Malaria in Asia-Pacific: Challenges and Elimination Strategies

This report provides a comprehensive overview of malaria in the Asia-Pacific region, focusing on the epidemiological characteristics, transmission dynamics, and current control strategies. The report highlights the challenges faced in malaria elimination, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, considering the Sustainable Development Goals. It explores factors like climate, temperature, rainfall, and humidity and their impact on disease prevalence. The report also discusses the challenges of case detection, lack of sanitation, and high population density in the region. Various control strategies, including special population targeting, vaccine development efforts, medical record systems, drug development, and vector management approaches, are examined. The report concludes by emphasizing the severity of malaria and the importance of awareness, sanitation, and nutrition while awaiting a vaccine. The report underscores the need for sustained efforts and global collaboration to eliminate malaria by 2030.

MALARIA IN ASIA-
PACIFIC

Table of Contents
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
Abstract and highlights of the essay in regards to Malaria in Asia-Pacific.................................3
Abstract: -.........................................................................................................................................3
Demonstrates characteristics of the disease in the Asia-Pacific region.......................................3
Transmission and current control strategies of the disease in the region....................................4
the challenges in the chosen sub-region with regard to malaria elimination by 2030 and
( Consider Sustainable Development Goals)...............................................................................5
Control strategies and the challenges...........................................................................................6
Argument and the conclusion of the report for malaria in Asia-Pacific .....................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................1

MAIN BODY
Abstract and highlights of the essay in regards to Malaria in Asia-Pacific
Abstract: -
The first evidence of Malaria was founded in mosquitoes from the period of Palaeogene
period around 30-million-year-old. The first Human malaria originated in the African region and
co-evolved with the hosts, non-human and mosquito's primates. Asia-Pacific region is one of the
biggest region where malaria has affected thousands of people and caused deaths in multiple
numbers (Maude and et.al., 2019). From ages the malaria was treated by herbal remedies and the
first effective treatment of this disease originated from bark on a tree name Cinchona.
The epidemiological characteristics of the chosen region “Indian continental” have been
evaluated. It was severely affected by malaria and the aim is to develop strategies eliminating the
issues from its roots by 2030. There is an elimination programme for malaria named as “Asia
Pacific Malaria Elimination Network” (APMEN) which works with the aim to eliminate malaria
by 2030.
Demonstrates characteristics of the disease in the Asia-Pacific region.
The demonstration of the malaria in Asia-Pacific is extremely crucial as it involves a lot
of people and those places where the epidemic affected the most. It rose as a parasite endemic in
broad band around the quarters and majorly in the areas' of Asia, America, and Africa. The
report from WHO (World Health Organization) estimated around 228 million new cases
around the globe in 2018 and around 405000 deaths. Malaria is known as the King of Disease
and still it is one of the biggest disease which needs to be eliminated because it affects mainly the
children below 5 years' age and the pregnant women. The geographical distribution of the
Malaria is complex as it affects mostly in rural areas and requires drier areas (Silal and et.al.,
2019).
The demonstration of the Malaria in Indian continental is vast and has affected a lot of
people in the region. The second most populous country in the world with population in billions,
it is one of the major health issues in India and south-east Asia. The National Vector Borne
Disease Control Programme of India reported around 1.6 million cases in 2009 and 1100 death in
the same year (Shretta and et.al., 2019).
The epidemiological characteristics can be identified as: -

Weather & climate: - It is one of the major epidemiological characteristic of the disease as it
requires high temperature. High rainfall & humidity presents favourable conditions for
mosquitoes, increasing their breeding grounds. It prevails in those areas which are open and are
not clean with high, humid and dusky weather(George and et.al., 2019).
Symptoms “headache, sweating, fever etc.”: - The major symptoms which are prevalent in
Indian continent are the high fever, continuous headache and sweating issues to the patient. It
also increases weakness of the patient who gets affected and needs proper care on an emergency
basis.
Transmission and current control strategies of the disease in the region
The perception and prevalence of malaria in the Asia-Pacific region is less extreme than
the African Malaria. The two problem includes biological, clinical, epidemiological and social
dimensions.
The strategies of Asia-Pacific tools, developed after the spread of Malaria as pandemic in
Africans helped them in facing the issues putting less damage to the countries.
It is spread in all the region of Asia-Pacific region except Japan, Australia, New Zealand,
and Singapore. In the Asia-Pacific reason the WHO have surveyed which result 10 millions
infected and 10 thousands death due to Malaria. People need to understand that low transmission
does not mean that they are completely safe and secure as it effects body to body and react
accordingly. Not focusing and irresponsible towards disease can cause a lot of death and
infection to the country and can affect huge with negative impact and it can become serious by
the time goes. Awareness in all the circumstances is important as it can impact negatively to the
population and Asia-Pacific is having majority of the population around the globe. The Indian
Continent Region is a major populated area which need to be cared in mind with safety and
precautions (Hu and et.al., 2016).
The Indian continents are in a low transmission of this virus and disease as the climate and the
atmosphere helps them in eliminating the virus or disease.
The epidemiological characteristics of Malaria influencing disease transmission: -
Temperature: - Temperature is one of the most important factor in the development of the
Parasite which can cause the influence in Malaria to the region. The time needed to parasite to

make the development complete is less than 10 days as the temperature rises from 21 °C to
27 °C. Temperature is a crucial factor in the growth of the disease according to the places.
Rainfall: - The anopheles mosquitoes breed in the water, so if the rainfall is better than the
amount of breed is high which can influence the disease. Too much or the rain can flesh ways the
breeding so for that the mosquitoes breed after the rain stops.
Humidity:- Humidity is also a reason as in this weather the breeding of the animals and insects
take place which increase the most of the disease and it can also cause a lot to the people and
country. Affect directly on the children and infants which is a serious concern (Dayanand and
et.al., 2017).
the challenges in the chosen sub-region with regard to malaria elimination by 2030 and
( Consider Sustainable Development Goals)
The challenges which can show the impact of malaria in the Indian Continents and its
regards to elimination of Malaria by 2030 are as follows: -
Case Detections : - Case detection refer to the process in which the detection and all the medical
process is done by the medical staff and government people in calculating the infection. It is one
of the major challenges for the medical staff and the doctor to detect the number of case in
positive way. It is hard to calculate all the people from a region as the population is one the
major factor. It is hard to detect the cases and if they do not detect all the cases then it becomes a
challenge for them to eliminate the disease. It is also including the sustainability development as
the agenda is to remove and eliminate the disease by 2030 and for that it is important to identify
all cases and not let anyone miss from detection (Baird, 2017).
Lack of sanitization: - lack of sanitization in the region is one of the major challenge which is
causing regular diseases and increase their strength. Sanitization is one of the most important
thing when it's about controlling disease, it is also in the sustainability development agenda of
2030 as clean water and proper sanitation. The agenda involve the sanitation and to reduce the
impact and strength of the disease it is important to have proper sanitization and clean water to
drink. Water need to be clean in the ponds and lakes so that the breeding does not take place on
high level of the mosquitoes. IT is a challenge to make the region clean and sanitize so that the
agenda of eliminating the disease can be successful and also it needs to be considered to look for

cleanness in every area and is also a self-choice for the people to make it happen in their homes
and places.
Population: - Population in the region of Asia-Pacific and sub region Indian Continent are very
high. The population affect everything and also influence and is a critical challenge for the
Country to control the disease. Population affects the sustainability development agenda as
sustainable cities and community. The agenda is made to control the structure and to develop
70% of the areas in the urban areas by 2050(Ullah and et.al., 2018). Population also affects in
managing the scenarios of cases and it influences the transmission of the disease as to control the
such a wide population is hard. The Malaria need to be controlled and the scanning of the patient
is affecting as every second there are new children are born.
Control strategies and the challenges.
Malaria is highly adaptive disease and parasite involved and is hard to control. Tools
been developed to control and are still finding new to control and combat the bacteria(Mercado
and et.al., 2017).
Some strategies are as follows: -
Special population : - The selected population as in which the factor are to a limited number of
people and in case of Malaria it affects mostly to infants, children and pregnant women. In this it
is important to understand that the disease is impacting on a particular population and in India
continent there are a lot of children and pregnant women which need to be kept safe.
Vaccine development: - Till now everyone is trying to make the vaccine to control the disease
and stop its impact but on other hand it is giving a negative effect as there is no licensed vaccine
of the Malaria and which is a think to kept in mind. Areas like India which are in developing
terms need to focus more on these issues as it is important for them to stay in control and safe.
No vaccine is a threat to the population and human being(Wen and et.al., 2016).
Medical cards: - Medical card can be a way to understand the country people as it can tell the
history of the people and whatever happened to them in the past. It will allow to know the past
medical history which need to be understood. Indian Continent need to make it happened so that
it will make a good record which can be used in future for helps. It can help in identify the
reactions and the cause and effect.

Drug development: - Drug development is on peak as everyone is trying to get the cure, and
they want things to control and make the malaria controlled. Many companies are making insect
killing product to control the mosquitoes. Development of drug is important so that control can
take place and can also eliminate the disease by 2030(Lu-lu, et.al. 2020).
Vector Management Approaches: - It is a tool to manage the insecticides, modification of
environment and bed nets to control the malaria and is a great way from the history. They are
also making new research by NIAID to control the transmission. This approach also helped in
controlling the strength of the malaria.
Argument and the conclusion of the report for malaria in Asia-Pacific
Malaria is a serious issues in overall the globe, people are taking this in a normal context
which can cause a lot of issues including the fact that it need to consider a safe way. Every
region need to consider the best ways to control as there is no vaccine and people need to care
for the best result so that they stay safe, it is important to know the criticality of the disease
because it can cause a serious issue to anyone in the world. Sanitization is one of the best way to
control as it reduce the transition and can make things better. Good sanitization and proper water,
clean water, better scanning and detecting to those who are infected and control the transmission.
Malaria does not stop till people get aware and keep a good nutrition in their body. Staying
aware till the vaccine come, as life is important and can't be get damage.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that not only a particular region but every part of the globe need to stay
aware about the malaria which is known as the king of disease. It is important to understand the
criticality and make strategies to control the best of medication as that no one dies because of
this. The report concluded that strategies and challenges need to be considered while focusing on
the malaria and disease. The importance of temperature and climate in the Asia-Pacific region
and the way it helps in controlling the disease so that they can be controlled and stop without
transferring to other.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Baird, J.K., 2017. Asia-Pacific malaria is singular, pervasive, diverse and invisible. International
journal for parasitology. 47(7). pp.371-377.
Dayanand and et.al., 2017. Malaria prevalence in Mangaluru city area in the southwestern
coastal region of India. Malaria journal. 16(1). p.492.
George and et.al., 2019. Prevalence of Neglected Tropical Diseases (Leishmaniasis and
Lymphatic Filariasis) and Malaria Among a Migrant Labour Settlement in Kerala,
India. Journal of immigrant and minority health. 21(3). pp.563-569.
Hu and et.al., 2016. Shrinking the malaria map in China: measuring the progress of the National
Malaria Elimination Programme. Infectious diseases of poverty. 5(1). p.52.
Lu-lu, et.al., 2020. Analysis of demands for trainings related to malaria control in Asia-Pacific
countries. CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AND PARASITIC
DISEASES. 38(3). p.350.
Maude and et.al., 2019. Estimating malaria disease burden in the Asia-Pacific. Wellcome Open
Research. 4(59). p.59.
Mercado and et.al., 2017. An assessment of national surveillance systems for malaria elimination
in the Asia Pacific. Malaria journal. 16(1). pp.1-8.
Shretta et.al., 2019. Malaria elimination transmission and costing in the Asia-Pacific: Developing
an investment case. Wellcome Open Research, 4.
Silal and et.al., 2019. Malaria elimination transmission and costing in the Asia-Pacific: a multi-
species dynamic transmission model. Wellcome Open Research. 4(62). p.62.
Ullah and et.al., 2018. High incidence of malaria along the Pak-Afghan bordering
area. JPMA. 68(42).
Wen and et.al., 2016. Targeting populations at higher risk for malaria: a survey of national
malaria elimination programmes in the Asia Pacific. Malaria journal. 15(1). p.271.
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