LS5015: Kinematic Analysis of Technique in Sport & Exercise Science

This report presents a kinematic analysis of technique in sport and exercise, focusing on biomechanical principles and their application. The study uses 2D video motion analysis to collect data on weightlifting and squatting exercises performed by three male participants. Qualitative and quantitative methods are employed to analyze the motion, including angular displacement, velocity, and acceleration. The report details the procedures, measurements, and calculations, including the Strength to Weight Ratio (SWR), and relates the findings to existing literature and software analysis from Kinovea. Limitations and recommendations for future research are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of proper warm-up, technique, and training to prevent injuries and enhance performance. The study concludes by highlighting the benefits of biomechanics in sports and exercise for improving performance and preventing injuries.

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Biomechanics
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Biomechanics
Kinematics explains motion in terms of pattern and body movement. It examines the
response of forces resulting from motion. Various techniques are used in sports and exercise, for
instance, observing any abnormalities in motion. Mathematical analysis involves measurements
of different variables. The muscle activity is seen in the heavyweight lifters when the participant
squats due to the force of gravity.
Kinematics is the exact description and helps in understanding biomechanics of motion in
human. The analysis consists of the study of how human walk, their running style, their
movement, collecting and evaluating data from sport and exercise. The physical concept entails
direct observation of motion without the use of numbers thus it is required to come up with a
clear observational plan. Biomechanics in sports examines movement during exercise which
helps to reduce the number of injuries that might occur during sports (Harriss, & Atkinson,
2015,p. 1121-1124. The main reason of this study is to increase performance and fix issues in
sports by identifying proper equipment to be used like shoes, proper fields and also identify safe
methods to be used during exercise. The aim of this analysis in sports is to give knowledge to
enhance performance and reduce injuries during the activities. Sports like hockey and rugby are
assumed to cause more injuries but a study has to be done to prove it. The figure below is an
estimation of angles when one is on the flow

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Methods of biomechanical from the Kinovea software
The videos were captured sideways so that that video can be clear. The camera was
perpendicular and the distance between it and the photograph was 4.5m. The speed that was used
in capturing the video was 45km/h. This was to help capture a quality video. The estimated
distance in the hight of the camera was about 1.4m from the ground. Methods involved in this
analysis are qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative analysis focuses on non-numeric data (Fung,
Mok, Leow, Yung, and Chan, 2018). Data is based on human behavior, estimation and
observations. The study helps us to answer questions like how in accordance with human
behavior, making decisions over what perspectives, what are the considerations or what is
observed. In addition, it puts into consideration things like descriptions, metaphors and
mentioning the characteristics without using mathematical data (Hewett, Ford, Xu, Khoury &
Myer, 2016). The data involved in qualitative analysis includes steps like viewing the study a
multiple of times, interpreting at a different perspective, constructing check list and showing
organized results of the study.
Motion that is in an object that is rotating can be examined using angular displacement,
velocity and acceleration. Quantitative analysis helps to understand the norm of using numerical,
statistics research and measurements. This is aimed at giving an analysis in mathematical figure (
Dewitz, Yildirim & Klein 2018). The method involves collecting, measuring and evaluating the
information. When data is taken is collected in numeric it puts research instrument together to
explain the concept. the information is always collected using an organized method. All the
elements are sketched before the data is collected. Information is represented inform of charts,
figures or tables. When submitting a report on the study, the participant considers the events and
happenings during the study and the methods used to achieve the results. The equipment used in
the analysis included weight loads of different sizes and Olympic bars.
The exercises involved three male participants in weight lifting and squatting exercise.

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The above photograph was captured at a speed of 45km/hr.
The first participant who has a total weight of 60kg lifts 40kg which takes him longer to
squat. When lifting heavy weights, the high muscle level reaches at an angle of 90 degrees of
knee flexion that helps to determine that a muscle rests where the arm of the upper body causes
resistance. The participant uses the Olympic bars to measure the diameter of the surface being
used for the exercise. The weight of the lifters determines the strength of the participant and how
they resist against the force. The position of the participant varies in different sets as they take
different angles (Kenney, Wilmore & Costill, 2018 p. 3146-3151).
Procedures
The image shows speed that was used when lifting the load up words in meters per second.
In weightlifting, first warm your muscles. Do not ache your back, strain your neck or any
other body part during motion in order to reduce injuries and make the exercise more efficient.
Take a deep breath then lift it. In squatting, stand straight with legs slightly apart. Make sure the
stomach muscles are tight by putting your stomach back while standing chest lifting and pulling
on your abdominal muscles. Straighten your legs on standing position, lower your knees down
and keep the body straight as low as you can without leaning on the upper body. Repeat the
exercise twice. Observe the participant motion, angles and the time taken. Measure the angles
and the time taken by each participant (Mok, Bahr & Krosshaug, 2018, p.157-167).
Measurements taken from the exercise
The time taken when taking the video was 12mints at a speed of 45km/hr the exercise the
measurements obtained are time in seconds, angles, number of sets, body weight and the weight

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of the load. The ideal Strength to Weight Ratio (SWR) as a percentage will be calculated from
the obtained measurements.
Calculations
Ideal Strength to Weight Ratio(SWR) = Strength/Body weight X 100%
Where Strength is the amount of weight one can lift.
Session 1(heavier load lifting)
Acceleration = the change of velocity/time taken
First Participant SWR = 40/65 X 100km/hr
= 61m/s
Second Participant SWR = 60/75 x 100km/hr
=80m/s
Third Participant SWR = 80/85 x 100km/hr
=94.1m/s
Session 2 (lighter load lifting)
First Participant SWR = 20/65 X 100km/hr
=30.8m/s
Second participant SWR = 40/75 X 100km/hr
= 53.3m/s
Third Participant SWR = 60/85 x 100km/hr
=70.6m/s

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Graph presentation of the result in the video.
According to table one, when lifting a heavier load in the first session of the weight
lifting exercise, the first participant uses eleven seconds in two sets, the second participant uses
six seconds while the third subject uses seven seconds in the same number of sets. When lifting
lighter loads in the second session, the first subject takes five seconds while the second and third
subject uses six seconds each.
Table 1. Time taken during the exercise and angles estimated during squatting exercise
Participants No of sets and Time in second Angles in degrees

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reps speed velocity acceleration speed velocity acceleration
1st 2 11 5 6 120 130 130
2nd 2 6 6 4 10 15 15
3rd 2 7 6 4 30 45 45
This shows that the first participant with a less body weight uses more time of eleven
seconds as compared to the second and third subjects that takes little time to lift the load since
they are stronger than the first subject. When squatting, the first participant uses six seconds
while the second and third subjects take four seconds each in two sets. The squatting angles in
the first weight lifting exercise of the first, second and the third subjects are 120, 10 and 30
degrees respectively while those in the second weight lifting session are 130, 15 and 45 degrees
respectively.
Table 2. shows body weight of participants and weight of the loads lifted.
participants Body weight (kg) Weight of the load (kg)
speed time
1st 65 40m/s 12km/hr
2nd 75 60m/s 40km/hr
3rd 85 80m/s 60km/hr
This shows that the first participant squats at a higher angle when lifting the load since he
is lighter in the body weight, the second and third subject’s stretches at a less angle since they are
stronger than the first participant but the second subject is more flexible and therefore is able to
stretch to a lower angle. In squatting activity without weight loads, the first, second and third
subjects lower to angles of 130, 15 and 45 degrees respectively. This shows that the second
participant is much flexible and is also used to doing exercises since he can squat to a smaller
angle in all sessions (Orakwusi & Obidi, 2015).
According to table two above, in determining the ideal Strength Weight Ratio (SWR) We
find that the first participant has little body weight on 65kg thus lifts less weight loads of 40 and
20 kg in the first and second sessions respectively. The second weighing 75kg lifts 60 and 40kg
loads in the first and second sessions respectively while the third subject with 85kg lifts 80 and
60kg loads in the same sessions thus in determining the Strength to Weight Ratio the first,
second and third subjects have 61kg, 80kg and 94.1kg respectively in the first session while

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30.8kg, 53.3kg and 70.6% in the second session. This shows that the first subject is less strong
and the second and third participants are stronger though the third subject has more strength than
the rest and that’s why he has high percentages of strength to weight ratio.
Relationship of the results to findings from kinoveas software
According to the readings that were obtained from kinovea software the angles were able
to be seen only if the clips are slowly played. In previous literature, body weight percentage was
used to determine the mass lifted by the participants in the study( Bone & Shambes 1992). This
applies to the conducted study exercise since different loads were given to different subjects
depending on their body weights. Body preparation before sports or exercise is important in
reducing injuries. Squatting exercises is advised to be used for building leg muscles for the lower
margins. Benefits of squatting outweighs the risks that can result from exercises. This is the same
as the research conducted on sports and exercise since the participants are advised to lift
manageable weight loads.
Limitations obtained and their critical consideration.
Warming should be done before any exercise in order to prepare the body for activity.it
also reduces chances of getting injuries during exercises through dilation of blood vessels.
Straining of body parts and muscles should not occur since it can cause injuries and hinder
efficient exercise (Payton & Burden, 2017). When squatting the body should be kept straight
when lowering down, bending the knees as low as possible without leaning on the upper body to
avoid damages and fractures. The participant should be trained on the exercise done. Heavy
loads can outstretch the muscles and injure the body parts. This can also happen in squatting
exercise since falling can occur if not done in the right way (Scott, Duthie, Thornton and
Dascombe, 2016, p.687-698).
Recommendations
Further research should be done to find better methods to enhance exercises and to reduce
injuries resulting from sports and exercise. Studies should examine how various sports promote
health. Participants are highly recommended to frequently exercise in order to boost their health,
improve flexibility and fitness (Weiss and Whatman, 2015, p. 1325-1375)
Conclusion

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This study generally helps us to understand the concept of Biomechanics in sports and
exercises. The researchers are able to understand the benefit of sport science and enhance mental
performance during sports. The research is done in connection with physical exercises and to
help come up with methods that prevent body injuries.

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