A Dissertation on Lung Cancer in Adults (30+) in the United Kingdom

This dissertation examines the issue of lung cancer among adults (30+) in the United Kingdom. It begins with an acknowledgement and table of contents, followed by an abstract that summarizes the study's focus on the effectiveness of government legislation and policies in reducing lung cancer rates, highlighting the role of smoking and other environmental factors. The introduction provides an overview of research, rationale, significance, aims, objectives, and chapter structure. The methodology chapter details the research philosophy, approach, design, data collection, analysis, ethical considerations, and limitations. A literature review explores the number of lung cancer cases, contributing factors like smoking and environmental pollutants, and existing legislation such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. The dissertation evaluates the effectiveness of these policies. The results, conclusion, and recommendations chapters present findings, draw conclusions, and suggest strategies to minimize lung cancer. The study emphasizes the impact of tobacco smoking, passive smoking, and other factors, and discusses government interventions like the Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act. The rationale underscores the increasing lung cancer cases and the need for effective interventions. The study's significance lies in informing government policies and raising awareness to create a smoke-free environment. The research aims to analyze the causes, government legislation, and effectiveness of existing policies to reduce lung cancer incidence among adults in the UK.

DISSERTATION
Lung cancer in adults (30+) in United
Kingdom

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge my gratitude and sincere regards to my seniors and professors those who have
supported me in completing this dissertation. The guidance that I have received from my parents,
family members, friends will always be an inspiration for me. Initially I was very confused and
under confident because I was not having any idea about causes of lung cancer and legislation to
minimize it. But I am grateful to my professor who have given me proper guidance and have
helped in developing my knowledge. I like to thank my peer group those who were with me and
has supported me in gathering secondary information about the topic. Without their support I
would not be able to complete this study on time.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.............................................................6
Overview of research..............................................................................................................6
Rationale of study...................................................................................................................8
Significance of the study........................................................................................................9
Aim and Objectives..............................................................................................................10
Chapter structure..................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................12
Introduction..........................................................................................................................12
Research philosophy.............................................................................................................12
Research approach................................................................................................................12
Research design....................................................................................................................13
Data collection......................................................................................................................13
Data Analysis........................................................................................................................14
Ethical consideration............................................................................................................15
Reliability and validity.........................................................................................................15
Research limitations.............................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................17
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................17
3.2 Number of lung cancer cases in adults in UK................................................................17
3.3 Factors that develop lung cancer....................................................................................18
3.4 Current legislation made by government to control over lung cancer cases..................20
3.5 Effectiveness of current legislation and policies in order to tackle lung cancer in United
Kingdom...............................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................23
Results..................................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.....................................................28
Conclusion............................................................................................................................28
Recommendation..................................................................................................................30
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................33

APPENDIX 1.................................................................................................................................37

ABSTRACT
Health issues is the major problem in the United Kingdom, smoking has become the major
reason of increasing health problems in the population. Present study discusses effectiveness of
government legislation and policies in order to decrease lung cancer in UK. In the starting of the
study scholar gives facts and statistical records that shows increasing rate of lung cancer in the
country. In the current study scholar has described various actors that increase chances of lung
cancer in the human body. These factors are such as smoking, polluted environment, diesel, dust,
silica, radon gas etc. All these are major causes due to which number of lung cancer cases are
increasing day by day. Later on dissertation emphasised on legislation that have been made by
government to tackle such issue. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, radon act is being
described in this dissertation. Effectiveness of these regulation and polices have been illustrated
in this dissertation

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
Overview of research
As per the latest figures it is shown that smoking rates in UK is continuously declining
since 2010. Earlier to that, there were many adults and young people those who addicted to this
bad habit, it was the major cause due to which lung cancer case were increasing in the UK.
Before 2010 adults smoking cases were high but in the year 2016, it was found that 15.8% adults
smoke in UK (Bhaskaran and et.al, 2014). As per the report of office for national statistics
(ONS) this rate was 17.2% in the year 2015. Current statistical records show that 15.5% adults
are in England, 18.1% in Northern Ireland, 17.7% in Scotland and 16.9% in Wales those who
smoke regularly.
Lung cancer or carcinoma is the tumour in lungs which is cause due to uncontrolled cell
growth in tissues of lung. Through metastasis process this tissue growth spread beyond lung and
affect near parts to lungs as well (Moyer, 2014). Due to this medical illness person gets suffer
from weight loss, breathing problems, chest pain etc. The main cause of lung cancer is long-term
tobacco smoking. Only 10% cases are here those who are non-smokers and suffering from this
disease otherwise maximum cases are due to excess smoking. As per the report of world health
organization 17.4% people have been diagnosed with this issue who have survived five years
after this diagnosis. Tobacco smoking, passive smoking, marijuana smoking are the main factors
which increases chances of cancer in human being (Torre, Siegel and Jemal, 2016).
Tobacco smoking has become the major reason of death across the world (World Health
Organization, 2015). Around 100 million people died every year due to excess use of tobacco
(Frazer and et.al, 2016). Over the past few year's government has made strong legislation to ban
smoking. Tobacco Smoking is considered as a leading cause of lung cancer, 90% lung cancer
risk arise due to use of cigarette. It contains chemicals materials that increase chances of cancer
in human body (Zheng and et.al, 2014). Authorities have taken huge action in order to minimize
this risk. Federal Cigarette labelling and advertising act 1965, public health cigarette smoking act
1970, Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act 2009 were made by government.
These legislations were developed with the intention to control lung cancer so that death rate in
the nation can be minimized (World Health Organization, 2015). There are many people those

who are in high risk. Adults age between 30 are considered as high-risk group and they suffer
from the lung cancer. In the age of 30-35 people smoke in excess and they live in such
environment where they have to face issues. They get engaged in wrong habits which increase
chances of lung cancer in this group of people.
As per the view of (Frazer and et.al, 2016) in the year 2014, 46,403 new cases of lung
cancer were found by the authorities. It has shocked the nation that number of cases are
increasing with a rapid speed. It was approx. 13% high as compare to last year statistics. As per
the statistical report of 2014 it was found that 77.9% male candidates get suffer from lung cancer
due to excess smoking whereas 66.0% female are suffering from this illness. According to Frazer
and et.al, (2016) 44500 people were diagnosed every year from 2012 in UK with Lung cancer.
85% cases have occurred due to tobacco smoking. 25.7 million adults and approx. 75,000
children are suffering from cancer right now. It would be increased by 10% at the end of this
year (Laws/Policies, 2017).
Bean and et.al, (2014) stated that lung cancer is correlated with cigarette smoking.
Passive exposure to tobacco is another reason of this health issue. Smoking is injurious to heath
and it not only impacts on human body but also affect psychology of the person as well
Caponnetto and et.al, (2013) argued that use of alcohol is the major cause of lung cancer and
increasing age is another factor that cause this illness in human being. With the increasing age
lungs of individual fail to perform their work properly which turn into cancer.
According to Jawad, Lee and Millett, (2015) in the year 1965 government of nation has
made Federal cigarette labelling and advertising act. The main motive of this policy was to give
health warning on packages of cigarette so that people can stop using tobacco. In the year 1984
UK government has also made comprehensive smoking education act in which authorities have
taken action to make people aware with the drawbacks of smoking so that persons can live this
habit soon (ANTISMOKING LAWS AND REGULATIONS, 2017).
As per the view of Frazer and et.al, (2016) Scotland has become the first destination in
UK where government has taken initiative to introduce smoke free environment. In the year
2006 authorities have made related legislation so that smoking can be banned in the place. Lung
cancer has become the second biggest medical problem in UK after breast cancer. Smoke free
law of UK have come into existence in the year 2007. After commencement of this legislation
approx. 1.9 million British smokers have stop smoking. It was the great success for the

government of country because it has supported in decreasing death of the persons from lung
cancer. Frazer and et.al, (2016) stated that these laws have helped in banishing smoking from
indoor areas such as offices, pubs, clubs etc. but still there were many people those who were
smoking in outdoor areas. Thus, these legislations were quite ineffective to abolish smoking
from the country.
There are many countries that have made several policies to make the environment
smoke free. The main agenda of this legislation and policies are to protect the public from
negative effects of SHS and change their smoking behaviour. Smoking not only affects their
lungs but also impact on other people as well. World health Assembly has adopted Framework
convention on Tobacco control (FCTC) in the year 2003. Through this regulation government of
the nation has made strategies to minimize supply of tobacco and other smoking material.
Furthermore, in the year 2007 FCTC has adopted guidelines of Article 8 in which they have
concentrated on adoption of effective measures so that people can get protected from exposure to
tobacco smoke in indoor places.
This will help in making government policies more effective so that death rate can be
controlled. Government of UK have made several legislations in order to reduce smoking in the
nation. US food and drug administration (FDA) regulation have been made to protect health of
public. Family smoking prevention and Tobacco control act, Federal Cigarette labelling and
advertisement act 1965, public health cigarette smoking act, comprehensive smoking education
act, prevent all cigarette trafficking (PACT) act, SFE act etc. are several regulations that have
been made to minimize smoking and improving health condition of public (Malvezzi and et.al,
2015). Apart from this, authorities have increased tax on tobacco, cigarillos and decreasing
supply and availability of cigarettes so that number of lung cancer cases in adults can be reduced.
Present study will discuss factors that cause lung cancer in human being. Furthermore, it
will explain several government legislation and policies that have been developed to control over
this issue. Effectiveness of these laws will be described in this dissertation. At last, suggestion
will be given to minimize this disease in high risk groups (30-74- year old).
Rationale of study
The main reason of conducting this research is that number of lung cancer cases are
increasing in UK. Over the past few years many people have got died due to lung cancer. The
main cause is tobacco smoking (Richardson, Ganz and Vallone, 2015). Though government has

made several laws to ban smoking but still many persons are inhaling it. Number of patients of
lung cancer are increasing in hospitals (ANTISMOKING LAWS AND REGULATIONS, 2017). It
has become essential to pay attention on factors that develop this issue among adults and make
several effective legislations so that this problem can be controlled. The main reason of
conducting this dissertation is to identify the factors due to which lung cancer cases in adults are
increasing in UK. United Kingdom has become the country where death rate is increasing day by
day due to excess use of smoking. Though government has made several laws to control over
smoking but still there are many people those who smoke in outdoor environment. It not only
impacts on their body but also affect surrounding as well (Pirie and et.al, 2013).
Another rationale of this investigation is to make people aware with the drawback of
smoke and create smoke-free environment. Smoking cessation is the main agenda of the
researcher so that number of cases of lung cancer can get decreased. Furthermore, to make the
government aware with the effectiveness of their laws and policies to minimize smoking so that
that necessary amendments can be made in these laws and new legislation can get developed.
This can help in meeting with the real objective of smoke free environment (Ward and et.al,
2014).
Significance of the study
With the help of this study government will be able to analyse the factors due to which
lung cancer is increasing. That will support to make effective legal action on it. With the help of
this study service provider will be able to provide more quality services to patients. This will
support in minimizing cases of lung cancer from the country (Hawkins, Bach and Baum, 2016).
This dissertation will be beneficial for other researchers because they will find a new area to
conduct investigation. It will give them overview of the UK situation, government legislation
related to smoking. Health providers support the government in promotion of health awareness.
Thy participant in health camps so that more people can know about their medical conditions and
treatment. This will help in making government policies more effective so that death rate can be
controlled. Effectiveness of government legislation to decrease number of lung cancer cases in
adults in UK is the important topic. This investigation will help the government in identifying the
real situation of the country and effectiveness of current laws (Garon and et.al, 2015). That
would assist in making necessary amendments in existing regulations so that condition of
environment can be improved. Furthermore, this dissertation will be beneficial for other scholars

because they will get brief idea about this topic and they will be able to conduct further
investigation on the same subject or related subjects. In addition, this dissertation will be
beneficial for the public because they will be aware with the factors that increase chances of lung
cancer and they will get ways to prevent themselves from this issue.
The present study will discuss effectiveness of government legislation and policies in
order to decrease lung cancer in UK. Furthermore, research will investigate number of case of
lung cancer in adults and will find factors that develop this disease in human being. Secondary
research will look at the effectiveness of government legislation and policies as to how lung
cancer can be decreased in UK.
Aim and Objectives
Aim
“To provide better understanding of effective legislations and policies in place regarding
smoking, how to maintain them and improve them, if possible”.
Objectives
 To investigate and analyse number of lung cancer cases in adults in UK.
 To identify RISK factors that increase chances of lung cancer
 To investigate current legislation and policies in order to tackle lung cancer.
 To suggest ways to minimize this lung cancer in high risk groups (30-74- year old).
Chapter structure
The accompanying structure on entire dissertation will be as following:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dissertation will be beginning with the brief of the topic, aim, objectives, rationale will
be described in this chapter.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
It would be following part in which scholar will take support of other researchers and will
review their literatures.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
It would be third section which will contain instruments, tools to gather and analysis
information about subject matter.
Chapter 4: Results, conclusion and recommendation

This section will summarize the entire study and will give necessary suggestion through
which cases of lung cancer can be minimized and legislation can be improved.

CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction
Research methodology can be defined as tools and techniques that are used by the scholar
to get results of given research problem. In methodology, scholar must use various criteria in
order to resolve issues so that overall objective of the investigation can be achieved. It is the
systematic study through which individual can collect and analysis data and can reach to the
conclusion in effective manner (Coiro and et.al, 2014). This chapter will cover various tools and
techniques that are applied by researcher in the dissertation of identifying effectiveness of
government legislations and policy to minimize lung cancer cases. Rationale of selected tool will
be described in this chapter.
Research philosophy
It is the tool that deals with nature and development of knowledge of the researcher about
the subject matter. For completing the project on time, it is essential for scholar to enhance their
knowledge. It can also be defined as development of the background of the topic in order to
develop link between theories and research objectives. There are many methods of research
philosophies such as positivism, interpretevism, realism etc. (Creswell, 2013). Scholar has to
select appropriate tool as per the nature of the investigation. Positivism is the tool that explain
that reality is stable, and data can be gathered through objective point of view. In this method
there is no need to interfere with the phenomena. On other hand interpretivism is another
philosophy which is generally applied in qualitative type of investigations. It is completely based
on understanding of human nature and their role in the study. Realism is another type of method
in this reality is project by the person on the bases of individual's sense as truth.
In the present investigation scholar has applied interpretivism research philosophy. It is
considered as most suitable tool because by this way individual can take support of theories and
models in order to develop understanding about the subject matter. Apart from this scholar
became able to collect realistic information by using this technique in the dissertation.
Research approach
It is another technique of research methodology which is used by researcher during the
investigation. It supports the scholar in identifying the facts about the topic and getting realistic
information about subject matter. It has two types; inductive and deductive. Both these have
unique characteristics. The major difference in both these approaches are hypotheses