Management Accounting Report: Imda Tech's Financial Strategies

This report examines the fundamentals of management accounting, focusing on its application within Imda Tech, a manufacturing organization specializing in mobile chargers. The report begins by defining managerial accounting and differentiating it from financial accounting, emphasizing its role in internal decision-making and strategic planning. It then explores various types of management accounting systems, such as cost accounting and inventory management, and how these systems can be utilized by different departments within Imda Tech. The report includes calculations of net profit using both marginal and absorption costing techniques. It further delves into budgeting, covering different types of budgets, the budget preparation process, and pricing strategies. Additionally, the report explains the balance scorecard and its implementation for performance measurement. The report aims to provide Imda Tech's divisional managers with the necessary tools to make informed decisions, improve operational efficiency, and achieve sustainable growth. The report also includes an introduction, conclusion, and references.

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................3
(A). (i). Managerial accounting, definition and distinguish between management and financial
accounting........................................................................................................................................3
(ii) Significance of management accounting information as a decision-making tool....................4
(B) Explaining different types of management accounting system & its use by various
departments......................................................................................................................................5
TASK2..................................................................................................................................................8
Calculation of net profit by adopting marginal and absorption costing techniques........................8
TASK 3...............................................................................................................................................10
P4) (a) Various types of budget and its characteristics/limitations................................................10
b) Process of preparing budget......................................................................................................11
c) Pricing strategies........................................................................................................................12
Task 4..................................................................................................................................................12
a) Explanation of balance scorecard and how it can be implemented can deliver a range of
performance measure.....................................................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................15
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INTRODUCTION
The process of analysis, examination, interpretation & presenting accounting based
information that has been measured through the preparation of financial accounting, reports and
others is called managerial accounting. It aids in business decisions for creating a right policies,
daily operational management plans and others for the purpose of successful business. It helps in
measuring organizational purpose, assessing business risk, resource allocation decisions and other
plans for the sustainable success. Imda Tech is a manufacturing organization that is involved in
preparing special chargers for the mobile and gadgets for the British retailers. In the recent meeting,
different departmental managers have complained for the lack of monetary information in order to
improve their decision-making process. Thus, the proposed report herewith emphasizes on
understanding and assessing the managerial accounting fundamentals i.e. financial accounting,
budgeting, balance score card and costing techniques as well. With the help of this, Imda Tech’s
divisional managers will be able to make smarter decisions for achieving a long-run success.
TASK 1
(A). (i). Managerial accounting, definition and distinguish between management and financial
accounting
To: Imdal, Line Manager
From: Management Accounting Officer
Date: 9th April 2017
Subject: Management accounting meaning and its difference from the financial accounting
Management accounting is regarded as a process which provides time-dated and accurate
financial & statistical information to the managers for making regular short-term decisions. Unlike
financial accounting which targeted at making annual corporate accounts to report external
stakeholders, MA focuses on generating weekly or monthly reports and informs the internal
audiences of the Imda Tech i.e. executives, departmental managers and others (Nuhu, Baird and
Appuhami, 2016). The reports express the available cash balance, sales revenue, outstanding
receivables & payables, inventory & other required statistical information. The main objective of it
is to enhance the business efficiency and thereby reach the organizational goals successfully.
Difference between financial and managerial accounting
Differences Managerial accounting (MA) Financial accounting (FA)
Aim The target aim of the MA is to provide
essential information to the internal
Unlike MA, it aims at delivering
required information to the
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users, i.e. departmental managers,
executives, directors and others for
taking informed organizational
decisions.
outsiders and external users i.e.
shareholders, creditors, lenders
and others to assist their
decisions-making process
(Schroeder, Clark and Cathey,
2016).
Mandatory
requirement
It totally depends upon the manager’s
choices and decisions without any
mandatory regulatory requirement
(Nuhu, Baird and Appuhami, 2016).
Imda Tech Ltd owes mandatory
obligation to prepare their income
statement, balance sheet and
others following accounting
standards and company law.
Governing
principles
Reports are prepared without any
standard base and can be constructed in
any format as per the choice of
management team.
In UK, GAAP has been designed
which all the entities needs to
adhere with while making their
annual accounts.
Time horizon Imda Tech’s managers not only needs to
prepare past reports also have to forecast
the future by making budgets.
It is prepared for the historical
accounting year.
Audit There is no need for the business to audit
their reports by an independent audit to
verify the truthfulness of it.
Unlike MA, Imda Tech is legally
accountable to audit their annual
reports by CPA to verify its
trustworthiness and truthfulness
(Picker and et.al., 2016).
Confidentiality The reports prepared by the managers
keep fully confidential as they are
available for the managerial use only.
SOCI, SOFP and SOCF are
publicly published in order to
report the financial success to the
external audiences, thus,
confidentiality is not maintained.
(ii) Significance of management accounting information as a decision-making tool
It is important for the Imda Tech’s managers to get assistance of the strategic management
accounting in order to make planning & decisions regarding the resource allocation, higher
organizational efficiency, exceeding sales performance and better short-term as well as long-term
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decisions for ensuring sustainable growth. Now-a-days, in the complex and competitive industrial
world, MA becomes an important integral part of the firm, in which, managers not only targeted at
maximising internal business efficiency but also put focus on maximizing the staff productivity for
generating desired output (Taylor and Scapens, 2016). It is important to make informed decisions in
the following ways, enumerated underneath:
 By using reports, financial accounts and other set of data, executives and managers can find
out the route by which goals can be attained by the Imda Tech ltd at greater competitiveness
and good corporate image.
 It not only helps in interpreting and analyzing historical business performance through the
financial reports but also helpful in making plans for the future. In this regards, Imda Tech’s
departmental managers will forecast via budget which warn against possible financial
consequences due to uncertain external market environmental conditions i.e. exceeding
interest rate, high supplier charges for material, increased wages rate, sudden changes in
demand & others. In this way, production, material, cash, direct labour, marketing and other
budgets can be made by the Imda Tech’s divisional managers (Järvinen, 2016).
 Analysis and interpretation of past performance enable the management team in making
smarter planning i.e. cost-cutting strategies, pricing decisions & others for having a
sustainable growth.
 Variance analysis technique, in which, Imda Tech’s divisional managers can compare their
actual results with the standards goals and identify the reasons for the deviation either
adverse or favourable. With this, they can create informed decisions and create best planning
for attaining goals and maximize return (Otley, 2016). MA is also essential in maximizing
the organizational efficiency for reaching out goals. It also helps in monitoring and
supervising the expenditures for developing cost-effective strategies.
 Capital budgeting technique is also the best technique for the suitable investment decisions
in the firm. In this, firm can use various methods of investment appraisal covers both the
traditional and contemporary techniques i.e. payback period, accounting rate of return, net
present value and internal rate of return. Modern discounted techniques can be taken into
consideration by the Imda Tech to examine the project viability and make the best
investment decisions.
(B) Explaining different types of management accounting system & its use by various departments
In the technological age, companies use number of software for automatic transaction
recording and reporting system. MA system is a computerized application which gathers data from
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wider set of operations i.e. sales, cost of material, labor’s wages rate, inventory and others and
transform and process it into meaningful manner by generating reports (Guinea, 2016). There are
number of MA system available which Imda Tech’s various business departments can use for the
measuring business performance and bringing continuous improvement in the goods delivery
system for achieving the defined targets. The system provides the information about regular
operations like sales, purchase, cost, comparison between target & actual data and others which
enable Imda Tech’s managerial team in creating excellent plans for the growth in profitability. Some
of the important MA systems that are helpful in generating informative business reports are
enumerated underneath:
Cost Accounting System: As name implies, the system will provide a framework to the
manager in anticipating the sum of total payments made by Imda Tech in the manufacturing process
of special charger & gadgets.
Figure 1 Parts of cost accounting system
(Source: Noordin, Zainuddin and Mail, 2017)
Production departmental manager can use the system to figure out the sum of direct as well
as indirect expenditures incurred in the production process, so that, cost can be determined
accurately. Moreover, it also allows managers to analyze the standard cost with the actual results for
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the evaluation of deviations and thereby compute the total manufacturing/work cost (Noordin,
Zainuddin and Mail, 2017). With the help of this, right decisions can be made by the Imda Tech’s
production manager for right cost allocation, waste reduction and efficient resource utilization for
the minimal cost.
Inventory Management System: It is a computerized software which is beneficial for the
inventory tracking because it provides essential information regarding the order placed, sales order
deliveries and adjust the stock items accordingly. Being a manufacturing concern, Imda Tech Ltd
can use the system for creating orders, material bills and other documentation for the production
function. With this, manager can value accurately the closing stock and avoid any possibility of
overstocking and danger level by managing it accordingly in line with the market demand.
Job Costing System: Job order costing system enable corporate managers to assign the
manufacturing overheads to an individual unit or a production batch. Imda Tech’s manufacturing,
and purchase department can use it to figure out the total cost (material, labour, fixed and variable
production overheads) incurred on a specific batch or consumer order received by it and helps to
quote prices for the orders placed by the customers and retail outlets for chargers and gadgets (Uyar
and Kuzey, 2016).
Price optimisation system: Selling department of the Imda tech Ltd can use this system to
find out the responsiveness of the customers at distinctive prices charged by it for the goods
produced. It will assist the firm in making analytics-based prices that is reasonable for both the
organization and customer (Taleizadeh and et.al., 2017). It is because; users will be ready to pay the
rates willingly for getting the product whereas company can receive good return on the total
turnover.
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TASK2
Calculation of net profit by adopting marginal and absorption costing techniques
I:Marginal costing- It is a management costing method that can be used by the company for the
purpose of preparing the income statement in the financial year. Thus, it can be define in terms of
management accounting is that there is an increment and decrement in an opportunity cost of a firm
when there is an extra unit of cost produce at each production level. Furthermore, the calculation
under this marginal costing in which the management accountant take only direct material, direct
labor and variable production and ignore fixed expenses. Thereafter, at the time of calculating net
profit it deduct variable expenses as well as fixed expenses from the gross profit.
Sales revenue 52500
Less: Cost of goods sold
Direct labor 7500
Direct material 12000
Variable production
overheads 3000
Cost of goods sold 22500
Gross profit 30000
Less: variable expenses
Variable selling expenses 7875
Total variable expenses 7875
Contribution 22125
less:Fixed expenses
Fixed selling expenses 10000
Fixed production overhead 15000
Total fixed expenses 25000
Net profit -2875
II:Absorption costing- It is an another type of management costing technique that can be used by
the company under which it takes all type of expenses are the fixed expenses. Thus, it can be
defined as full costing at the time of cost of goods sold in which it takes direct material, material
labor, variable expenses and fixed production expenses. Thus, under this absorption costing method
deduct variable production and fixed expenses from the cost of goods sold in that gross profit is
calculated.
Sales revenue 52500
Less: Cost of goods sold
Direct labor 7500
Direct material 12000
Variable production
overheads 3000
Fixed production overhead 15000
Cost of goods sold 37500
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Gross profit 15000
Less:
Variable selling expenses 7875
Fixed selling expenses 10000
Total expenses 17875
Net profit -2875
Interpretation: From the above table 1 and table 2 there is an calculation has been made under
which the net profit determined by the marginal and absorption costing technique. Imda Tech
Limited company calculate net profit by the marginal as well as absorption costing method. It has
been interpreted from the above data and figures in which the table 1 there is a net profit is
calculated. Thus, under this method cost of good sold has been calculated in there is a sum of direct
material is £7500, direct labor £12000 and variable production overhead £3000 there is a sum
£22500. Thereafter, the gross profit is calculated by deducting sales revenue £52500 from cost of
goods sold £22500 under which Gross profit is £30000. Furthermore, at the time of calculating net
profit the total expenses deduct in which total variable expenses that is £7875 and fixed total
expenses that is £25000 from the gross profit that is £30000 due to net loss is determine that is -
2875£. On contrast to this, the net profit is calculated by the company through which it adopts the
absorption costing technique in which there is difference in the cost of goods sold. Thus, under this
cost of goods sold in which direct material £ 7500, direct labor £12000, variable production
overhead £3000 and Fixed production overhead £ 15000 that is sum of in which cost of goods sold
£ 37500. Thereafter, the gross profit is calculated in which the sales revenue is £ 52500 that is
deducted from cost of good sold is £ 37500 in which GP is determine that is £ 15000. Thereafter,
net loss of company is determine in which there is -2875£ . It has been analysed from the above
whole interpretation in which it has been evaluating that there is a difference in the cost of good
sold in the marginal costing and absorption costing. Thus, in the cost of goods sold under marginal
costing is £ 22500 is lower than the absorption costing in which the COGS is £ 37500. The main
reason behind this is that in the marginal costing only variable expenses is taken at the time of
calculating cost of good sold. Beside this, at the time of calculating the cost of goods sold by the
absorption costing method in which it takes both type of expenses that is fixed and variable
expenses.
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TASK 3
P4) (a) Various types of budget and its characteristics/limitations
Budget is an approach for forecasting and decision making process related to further
business operations. It creates several ideas for effectiveness of organization(Ax and Greve, 2016).
As per the given case scenario, Imda Limited sets target to improve its financial position therefore
budget is prepared for systematic planning procedure to be followed on. There are different kinds of
budget prepared that can be expressed as below:- Fixed budget:- Under this system, management accountant of organization analyzes current
business performance and further prepare fixed planning strategies to be implemented in
further months (Brown and et.al., 2016). Therefore, a certain idea is applied for further
months. For example; if company sets target to invest 2% more than current performance for
production and distribution of goods. Then, for next 2 further months, this target will be
constant. It is time consuming and effective for determining on focused goal and
implementing similar strategies at large scale.
 Flexible budget:- It is different form fixed budget because of dynamics in planning
strategies. In this process, management accountant of entity analyzes all months
performance and further makes decisions differently (Daskalakis, Devanur and Weinberg,
2015). However, changes in strategic plan is occurred through this system. It affects
productivity and profitability of firm for next further months. For instance; due to continues
fluctuations in production and distribution of goods, various planning procedures are
obtained for following on strategies. In this regard, flexible budget is related to preparing
action plans in different ways.
Advantages of budget:- It is useful to present current business performance as per which
several ideas are created for decision making to operate business activities in future time. In
addition to this, it is best tool for optimum utilization of resources and fund. Moreover, productivity
and profitability of firm can be enhanced efficiently through using this approach (Giri and Sharma,
2014). However, a good relationship between employee and employer can be established by
preparing budget that is helpful for effective performance management. Thus, budget is considered
as one of the most essential tool for allocating fund for Imda Limited adequately.
Drawbacks of budget:- Wrong predictions over planning procedure is unable to formulate
and implement strategies for further years. However, it is difficult to analyze all business activities
and preparing planning strategies according to current business performance. Including this, budget
processing is costly and remains difficult to gain coordination of each employee of firm for working
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in team (Johnson, 2013). Moreover, there are uncertain changes occurs at workplace that disturbs
set planning procedures. Including this, wrong prediction for future business operations is tough
task for achieving effectiveness of organization. In this regard, budget is unplanned procedure for
creating ideas for various kinds of functional departments. Therefore, it is required for management
accountant to recognize all business operations and further preparing strategies more efficiently. In
accordance to this, effective budget planning procedure is meaningful for increasing its efficiency at
high level.
b) Process of preparing budget
Management accountant of Imda Limited prepares budget to allocate fund for effectiveness
of entity systematically (Klemstine and Maher, 2014). In this regard, it is presented in a managed
stepping by recognizing current planning to implementing as well evaluating further business
operations. However, process for preparing budget can be described as below:-(A)Update budget assumptions:- Under this system, management accountant of Imda Limited,
analyzes assumptions as well recognizes current business performance (Thai, Varghese and
Barker, 2015). As per which, identified data are updated and further assumptions are
acquired. Therefore, ideas are created for further business operations.
(B) Review bottlenecks:- In this process, maximum achievement is analyzed according to
which all effectiveness of organization is reviewed. In this regard, capability of
organization is obtained for investment and implementing action plans regarding enhancing
profitability of firm.(C) Available funding:- After reviewing all business operations and budget assumptions,
available net funding is observed including incurred expenses and gained revenue (Brown
and et.al., 2016). Thereby, in this process, effective fund is analyzed for operating further
business activities.(D) Creating budget package:- In this process, overall expenses and revenue is obtained for
adequate production and distribution of services provided by Imda limited. Therefore,
proper budget is prepared for effectiveness of organization and enhancing its efficiency at
high level.
(E) Obtain revenue forecast and department budget:- After creating budget package, revenue
and department functions are foretasted. On the basis of this, decisions are made for further
implementation (Giri and Sharma, 2014). However, estimated income and department
performance is forecast-ed for further implementation. In accordance to this, prepared
action plans are stepped forwarded that is useful for resources and fund allocation.
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Above mentioned process is benefited for forecasting and decision making regarding
business operations in future time. However, estimated decision making is proceed for increasing
efficiency and proper management of entire business operations that impacts on productivity and
profitability of firm.
c) Pricing strategies
Management accountant of Imda limited sets price of product for production and
distribution system. In this process, costs are decided as per various factors as market demand,
competition and product value. Therefore, pricing strategies is interrelated with preparing planning
for cost. Including this, various determinants are recognized as material used in manufacturing and
production of goods. However, this kind of strategy is beneficial for financial management as well
fund allocation. Under this system, as per market position of products and changes in demand for
goods, prices are changes (Klemstine and Maher, 2014). It affects productivity and profit earning
capacity of firm. In accordance to this, various tools and techniques are used for setting price and
effective pricing as per which proper strategies are implemented and evaluated. Thus, pricing
strategies are of different kinds to set costs of product and making decisions for attraction of
customers towards product qualities. It influences market position and competitive strategies to set
cost according to consumer's affordability. In this regard, pricing strategies plays crucial role to
present financial position of entity as well enhancing profit earning capability to sustain product
value in market for long term sustainability effectively. Hence, pricing strategies are useful for
systematic management and enhancing profitability at high level (Ax and Greve, 2016).
TASK 4
a) Explanation of balance scorecard and how it can be implemented can deliver a range of
performance measure
It is that type of approach under which there is a management system and strategic planning
that are majorly used by the government, non-profit organisation, industry and business. Thus, it
can effectively align the firm activities that enhance the external and internal communication. The
Imda tech company adopts balance scorecard approach that is a framework of financial and non-
financial (Uyar and Kuzey,2016 ). Thus, under this approach in which there is a financial measures
that majorly includes the investment in suppliers, process, technology, innovation and employees
etc. It has been categorised into two parts that are financial and non-financial perspective that are
as described below-
Non- financial Prespectives
Learning and growth perspective- It is that type of perspective under which it majorly
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