create a better future for themselves
(Suutari and Brewster (2000).
Two main stakeholders are involved in the accounting career namely employers and
professionals/ students. Skills constitute an integral part of the accounting career and therefore it
must be developed by the students for the purpose of meeting the expectations of the employers.

Literature Review 3
This will further assist them in progressing in their career. Professional skills and traits cannot be
easily developed by the students with the help of accounting programs (Kavanagh and Drennan,
2008). According to Langenderfer and Rockness (2006), ethical training is not required to be
provided to the students for the growth in the accounting domain. Ethical knowledge can be
imparted to the students in this field by following the approach proposed in the research. The
research discusses the reasons why the subject discussions have been ignored in the study
programs. Moreover, it proposes the solution to the issues in incorporation of the subject and
teaching ethics in the program curriculum. The framework should perform the function of
motivating the students for the purpose of making ethical decisions.
Some researchers also reflected that loneliness is suffered by the international students as they
belong to different cultures and region. There can be a number of reasons behind the loneliness
suffered by them and one of such reasons is lack of connectivity with friends and families and
loss of social networking. Social and personal level loneliness influences the working capacity of
a person. The differences in culture create a problem which can only be resolved with the help of
networking between the local and international students.
The educational and growth outcome of the students is also affected by the personal and
environmental motivation. The motivation level is greatly impacted by the environmental
conditions offered to the international students. The support received by the student from friends
and family is also major factor that impacts the personal motivation. The educational results of
those students are low which are not receiving support from the environment and are personally
less motivated towards their career. On the other hand, the students that are getting support from
the environment are able to get better academic results. Therefore, there is a major relation of the
conditions suffered by the students and their success (Dennis, Phinney and Chuateco, 2005).
The research of Gu, Schweisfurth and Day (2010) provided for the adaptation and development
of the student in new cultural and educational setup. It further provides that there is interlink
between the social networking, language, growth and development of the students in a
complicated way. These factors are required to be effectively managed as human development
and intercultural adaption is dependent on these. Career growth is the result of promotion,
opportunities, location and benefits. Furthermore, the development and cultural adaptation is also
impacted by the psychological factors and personal traits (Brown, 2016).

Literature Review 4
Immense stress is experienced by the students during their international travelling experience.
The research provides that the stress experience by the European students is less in comparison
to the Asian students. Stress is contributed by a number of factors such as social support attained
by the students, social connectivity and language barriers experienced by them. Stress is caused
to the international students when they are less proficient in English language causing barriers in
communication ultimately leading to lack of social networking and therefore resulting stress
(Yeh and Inose, 2003).
The sources of self- efficacy and its measurements are discussed in the research of Anderson and
Betz (2001). The social motivation and emotional state of the professionals influences their
learning and development. Multiple factors are linked with the career development and therefore
directly or indirectly influence the learning experience. The traits of learning and teaching
produce a profession’s signature pedagogies. Training is provided to the professionals for
thinking, taking actions and performing work with integrity. The pedagogies discussed in the
research of Shulman (2005) are relevant to the practitioners of the accounting profession. Career
can be developed in this field with the help of these pedagogies.
The changes in the technological and business fields have brought the relevant change in the
accounting fields as well. The changes are taking place in the accounting practices and education
field is required to take the necessary steps with the view to effectively handle such changes.
With the passage of time, decisions will be taken in this profession with the help of technology
thereby broadening skillset and work of such professionals. The career opportunities for the
students can be enhanced by way of incorporating analytical and interdisciplinary subjects in the
education system (Howieson, 2003).
The skillset of the employees demanded by the employers and business communities are also
changing. Soft and technical skills are demanded in a balancing ratio in the business
environment. Employability and career have a connection between them and both the concepts
work in unison as confirmed by the research of Yang (2007) and Di Pietro (2013).
An increase in the importance of presentation, communication and interpersonal communication
skills have been noticed in the accounting field. The changing business environment can be
easily absorbed by the students having soft skills. Soft skill building must be incorporated by the

Literature Review 5
academic setup for assisting the students in gaining success in the accounting field (Di Pietro,
2013).
Globalization and technological domain has changed the educational setup completely. The costs
have also increased with the passage of time. The increase in the scope for such universities
along with the cost analysis has been discussed by Morey (2004). This research further explains
the career opportunities and advantages.
Education Literature review
Consequences of the Australian Education frameworks have been traced by this research paper
in the context of the international students. A number of international students are attracted by
Australia from different countries for the purpose of facilitating anticipated callings deficiency
and keeping up its financial use (Wang, Whitehead and Bayes, 2016). There is a long history
possessed by Australia with regard to the advancement of wellbeing informatics. The world
wellbeing informatics got affected by the Australian supporters in various territories along with
institutionalization, programming improvement, strategy advancement, assessment and training.
These advancements have been written about by Health Informatics Society of Australia (HISA)
and Health Informatics Conference (HIC) which is conducted once in a year constitutes a
number of points regarding wellbeing informatics. Various segments are covered in the subjects
of the wellbeing framework from intense and essential care to open and deterrent health.
The global students were not spoken in a similar manner by Australia due to the probability of
getting a foreign bookkeeping capacity. The changes as planned to be made to the skilled
movement procedure marked ideal on time in the year 2010. It further has proposals for setting
up connection between migration and accounting guideline.
With the seriousness of the advanced education framework for delivering the talented nationals
as per the need of the 21st century, the governments are reacting and perceiving to social and
financial changes taking place worldwide. The impact of globalization on advanced education
organizations and singular governments are also ending. Two conceptual analyses are there in
the finishing up area i.e. the definite dialogue of the advanced education change by Australian
governments and the changes taking place in South Africa’s advanced education with the
changes in contemporary world. Reform and globalization in higher education aims to firmly

Literature Review 6
handle the present situation in the advanced education foundations worldwide, challenges and
issues to be managed, etc.
Migration Literature review
Distinct and new pathways have been created by the linking of skilled migration and
international education in Australia. Since the year 1998, student switching policies have been
developed that favors the international students as they are considered to be the potential
migrants. Extra migrations points have been included in these policies regarding new visa
categories and Australian qualifications that provide permission to the students to switch their
status as a migrant from a student by way of applying for onshore permanent residency. With the
help of these policies, key outcome and key motivation can be provided by the migration options
for a number of international students who study in Australia. 66 per cent of Indian students and
38 per cent of the Chinese students who graduated in the year 2002 obtained permanent
residency at the 2005 Australian International Education Conference Birrell (2005, as cited in
Baas 2005). 65 per cent of the international students aim at applying for the permanent residency
status according to the graduate surveys (Tilbrook, 2007). Permanent residencies issued visa
subclasses of overseas student is now outnumbered by those applied from offshore.
1 % of the former international students who applied in big four received an offer. Moreover,
570 entry level accountants were employed in the year 2007 by the manager of recruitment at
KPMG (People and Place, 2008). 450 applications were received from the international students
in Melbourne and 500 applications were received in Sydney. However, the appointment of only
10 applicants was made. Beverly Jackling conducted finding regarding this matter and the
findings were consistent with this outcome. Interviews were also conducted by Jackling with
major accounting employers.
Beverley Jackling (2007) researched regarding the fact that the policies of the Australian
governments directs the international students for studying certain discipline types where there
ae skill shortages. The results have been researched in the paper regarding the employment of
international accounting students in Australia. A survey was conducted among the second year
accounting international students in a Melbourne based university for the purpose of obtaining
the feedback of employers of accounting graduates. 84 % of the international students made
attempts for the purpose of seeking permanent residency in Australia and thought that the study

Literature Review 7
of accounting will help them in seeking such status. The employers feedback suggests that such
graduates cannot considered to be work ready for graduate employment.
Lifestyle Literature review
The research provides that a number of students from different parts of the world come to
Australia with different motivations and expectations each year. However, this leads to change in
the lifestyle of the students. Australia is considered to be a safe and secure English speaking
country which provides opportunities of experiencing new lifestyles and cultures to the students
(Rahmani, 2006). The main perspectives of the studies regarding student’s expectations of their
lifestyles are health, religion and social life.
Language and background knowledge
The concept of globalization is associated with the requirement for international standard
language. The desire for continuing the education in foreign countries has been revealed by the
studies specifically in English – speaking countries. Various studies were conducted on
acculturation and adaptation of overseas students abroad, some of them emphasized on barriers
and social difficulties faced by such students in Australia (Novera, 2004).
The knowledge and education of the local language have been given prime importance by
numerous studies for attaining social adjustment and academic success (Novera, 2004; Sawir,
2005; Hellsten, 2002). The requirement for socialization and communication gets impacted by
the quality and type of pedagogy acquired domestically (Sawir, 2005; Robertson et al, 2000). As
a consequence, academic success is impacted by the incapability of making full participation in
class discussion. Due to this, lack of confidence may result in the overseas students as a result of
loneliness and stress (Bretag et al, 2002).
The importance of the adaptation of students to cultural and social environment has been
highlighted in the study of Novera (2004). The study of Hellsten (2002) further provides that
state of reputation and social confidence results in shaping the academic adaptation of the
students.